This presentation is based on the origin, definition, procedure, types and challenges of ethnographic research.

2. RESEARCH METHODs AND DESIGNs
IN EDUCATION
PRESENTED TO:
DR. ASMA KAZI
PRESENTED BY:
SIDRA TAYYAB
AMINA TARIQ
AMENAH GONDAL
HIBA TUL WARDA
SHAZIA AKRAM
COURSE:
MS EDUCATION(CURRICULUM)
SEMESTER:
I
SESSION:
2021-23

4. INTRODUCTION &
DEFINITION
Ethno = people, culture
Graphy = writing
“Ethnography is a descriptive study of a
particular human society in their own
environment through the use of method
like participant observation and face to
face interviewing.”
“Ethnography is a qualitative design,
process improving knowledge advancing in

5. CONT….
o Focuses on culture and values.
o Goal In-Depth understanding of
culture.
o Generate rich and detailed social
account.
o Ethnographers study the meaning
of the behavior, the language , and
the interaction among members of the
culture-sharing group.

6. ORIGINS OF
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
oEthnography was originated from
cultural anthropology in the early 20th
century.
oEthnography, as a method, was
primarily developed and popularized
by the well-known anthropologist
“Bronislaw Malinowski”.
oThis approach was further popularized
by anthropologist “Franz Boas”, who

7. FEATURES OF
ETHNOGRAPHIES
oFocus on developing a complex, complete
description of the culture of a group.
oFocus on the actions, ideas and beliefs
expressed through language and how they
behave within the group.
oWhen conducting an ethnography, theory
plays an important role in what the
researchers hope to find.
oThe researchers collect data through
interviews, observations and artifacts, etc.
oThe researcher reports the participants’ views

8. TYPES OF
ETHNOGRAPHIES
Some Forms of Ethnography
oConfessional Ethnography
oLife History
oAuto Ethnography
oFeminist Ethnography
oEthnographic Novels
oVisual Ethnography(photography,
video and electronic media)

9. TWO TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
REALIST
ETHNOGRAPHY
CRITICAL
ETHNOGRAPHY

10. REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Traditional Approach.
• Used by cultural anthropologists.
• Reflects a particular stance taken by the
researcher toward the individual being
studied (characterized by Van Maanen).
• Ethnographer remains in the background
as an omniscient reporter of the
‘facts’(what is observed).
A realist ethnography is an objective account of the
situation, typically written in the third-person point of
view, reporting objectively on the information learned
from participant at a field site.

11. • Reports objective data in a measured style
uncontaminated by personal biases, political
goals and judgment.
• Researcher provides mundane details of
everyday life among the people studied.
• Ethnographer uses standard categories for
cultural description (e.g., family life,
communication networks, work life, social
networks, status systems)
• Produces the participants’ views through
closely edited quotations
• Has the final word on how the culture is to

12. critical ETHNOGRAPHY
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Advocacy perspective.
• Response to current society in which the
system of power, prestige, privilege, and
authority serve to marginalize individuals who
are from different classes, races and genders.
• Critical researchers are politically minded
individuals
Critical ethnographies are a type of ethnographic
research in which the author is interesting in
advocating for the freedom of groups marginalized in
our society .

13. • Collaborating with participants to collect
data that they provide.
• Major Components:
value-laden orientation, empowering people
by giving them more authority, challenging
the status quo, addressing concerns about
power and control.
• Study issues of power, empowerment,
inequality, inequity, dominance, repression,
hegemony, victimization.

14. PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
o Ethnography is appropriate if the needs are to
describe how a cultural group works and to explore
the benefits, languages, behaviors, and issues facing
the group such as power, resistance, and dominance.
1. Determine if ethnography is the most appropriate
design for studying the research problem:
2. Identify and locate a culture-sharing group to
study:
o Culture-sharing group is one whose member have
been together for a long period of time so that their
shared language, patterns of behavior, and
attitudes.

15. 3. Select cultural themes, issues, or theories to
study about the group:
o It includes the analysis of the group.
o The cultural themes may include topics such as
enculturation, socialization, learning, cognition,
domination, inequality or child and adult
development.
o The ethnographers observes the interactions of
people in ordinary settings.
4. Determine which type of ethnography to use to
study about the cultural concepts:
oHow the group works needs to be described.
oCritical ethnography can explore issues such as
power, and advocacy for certain groups.

16. 5. Gather information in the context or writing where
the group works or lives:
o Gathering the types of information typically needed
in an ethnography involves going to the research
site, respecting the daily lives of the individuals, and
collecting a wide variety of ethnography.
o Ethnographers are careful about the ethics.
6. Generate an overall cultural interpretation from the
analysis of patterns across many sources of data:
o The researcher begin by compiling a detailed
description of the culture-sharing group.
o It signifies how the cultural group works and lives,
and ends up an “overall picture of how system
works.”

17. 7. Present the patterns of the culture-sharing
group in written or performance formats:
• A general reporting structure includes an
introduction to familiarize the reader with
the culture-sharing group, research
procedures to provide a rationale for use
of an ethnography, and details about data
collection and analysis, providing a
cultural interpretation.
• The final product is a holistic cultural
portrait.
• It advocate for the needs of the group and

18. CHALLENGES IN
ETHNOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH
1. Extensive time for collecting data
oIn ethnographic research you need a lot of time to
research on a specific culture as it has a lot to cover
like religion, economy, politics and environment etc.
The ethnographers have to live or observe the
community or the area on daily bases so the report
may be authentic, reliable and informative.
2. Difficult to choose the right sample for the information
• Ethnographer relies on a quality research because
it affects the modern world. The authenticity and
reliability depends on the correct sample and
various perspectives. Which is why the researcher
goes to every person to get a different perspective

19. 3. The honesty of the people
oThe people in the certain area you go and interview
may not open up their perspective or their lifestyle
because they may be feeling insecure about their
life, may feel shame or they assume that it may
broadcast on television which results to them being
dishonest and lying.
4. The researcher may get Bias
oThe researcher loved the people out there but the
people mainly had negative points for the
researcher’s country or religion and he ended up
cutting those points and added his own points
showing a side that was positive and the one he