Ethnoghaphy nursing

1. ETHNOGRAPHY NURSING RESEARCH
SUBMITTED TO
DR.SUKHPAL KAUR
LECTURER
NINE.PGIMER
SUBMITTED BY
L NGAHNEILAM
MSc 1st year ,NINE PGIMER

2. Ethnography , associated with the field of anthropology is a branch of
human enquiry which concentrates on the culture of a group of people with
an effort to interprete their worldview . Ethnographic studies are involved in
the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups. Ethnography is
basically classified into two types :
• Macro &
• Micro ethnography
Macro ethnography is the study of more broadly defined culture, while
micro ethnography is the study of more narrow aspects of a culture
.

3.  Ethnography research is a method of conducting enquiry of a life process by studying
individuals, artefacts or documents in their natural setting. It includes both anthropology
and historical forms of research. In healthcare research, ethnography provides access to
health beliefs and healthcare practices in particular cultural or subcultural group.
Therefore, ethnographic enquiry facilitates understanding about cultural behaviour and
practices affecting health of people.
 Ethnography involves the description and interpretation of cultural behaviour.
Ethnographies are a blend of a process and a product, field work and a written text. Field
work is the process by which the ethnographer comes to understand a culture and the
ethnographies text is how that culture is communicated and portrayed. Because culture
is, in itself, not visible or tangible, it must be constructed through ethnographic writing.
Culture is inferred from the words, actions, and products of members of a group

4.  Ethnographers typically undertake extensive field work to learn about a cultural
group. Ethnographic research typically is labor intensive, requiring long periods in the
field. Researchers usually strive to participate actively in cultural activities.
 The study of a culture requires a certain level of intimacy with members of the cultural
group such intimacy can only developed by working directly with those members as
active participants.
 The concept of researcher as instrument is frequently used by anthropologists to
describe the significant role of ethnographers play in analysing and interpreting a
culture.

5. • Ethnographer learns about cultural groups in which they are interested through the
extensive fieldwork
• Ethnographic research is a labour-intensive and time –consuming endeavour ,
where even months or years of fieldwork can be involved
• A certain level of intimacy with cultural group members is required to study
culture. Intimacy can develop over time and by working together directly with those
cultural group members who are active participants.

6. Cont…….
 Researcher use themselves as instruments in these ethnography
studies , where they spend time with the group members to collect
data through informal interactions and observation rather than using a
formal tool of data collection
 Information on three major aspects of cultural life is sought in the
ethnography studies: cultural behaviour ,cultural artefact , and
cultural speech
 Ethnographers rely on various sources of data collection such as
indepth interviews, record analyses and observation of physical
evidence

7. :
• Cultural behaviour
• Cultural artefacts
• Cultural speech
This implies that ethnographer rely on the variety of data sources, including
observations, in-depth interviews records , charts, and physical evidence such
as photograph , diaries and letters . Ethnographer observes people day after
day in their natural environments to observe behaviour in a wide array of
circumstances. The product of ethnographic research usually is a rich and
hollistic description of the culture.

8. Leininger coined the phrase ethnonursing research, which she
defined as “the study and analysis of the local or indigenous
people’s” view points, belief and practice about nursing care
behaviour and processes of designated cultures” in conducting an
ethnonursing study , the investigator uses a broad theoretical
framework study, to guide the research , such as Leininger’s
theory of culture care .

10. The Ethnonursing Method was developed by Dr. Leininger in early
1960’s and has been used to study many cultures and subcultures. The
method was designed to fit the Culture Care Theory to obtain
meaningful data.
Leininger and mcfarland (2006) described a number of enablers to
support researchers’ efforts in conducting ethnonursing research.
Enablers are ways to discover complex phenomenon like human care.

11. There are more cultural diversities than universalities among and between
cultures • Culture care meanings and practices tend to be embedded in the social
structure and difficult to find • Cultural context and care values are major
different factors in the way care is expressed, valued, and practiced .
• Over several years, Dr. Leininger developed these unique research enablers to
“tease out” data on culture care, health, and wellbeing as well as culture specific
practices, and nursing care phenomena. These are :
Sunrise Enabler Three Phase Observation-Participation,Reflection Enabler
Stranger to Trusted Friend Enabler Domain of Inquiry Enabler
Acculturation Enable

12. Developed in 1970, with subsequent revisions
• To discover actual and potential influencers to explain care and
wellbeing phenomena from a holistic perspective:
Historical
Cultural/Religious
Economic
Environmental
Other holistic care phenomena

14. • Phases begin with Observation and very active listening
• Proceed to Observation with limited participation
• Participation with indepth and confirmed observations
• Reflection and Reconfirmation of findings with key
informants

15. Researcher begins as a Stranger: –Distrusted by informants –
Tested by informants to see response –Informants avoid sharing
cultural secrets, stories, or information with researcher
• Researcher hopes to become a Trusted Friend: –Enters local
culture and obtains rich data –Informants share cultural secrets
because they want their culture to be understood accurately

16. • The researcher develops enabler to discover data related to the
domain of inquiry (DOI)
First, the DOI needs to be succinctly stated so it can be examined
indepth and analyzed .
Exploring culture care of children living in homeless
shelter
The researcher determines how to obtain data.
Using related interests and “hunches”, research questions are
developed to guide the study

17. The acculturation enabler was designed to aid researchers in assessing
the degree of acculturation of a person or group with regards to the
specific culture under study.
It is a qualitative research method , as an open
discovery process : `
• to document, describe, and understand people’s experiences, care
meanings, and symbols of care
• related to their beliefs, values, health, and cultural lifeways
• using diverse strategies and enablers.

18. Aga and colleague (2009) conducted an ethnonursing study focusing on the
conceptions of care among family caregiver of person living with HIV/AIDS in
Ethiopia . Four theme emerged using leininger’s phases of ethnonursing
analysis; nourishing the ill family member while struggling with poverty,
maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene of ill family member and the
surroundings , comforting and sacrificing self to care for the relative with
HIV/AIDS.

19. A Qualitative Research Method for Studying Culturally Competent Care across
Disciplines
Marilyn R. McFarland, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CTN, Sandra J. Mixer, PhD, RN, CTN-A, Hiba Webhe-Alamah, PhD,
RN, FNP-BC, CTN-A, ...
First Published July 1, 2012 Research Article
https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100306
Nurse anthropologist, Madeleine Leininger, developed the culture care theory and ethnonursing research method to
help researchers study transcultural human care phenomena and discover the knowledge nurses need to provide care
in an increasingly multicultural world. The authors propose that the ethnonursing method can be useful for research
that addresses providing care in other disciplines, including education, administration, physical, occupational, and
speech therapy, social work, pharmacy, medicine, and other disciplines in which research findings have implications
for human care and health. The authors discuss the culture care theory and describe the ethnonursing research
method's enablers, data analysis phases, and qualitative evaluation criteria. The theory is presented as a guide for
using research findings to design culturally competent and congruent care to promote well-being among diverse
people, groups, communities, and institutions. Resources include a reference list of key source publications, a
discussion of exemplar studies, and samples of a theory-based, open-ended interview guide and data coding system.
Keywords: culture care theory, ethnonursing research method, culturally congruent care, culturally competent care,
qualitative research
CONCLUSION:
This article has offered a research method and a theory to health care professionals and others that could
facilitate discovery of evidence-based and culturally competent care specific to their discipline. The
ethnonursing research method and the culture care theory assist in discovering, honoring, and enhancing
people's ways of knowing and give credence to the way people want to be cared for. Researchers from health
care disciplines who are interested in discovering care phenomena with cultural implications from the
people's point of view are invited to consider using the ethnonursing research method and the culture care
theory as a method and framework for conducting relevant studies. The authors welcome comments and
feedback.

20. REFERENCES:
• Denise F Polit, Cheryl totano beck , nursing research , 9th edition pp- 500-502
• Suresh K Sharma, nursing research and statistics, 3rd edition pp 224-225
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Leininger