The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Welcome to my educational page, where you can find a wealth of information about teaching and learning. As an experienced educationist, I'm passionate about sharing my knowledge and expertise with others to help them achieve their full potential. Whether you're a teacher, student, or simply interested in education, you'll find valuable insights and resources here. From practical classroom tips to the latest research on education, my blog covers a wide range of topics to help you stay informed and inspired. Join me on this journey of learning and discovery, and let's make education accessible and engaging for everyone!
Talk given to faculty members of Camarines Norte State College, organized by Ugnayang Pang-Aghamtao (UGAT/Anthropological Association of the Philippines) / July 2021 / via Zoom
This is the lecture I delivered on the 'Becoming Social Scientist' undergraduate module at the University of Birmingham, as the part of a whole module with students. This is the first introductory lecture entitled 'Ethnography I: Introduction'. During the lecture, it was continuous, the effort to link ethnography with Social Innovation and Design Thinking applied research perspective of Ethnography in the broader social and business context of Birmingham.
Description of what is ethnography and how it can be used to study a particular group. How to use ethnography in the development of a specific group/community tourism interest
A sustainable world is such in which a perfect harmony or balance is maintained in the ecological, societal and economic systems. To have a dream of sustainable world we need to make sure that people are aware of the meaning of sustainability and sustainable development and they put that into practice. Education is a means through which knowledge and skills are transferred to the young generation. Research Questions are what is the level of awareness of sustainable development among the students Does locality such as rural or urban play a role in the awareness of sustainable development among the students and Does gender play a role in the awareness of sustainable development among the students. Objectives of the Study are to evaluate the level of awareness of sustainable development among secondary school students , to find out whether location of region play any role in the awareness of sustainable development among secondary school students and to find out whether gender play any role in the awareness of sustainable development among secondary school students towards sustainable development. The population of the study includes all the Secondary School students of Hoogly district, West Bengal. Findings are the secondary school students of Hoogly district have moderate level of awareness of sustainable development; there is a significant difference between rural and urban students with regard to awareness of sustainable development. Rural students are significantly better in the awareness of sustainable development than those of urban students and there is a significant difference between male and female students with regard to awareness of sustainable development. Female students are significantly better in the awareness of sustainable development that those of male students.
Learning disability refers to a kind of disorder which are related with intrinsic factors like dysfunction of central nervous system, brain injury, neurological damage etc. According to UNESCO Report 75 % of children cannot attend schools due to their learning disabilities in India. Another significant report given by UNESCO is that three- fourth of the children with learning disabilities at the age group of 5 years as well as one -fourth of the children between the age group of 5 to 19 years not eligible to go any educational institution.Self-esteem is an objective evaluation rather than subjective of an individual of his or her own value. Self-esteem relates to belief about oneself e. g. I am loved, I am a valuable person etc. Self-esteem refers to the self-image and ideal self, shame, pride, despair are the chief component of self-esteem.We cannot understand the definition of parents‟ duty and responsibility until we become parents. That's why the word parents is not a simple term. The characteristics of parents are as below
i. Learning activities can be increased through the support of parental encouragement. ii. A child's education is crucial not only the involvement of school teacher, but also parental involvement. (https://www.csub.edu/~ lwildman/finishedwebsite/parent.htm)
Here, descriptive school survey method is used to gain intensive knowledge regarding the topic. The study was conducted at PaschimBardhaman in West Bengal. For this study, the researcher was selected 14 senior secondary schools which were situated at PaschimBardhaman in west Bengal. The total number of schools i.e. population size was 40.
গভীর মনন ও মনীষা, মহান কর্ম এবং িবপুল ও সুন্দর সৃষ্িটর এক অফুরান শক্িত িনেয় রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর এেদেশ জন্েমেছন। তাঁর মত প্রিতভা পৃিথবীেত িবরল। তাঁর রিচত কিবতা, েছাটগল্প, উপন্যাস, েছাট ও বড় িমিলেয় নানাধরেনর নাটক ও নািটকা, তাঁর রিচত গান, তাঁর েলখা িচিঠপত্েরর সংখ্যা, তাঁর আঁকা ছিব, িবেদশ ভ্রমণ, েদেশিবেদেশ বক্তৃতার সংখ্যা, িনেজর এবং অন্েযর নাটক মঞ্চস্থ করার সংখ্যার সিঠক িহসাব েদওয়া এককথায় অসম্ভব। তাঁর কর্ম এবং সৃষ্িটর সম্ভার ও ব্যক্িতত্েবর ব্যপ্িতেত িনেজর অজান্েতই িতিন আপামর সাধারণ মানুষ ও পাঠেকর কােছ ‘মানব’ েথেক ‘মহামানব’ হেয় ওেঠন। এমনিক িতিন সৃষ্িটর অফুরন্ত শক্িতর প্রতীক িহসােব জনপ্িরয়তা অর্জন কেরেছন। ১৯১৩ সাল বৃিটশেদর দ্বারা পরাধীন ভারতবর্েষর ইিতহােস স্বর্ণাক্ষের অঙ্িকত আেছ তাঁর েনােবল জয়(সািহত্েযর শ্েরষ্ঠ সম্মান) এর মধ্য িদেয়। ‘আেরাগ্য’, জন্মিদেন’, ‘েশষেলখা’ র কিবতাগুিলেত মানুষ, পৃিথবী আর জীবনেক বলেলন তাঁর ভােলালাগা ও ভালবাসার কথা। ১৯৪১ সাল, কিব আবার অসুস্থ হেলন। অস্ত্রপচাের ব্যর্থ হেয় ‘িদবেসর েশষ সূর্য’ অস্তিমত হেলন। কিবর যাবতীয় ইচ্েছেক পদদিলত কের েযভােব তাঁেক মৃত্যুযন্ত্রণার িদেক েঠেল হেয়িছল এবং েয যন্ত্রণা তাঁেক সহ্য করেত হেয়িছল তা প্রকাশ করা একপ্রকার অসম্ভব। ঠাকুর বািড়র সদস্যেদর ব্যর্থতা, ডাক্তার এবং কিবরাজেদর পরীক্ষা-িনরীক্ষা, সিঠক পিরকাঠােমা ও বুিধদীপ্ত মানুেষর অভাব কিবর েশষ জীবনেক দুর্িবষহ কের তুেলিছল। একজন গেবষক িহেসেব আমার ভাবেত অবাক লাগেছ তেতািধক িবস্ময় হচ্েছ শারীিরক এত যন্ত্রণা এবং কষ্েটর মধ্েযও কীভােব িতিন তাঁর সািহত্য সৃষ্িটর ধারােক অব্যাহত রাখেলন এবং পড়ােশানার কাজেক িকভােব এত িনখুঁত রাখেত পারেলন িবেশষ কের তাঁর সািহত্য সৃষ্িট ক্রমশ পিরপক্কতার িদেক অগ্রসর হল!
Kanyashree Prakalpa is an initiative taken by government of west Bengal to improve the life and status of the girls by helping economically backward families with cash so that families do not arrange the marriage of their girl children before eighteen year because of economic problem. Researcher chose” Kanyashree Prakalpa “as her topic because researcher wanted to investigate the development of girl child as a whole in the social strata. How many or of what percentage of girls child actually got the benefits of this” Prakalpa”? Researcher was tried to find out how this scheme strengthens them to face the society or make them independent. Did this ’Prakalpa’ help in improving the quality of education? Did it at all make any significant change or solve the problems of women? How far it is effective in strengthening the situation of backward class women? Did it reduce the number of drop out candidates /students? Researcher chose descriptive survey method for her present study. Researcher was preparing questionnaire and apply it on teachers and student. In that way researcher was get their impression on particular area. In this way researcher was collect the whole data needed for her research analysis. Researcher used descriptions, percentages and bar chart for the data analysis.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Introduction:-
1.The one of the Major Approaches
of the Qualitative Research is
Ethnography, sometimes known
as Cultural Anthropology or
sometimes known as Naturalistic
Enquiry. It disciplinary origin is
Anthropology.
3. 2.Ethnography deals with the
discovery and description of the
culture of a Group or Society . As
Culture is the Central Theme of
Ethnographic Research, that’s why
the question raised from this point
of view is that “what are the
Cultural Characteristics of a group
of Individual ?”
4.
5. Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops
over the course of many generations.Culture means ‘the system of Norms
and Standards that a society develops
over the course of many generations’.
1.Culture is As people do,
2.A combination of various types of
knowledge,
3.Believe,
4.Custom,
5.Art,
6.Moral ,
7.Laws,
6. 8.Habit,
9.Attitude of mind,
10.The pattern of Human Activity,
11.Literature,
12.Language,
13.Religion,
14.Religious activity,
15.Transmitted from person to person,
transmitted from generation to
generation..
7. 16.Consist of Everything, we think,
17.Consist of all Efforts and Adjustment,
18.Gratifying Quality,
20.Continuous process,
21.Accumulative,
22.Inter connected with each other
23.Changing and Dynamic,
24.Vary from one society to other society
etc.
•That’s why Culture and Society are one
and same.
8. 3.Ethnography can help to
investigate very Complicated or
Critical Design Challenges.
• A good researcher is
essential when observing or
interacting with Target
Audiences in their Real-Life
Environment.
9. 4. Within the field of Usability (the
degree to which something is able or fit
to be used.) , User-Centered Design
and Service Design, Ethnography is
used to support a designer’s deeper
understanding of the design problem –
including the Relevant Domain,
Audience(s), Processes, Goals and
Context(s) of use.
10. 5.The aim of an ethnographic
study is to get ‘Under the Skin’
of a design problem.
It is hoped that by achieving
this, a Researcher will be able to
truly understand of the problem
and therefore it helps to achieve
a far better solution.
11. 6.The researcher uses Inductive
Logic and Formulate their
Hypothesis on the basis of their
Observation. These hypotheses
are re-evaluated periodically in
the light of New Observations
and modified when appear to be
inconsistent with the Evidence.
12. 7.Ethnography is the
Systematic Study of a group or
a group of individual and their
Culture.
It is designed to
explore Cultural Phenomena where the
researcher observes society from the point
of view of the Subject.
13. 8.The aim of Ethnographic
Research is to observe a
situation without imposing any
Deductive Structure or
Framework and to view
everything as a Strange or
Unique.
14. 9.Some of the main contributors
of Ethnographic Research are:-
i) E. B. Tylor (1832–1917) from Britain
ii) Lewis H. Morgan (1818–1881) from
American
iii) Franz Boas (1858–1942)
iv) Bronislaw Malinowski (1884—1942)
v) Ruth Benedict (1887–1948), And
vi) Margaret Mead (1901–1978).
15. Features of Ethnography
1. Ethnographic Research focus on
describing the Culture of a group in very
Detailed and Complex Manner. The
Ethnography can be of the Entire group
or a subpart of it.
2. The researcher looks for patterns of the
Group's Mental Activities i.e. their
Ideas and Beliefs expressed through
language.
17. Forms of Ethnography
• There are different forms of Ethnography i.e.
Confessional Ethnography; Life History;
Feminist Ethnography etc.
Two most popular forms of Ethnography
are:-
1. Realist Ethnography and
2. Critical Ethnography.
(Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design,
93)
18. 1. Realist Ethnography is a Traditional
approach used by Cultural
Anthropologists. Characterized by
Van Maanen (1988), it reflects a
particular Example taken by the
researcher toward the individual
being studied.
It's an Objective study of the
situation.
19. 2. Critical Ethnography is a kind of Ethnographic research in
which the creators advocate for the liberation of groups which
are Marginalized in society. Critical Researchers typically are
politically minded people who look to take a stand of
opposition to Inequality and Domination.
For example, a Critical Ethnographer might study schools
that provide privileges to certain types of students, or
counseling practices that serve to overlook the needs of
under represented groups. The important components of a
Critical Ethnographer are to incorporate a value- laden
introduction, empower people by giving them more
authority, challenging the status quo, and addressing
concerns about power and control. A Critical Ethnographer
will study issues of power, empowerment, Inequality
Inequity, dominance, repression, hegemony, and
victimization.
21. Method Associated with Ethnography
1. Data analysis involves interpretation of
the functions and meanings of Human
Actions. The product of this is mainly
Verbal Explanations, where Statistical
Analysis and Quantification play a
subordinate role.
2. It involves engaging in Extensive Field
Work where data collection is mainly by
Interview, Symbols, Artifacts,
Observations etc….
22. 3. Anthropological Ethnographers often Live Amongst
a Group or Society for a year or more, in order to
learn about them. This fully Immersive and Long-
Term ‘Live and Work’ Approach to Ethnography
has proven popular within the field of Qualitative
Research.
3. Individual Methods which are available within an
Ethnographic Study include: Participant
Observation, Interviews and Surveys. All of
these Ethnographic Methods can be very valuable
in gaining a deeper understanding of a design
problem.
23. 4. It involves Intensive data collection on many variables
over an extended period of time in a Naturalistic
Situation.
5. Ethnographic study uses Participant Observation as the
Primary Data Collection Technique along with the
Interviews with the members of Group or community.
6. Ethnographic Research involves Qualitative data uses
coding for further analysis. The analysis includes:-
i. The Emic Perspective- the Emic Perspective means that
Ethnographic Researchers focuses “How the Members of
the Culture under study, Perceive their Culture”.
ii. The Etic perspective- the Etic perspective means that
“how Researcher perceive and analysis various
behaviors or phenomena related with the culture under
study”.
24. iii. The symbols- the Symbols refer to any Material such as
Art, Architecture, , Technology, Clothing etc.
iv. Tacit knowledge- It is connected with the deep and
hidden information about cultural benefits and
assumptions.
v. The Hypothesis- Hypothesis in Ethnographic Research
emerge form Qualitative data in the hands of the
researcher. They are not formulated before. If the
Hypothesis emerges during the data collection, they are
dropped at any stage of the study and new hypotheses are
framed.
vi. Action and interaction within the organization- in
Ethnographic studies researcher uses nature, action and
interactions of the member of organization.
vii. Nature of observation- Participant Observation.
25. 7.The data analysis approach used in an Ethnographic
Study aims at Holistic Description of the Cultural
characteristics of a group of people.
8.Ethnography, as the presentation of Empirical Data
on human Societies and Cultures.
9.It requires a long-term commitment i.e. it is
conducted by a researcher who intends to interact
with people they are studying for an extended period
of time.
10.Multiple Methods of data collection may be
employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a
more personal and In-depth Analysis of the
Community.
26. 10.Using Snowball or Chain sampling.
11.kinship charts were commonly used.
12. Ethnographic research can range from a
Realist Perspective, in which behavior
is observed, to a constructivist
Perspective where understanding is
socially constructed by the researcher
and subjects.
27. When to Use Ethnography
• Ethnography is most useful in the early stages of a
User-Centered Design Project.
• We would normally recommend that Ethnographic
Methods are used for very Complex or Critical
Design Problems.
• In its early Application, Ethnography was used to
study the Cultural Characteristics of Africa,
South Sea Island, and American Indian Primitive
Tribes, who were Geographically and Culturally
Isolated.
28. Advantages of Ethnography
• Ethnography can help to identify and analyze
Unexpected Issues.
• It considered to be its ability to deliver a detailed
and faithful representation of users’ Behaviors and
Attitudes.
• The strength of Ethnographic Research lies in the
Observation of Natural Behavior in a Real- Life
Settings .
• It can write down into Intuitive and Deep Human
Understanding .
29. Disadvantages
• Time taking Research / Time consuming .
• Deep Expertise is required
• Sensitive.
• Research can involve Prolonged Time in the Field
• Ethnography believes heavily on Story-Telling and
the presentation of Critical Incidents.
30. Risk Associated with Ethnography
• Researcher:
Ethnographic Researchers need to be very highly-
skilled to avoid all the potential pitfalls of an
Ethnographic Study.
• Subjects
It is essential that any studies’ Subjects are as true a
representation of the larger user audience as possible
(assuming that the study has been designed this way).
It is also vital that the Subjects are Open and Honest
with the researcher. Of course, both of these issues are
related to the Quality of the Researcher themselves
and their role in the study’s design.
31. Conclusion:-
We would generally recommend that an ethnographic
approach may be suitable for the Early Stages of a
User-Centered Project that deals with a particularly
complicated or Critical Design Challenge.
This is because Ethnographic Methods allow a
particularly Deep Understanding of a Design
Problem including Domain, Audience(s), Processes,
goals and context(s) of use. These ethnographic
methods can also be very useful in discovering and
exploring previously unknown issues.