The document provides information on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It discusses the 8 goals of the MDGs from 2000-2015 related to poverty, education, gender equality, health, and environmental sustainability. It then outlines the 17 goals of the SDGs adopted in 2015 to build on the MDGs and address social, economic, and environmental issues globally in a more comprehensive manner through 2030. Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs include their scope, focus areas, targets, indicators, financing, and emphasis on quality of life and sustainability.

1. FAZAIA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTEMPORARY TRENDS AND ISSUES
TOPIC: SDGs AND MDGs
Submitted to:
Ma’am Amna Saleem
Submitted by:
Amenah Gondal
Roll No:
EDU(S)-2017-F-11
Class:
BS.ED Hons (VII)

2. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for
the year 2015.
 The Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United
Nations Millennium Declaration. All 191 United Nations member states at that time, and at
least 22 international organizations, committed to helping achieve the Millennium
Development Goals by 2015.
 MDGs set concrete targets and indicators for poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights
set forth in the Declaration.
 MDGs emphasized three areas: human capital, infrastructure and human rights (social,
economic and political), with the intent of increasing living standards.
GOALS
There were altogether 8 goals with 21 targets and a series of measurable health indicators and
economic indicators for each target.
GOAL1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
• Target: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one
dollar a day.
GOAL2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Ensure that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full
course of primary education.
• The primary school net enrolment rate in the developing regions has reached 91 percent
in 2015, up from 83 per cent in 2000.
• The number of out-of-school children of primary school age worldwide has fallen by
almost half, to an estimated 57 million in 2015, down from 100 million in 2000.
GOAL3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
 The gender gap in primary school enrolment in developing countries has narrowed in the
past decade. In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every
100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys.
 Five years after the deadline, the target of eliminating gender disparities by 2015 has yet
to be achieved.
GOAL4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY(Reduce by two-thirds the under-five mortality
rate)
 Deaths among children fewer than five have been reduced from 12.5 million per year in
1990 to 6 million in 2015.

3.  The child mortality rate in developing countries fell from 99 deaths per thousand live
births in 1990 to 72
 In 2015. This is well short of the target of a two-thirds reduction (to 33 per thousand live
births).
GOAL5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH(Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by
three quarters, between 1990 and 2015)
 Deliveries attended by skilled health workers in the developing regions have increased
by 71% since 1990.
 Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 45 per cent worldwide, and
most of the reduction has occurred since 2000.
GOAL6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA & OTHER DISEASES (To have halted by 2015
and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of malaria and other major
diseases)
 On-track as trend reversal in HIV prevalence has been achieved.
 Moderately on-track as trend reversal has been achieved for Annual Parasite Incidence
of Malaria and for prevalence of TB.
GOAL7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (Halve the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation)
 Most regions have achieved major gains in providing access to safe water, and the
world is well on its way to meeting the target.
 There has been extraordinary progress in protecting the ozone layer
 The net deforestation rates have come down.
GOAL8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT (Global
cooperation on aid, trade, debt, access to affordable essential medicines and new technologies
and addressing the special needs of the least developed, landlocked and small island states)
 The proportion of total developed country imports from developing countries admitted
duty free has improved significantly in 2007,
 Substantial progress has been made with regard to debt relief.
 Considerable progress had been made in access to information and communications
technologies.

4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the United Nations global development goals.
 These are bold universal agreements to end poverty in all its dimensions and craft an equal, just
and secure world.
 SDG has 17 goals and 169 targets and it covers multiple aspects of growth and development.
 It is also known as a successor of MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)
 It was adopted by 193 countries of United Nations General Assembly on 25th September 2015
 SDG is officially known as “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.”
 It is built on the principle agreed upon under resolution, “The Future We Want”.
GOALS:
There are 17 goals explain as follows:
GOAL 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
The decline of extreme poverty continues, but the pace has slowed, and the world is not on track
to achieving the target of ending poverty by 2030.
GOAL 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED
NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
 Despite earlier extended progress, the number of people suffering from hunger has been
on the rise since 2014. Stunting affects the growth and cognitive development of millions
of children,
 Specifically, attention needs to be given to increasing the agricultural productivity and
incomes of small-scale food producers, implementing resilient agricultural practices, and
ensuring the proper functioning of markets.
GOAL 3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT
ALL AGES
 Major progress has been made in improving the health of millions of people. Maternal
and child mortality rates have been reduced, life expectancy continues to increase
globally, and the fight against some infectious diseases has made steady progress.
GOAL 4: ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION AND
PROMOTE LIFELONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL
 Education enables upward socioeconomic mobility and is a key to escaping poverty.
Nevertheless, millions of children are still out of school, and not all who do attend are
learning.

5. GOAL 5:ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND
GIRLS
 The world is a better place for women today than it was in the past.
 Fewer girls are forced into early marriage; more women are serving in parliament and
positions of leadership; and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality.
 Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with
harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls.
 Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership. Across the
globe, women and girls perform a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic work.
GOAL 6: ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF
WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL
 The demand for water has outpaced population growth, and half the world’s population is
already experiencing severe water scarcity at least one month a year. Much more effort is
needed to improve access to water and sanitation services
GOAL7: ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND
MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL
 The world is making progress towards goal 7 with encouraging signs that energy is
becoming more sustainable and widely available.
 Access to electricity in poorer countries has begun to accelerate, energy efficiency
continues to improve, and renewable energy is making impressive gains in the electricity
sector.
GOAL 8:PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC
GROWTH, FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR
ALL
 Sustained and inclusive economic growth can drive progress, create decent jobs for all
and improve living standards. Globally, real GDP per capita and labor productivity have
increased, and unemployment has dropped back to pre-financial-crisis levels.
GOAL 9: BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND
SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTER INNOVATION
 Inclusive and sustainable industrialization, together with innovation and infrastructure,
can unleash dynamic and competitive economic forces that generate employment and
income.
 They play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies, facilitating
international trade and enabling the efficient use of resources.

6. GOAL 10: REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES
 Inequality within and among countries is a persistent cause for concern, despite progress
in some areas. Income inequality continues to rise in many parts of the world, even as the
poorest 40 per cent of the population in most countries experience income growth.
GOAL11: MAKE CITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUSIVE, SAFE,
RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE
 The world is becoming increasingly urbanized.
 Since 2007, more than half the world’s population has been living in cities, and that share
is projected to rise to 60 per cent by 2030.
 Cities and metropolitan areas are powerhouses of economic growth—contributing about
60 per cent of global GDP.
GOAL12: ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS
 We continue to use ever-increasing amounts of natural resources to support our economic
activity.
 The efficiency with which such resources are used remains unchanged at the global level,
thus we have not yet seen a decoupling of economic growth and natural resource use.
 Globally, the generation of waste is mounting. About one third of the food produced for
human consumption each year is lost or wasted, most of it in developed countries.
GOAL13: TAKE URGENT ACTION TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS
IMPACTS
 Climate change is the defining issue of our time and the greatest challenge to sustainable
development. Its compounding effects are speeding up its advance, leaving very little
time to act if we want to prevent runaway climate change.
GOAL14: CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS AND MARINE
RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Life depends on oceans. They make up the planet’s largest ecosystem— covering more
than two thirds of the Earth’s surface— and provide billions of people with food and
livelihoods. Oceans produce about half the oxygen we breathe, and act as a climate
regulator, absorbing atmospheric heat and more than one quarter of man-made CO2.

7. GOAL15: PROTECT, RESTORE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE USE OF
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT
DESERTIFICATION, AND HALT AND REVERSE LAND DEGRADATION AND HALT
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
 Human activity continues to erode the health of ecosystems on which all species depend.
 The loss of forests is slowing but continues at an alarming rate; one million plant and
animal species are at risk of extinction according to a recent United Nations report, and
an estimated 20 per cent of the Earth’s land area was degraded between 2000 and 2015
GOAL 16: PROMOTE PEACEFUL AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, PROVIDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL AND
BUILD EFFECTIVE, ACCOUNTABLE AND INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONS AT ALL
LEVELS
 Realizing the goal of peaceful, just and inclusive societies is still a long way off. In recent
years, no substantial advances have been made towards ending violence, promoting the
rule of law, strengthening institutions at all levels, or increasing access to justice.
GOAL 17: STRENGTHEN THE MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND REVITALIZE
THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Support for implementing the SDGs is gaining momentum, but major challenges remain.
 A growing share of the global population has access to the Internet, and a Technology
Bank for LDCs has been established, yet the digital divide persists.
17 Differences between MDGs and SDGs are as follows:
Differences based
on
Millennium
DevelopmentGoals
Sustainable Development
Goals
Successor or
predecessor
MDGs are predecessor of
SDGs.
SDGs are successor to the MDGs.
Number of Goals MDGs consists of 8 goals SDGs consists of 17 goals
Number of targets MDG had 21 targets SDG has 169 targets
Number of indicators MDG had 60 indicators SDG has 232 indicators
Formulation of the
goals
It was produced by a small
group of technical experts
It was produced by UN Open Working
Group (OWG) made up of 30
members representing 70 countries.
SDG drafting process also included
intense consultation process among:

8. – 193 UN member states
– Civil society organizations
– Academicians
– Scientists
– Private sectors and
– Other stakeholders all around the
world
Zero goals – MDG targets for 2015
were set to get us
“halfway” to the goal of
ending hunger and
poverty.
– It had narrow focus on
poverty reduction.
– The SDGs are designed to finish the
job to get to a statistical “zero” on
hunger, poverty, preventable child
deaths and other targets.
– It has wide focus on poverty
reduction and tries to embed
environmental, economic and social
aspects together.
Applicability – MDGs mainly targeted
developing/least developed
or poor countries.
– It was designed in the
context of “rich donors
aiding poor recipients.”
– SDGs targets and applies uniformly
to all the countries; rich, middle
income and poor.
– It appeals all countries to take
action.
Pillars for sustainable
end of hunger
MDGs ignored the three
crucial pillars for
sustainable end of hunger
i.e. empowering women,
mobilizing everyone, and
collaborating with local
government
SDGs have addressed these three
pillars more strongly i.e. SDG have
ensured stronger gender roles,
people’s participation and government
participation
Focused areas It mainly focused on social
dimensions and better
health
It focuses on social inclusion,
economic growth, better health and
environmental protection. SDGs also
strengthen equity, human rights and
non-discrimination
Development agendas MDG could not focus
holistically on
development. It also
SDG focuses holistically on
development.

9. missed to address root
causes of poverty.
Scope of work MDG only emphasized on
the prevalent challenges
SDG emphasizes on present and
upcoming challenges
Distinguishing
Hunger and Poverty.
Hunger and poverty are
combined together in
MDG
SDGs treat the issue of poverty
separately from hunger and, food and
nutrition security
Cost MDGs were less costly
compared to SDG
SDGs are much more costly compared
to MDGs
Source of funding MDGs were largely
envisioned to be funded by
aid flows, which did not
materialize
SDGs put sustainable, inclusive
economic development at the core of
the strategy
Peace Building MDGs did not include
peace building in their core
agenda and goals
SDGs include peace building to the
success of ending poverty and hunger.
Data Revolution MDGs did not prioritize
monitoring, evaluation and
accountability.
SDGs target by 2020 to “increase
significantly the availability of high-
quality, timely and reliable data
disaggregated by income, gender, age,
race, ethnicity, migratory status,
disability, geographic location and
other characteristics relevant in
national contexts.”
Quality Education The MDGs focused on
quantity (e.g.: high
enrollment rates) rather
than quality. This might
have declined quality of
education in many
societies.
SDGs focus on the quality of
education and the role of education in
achieving a more humane world:
“education for sustainable
development and sustainable
lifestyles, human rights, gender
equality, promotion of a culture of
peace and non-violence, global
citizenship, and appreciation of
cultural diversity and of culture’s
contribution to sustainable
development.”

10. REFERENCES
1.Adhikari, S. (2019, June7). Public Health Notes. Retrieved from https://www.publichealthnotes.com/
2. Coonrod, J. (2018, August 8). The Hunger project. Retrieved from https://advocacy.thp.org/