This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices
Discuss the concept of risk in investment decisions.
Understand some commonly used techniques, i.e., payback, certainty equivalent and risk-adjusted discount rate, of risk analysis in capital budgeting.
Focus on the need and mechanics of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis.
Highlight the utility and methodology simulation analysis.
Explain the decision tree approach in sequential investment decisions.
Focus on the relationship between utility theory and capital budgeting decisions.
,
capital budgeting
,
concept of capital budgeting
,
the capital budgeting process
,
significance of capital budgeting
,
classification of investment project proposals
,
techniques of capital budgeting
,
types of project
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This presentation is made by Toran Lal Verma. Meaning, nature, and scope of Financial Management are discussed. scope and objectives of financial management have been discussed along with merits and demerits.
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
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Many investors mistakenly base the success of their portfolios on returns alone. Few consider the risk that they took to achieve those returns. Since the 1960s, investors have known how to quantify and measure risk with the variability of returns, but no single measure actually looked at both risk and return together. Today, we have three sets of performance measurement tools to assist us with our portfolio evaluations. The Treynor, Sharpe and Jensen ratios combine risk and return performance into a single value, but each is slightly different. Which one is best for you? Why should you care? Let's find out.
Portfolio performance measures should be a key aspect of the investment decision process. These tools provide the necessary information for investors to assess how effectively their money has been invested (or may be invested). Remember, portfolio returns are only part of the story. Without evaluating risk-adjusted returns, an investor cannot possibly see the whole investment picture, which may inadvertently lead to clouded investment decisions.
Discuss the concept of risk in investment decisions.
Understand some commonly used techniques, i.e., payback, certainty equivalent and risk-adjusted discount rate, of risk analysis in capital budgeting.
Focus on the need and mechanics of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis.
Highlight the utility and methodology simulation analysis.
Explain the decision tree approach in sequential investment decisions.
Focus on the relationship between utility theory and capital budgeting decisions.
,
capital budgeting
,
concept of capital budgeting
,
the capital budgeting process
,
significance of capital budgeting
,
classification of investment project proposals
,
techniques of capital budgeting
,
types of project
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This presentation is made by Toran Lal Verma. Meaning, nature, and scope of Financial Management are discussed. scope and objectives of financial management have been discussed along with merits and demerits.
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Thank You For Waching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
Many investors mistakenly base the success of their portfolios on returns alone. Few consider the risk that they took to achieve those returns. Since the 1960s, investors have known how to quantify and measure risk with the variability of returns, but no single measure actually looked at both risk and return together. Today, we have three sets of performance measurement tools to assist us with our portfolio evaluations. The Treynor, Sharpe and Jensen ratios combine risk and return performance into a single value, but each is slightly different. Which one is best for you? Why should you care? Let's find out.
Portfolio performance measures should be a key aspect of the investment decision process. These tools provide the necessary information for investors to assess how effectively their money has been invested (or may be invested). Remember, portfolio returns are only part of the story. Without evaluating risk-adjusted returns, an investor cannot possibly see the whole investment picture, which may inadvertently lead to clouded investment decisions.
The Cash Flow Statement translates earnings in the Income Statement into cash inflows. Explained in detail above as a part of the topic “Financial accounting”, is brought to you by Welingkar’s Distance Learning Division.
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Cash Flow Statement is a basic concept which every young manager must learn. This presentation excellently explains what you should know about this topic!
Leverages one of the most difficult to understand and interpret in financial management.. Here's a short explanation with calculation of financial and operating leverages..
Capital budgeting decisions are much vital than the decisions on management of working capital as these decisions requires careful analysis of the expected costs and benefits to be derived from each capital expenditure on acquisition of land, building, equipments and for permanent additions to working capital associated with the plant expansion.
The level of investments that maximizes the present value of the firm is simultaneously determined by the interaction of supply and demand forces under conditions of uncertainty
Capital Investment Decision or Capital Budgetingssuserb4bc81
Inflation and Capital Budgeting
Options in Capital Budgeting
Strategy and Analysis in Using Net Present Value
Cost of Capital, and Capital Budgeting
Capital Budgeting for Levered Firm
Risk and Capital Budgeting – Absolute measure and relative measure of risk, certainty equivalent method and risk adjusted discount rate method.
Related to chp 13 of fundamental of financial management . The Chapter is about cashflows of corporation. It helps to calculate initial, interim and Terminal cashflows. Later IRR and NPV method is applied. Helps you to easily understand chapter numerical. Is a guide to prepare for exam in a last minute. The Chapter includes self exercise and problems
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What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
3. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE VS REVENUE EXPENDITURE Capital ( CAPEX) Deferred revenue ( CAPEX) Revenue ( OPEX)
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6. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOWS /CAPITAL BUDEGETING DECISIONS; 1)Affect the profitability of the company –Earning Assets of the company. 2)Will have a long term effect over the company 3)Not easily reversible without much Financial loss. 4)Involves huge costs and scarce resources DIFFICULTIES IN CAPITAL EXPENDITURE DECISIONS; 1)Relate to uncertain future Period involving various risk factors. 2)Costs and revenue accrue at different time periods.
7. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECT PROPOSALS; 1 . New products or expansion of existing products 2. Replacement of existing equipment or buildings 3. Infrastructure Projects 4. Research and development 5. Exploration 6. Mandatory Requirements (e.g., safety or pollution related) 7. Others-welfare related like Townships etc. All these could be Independent or Mutually Exclusive.
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14. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Difference between Accounting and cash Flow approach; In rupees Cash Flow approach 50,000 20000 6000 4000 --------- 30000 20000 6000 14000 Accounting approach 50,000 20000 6000 4000 10000 40000 10000 3000 7000 Particulars Revenues-sales(1) Less ;Cost of sales(2) Materials Labor other expenses Depreciation Total cost Earnings/Cash Flow before Tax(1-2) Taxes say 30% Net Earnings/Cash flow after Tax
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23. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Determination of Inflows yn y4 y3 y2 Y1 Particulars Sales Less Operating costs Cash Inflows before Taxes (CFBT) Less Depn Taxable Income Less Tax Earnings after Tax Plus Depreciation Cash inflows after Taxes ( CFAT) PLUS salvage value (yn) PLUS Recovery of working capital
24. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Investments, costs and Revenues( in rs 000) Y5 200 20 180 400 Y4 200 20 180 220 Y3 200 20 180 40 Y2 100 20 80 -140 Y1 100 20 80 -220 Revenues Costs -300 Undiscounted cash flow -300 Cum cash flow -300 NPV=400 Pay back period=2.78 years
25. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Computation of cash flows Y5 180 0.621 111.78208.70 Y4 180 0.683 122.94 96.92 Y3 180 0.751 135.18 -26.02 Y2 80 0.826 66.08 -161.2 Y1 80 0.909 72.72 -227.78 Year Cash flows -300 DCF(@10%) DCF -300 Cum DCF NPV=208.7 Pay back period=3.21 years
27. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Computation of cash flows Y5 180 144 0.621 89.42 124.30 Y4 180 144 0.683 98.35 34.88 Y3 180 144 0.751 108.14 -63.47 Y2 80 74 0.826 61.12 -171.61 Y1 80 74 0.909 67.27 -232.73 Year 0 Cash flows -300 CFAT DCF(@10%) DCF -300 Cum DCF NPV=124.3 Pay back period=3.65 years
28. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS BEFORE TAX AFTER TAX NPV( Rs 000) 280 124.31 23,67 -44.63 PAY BACK PERIOD 3.06 3.65 4.6 >5 Rate(%) 0 10 20 30 PAY BACK PERIOD 2.78 3.21 3.85 4.95 NPV (Rs 000) 400 208.7 85.5 2.2
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30. ESTIMATION OF CASH FLOWS Case study; “ A” company is into retail business for the last 10 years with an average turnover of Rs 50 crores and an average net profit of Rs 2.5 crores during the last 5 years. As the margins are low in retail business due to severe competition, the average net profits of the retail Industry is around 5% and A company was within the Industry standards vis a vis the average net profit. The Management wanted to expand and it took on lease a property in the CBD area and modified it into an ultra modern show room .The cost of the expansion was Rs 50 crores and it had to borrow the entire amount as term loan from the bank at an interest rate of 12 %per annum repayable in 10 years. Annual property lease cost is Rs 2 crores. The new showroom would generate an average turnover of Rs 30 crores per annum in the first 5 years with an average net profit of 1.5 crores @5percent. The gross profit is 30 percent Has “A “company taken a good decision? Make suitable assumptions and advise “A “company the position ,pointing out where and in which areas of cash flow estimation they have gone wrong.
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
Example for Indirect ex-A co allocates OH on the basis of Floor space. Assume it wants to replace by a new one, and the new one will occupy less space then there is no increase in the expenses and has no effect on cash flows But if t.he extra space generates cash income such cash inflow should be factored.
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
1)They are STRATEGIC in Nature and not TACTICAL as in the case of Current assets.(2)May be a total departure from the existing activity(3)
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