1. Dividend and retention policy By : PoojaNarwani PratikLalani RazaaliVakil Richa Shah RiddhiSalot

2. Introduction : What is Dividend? What is dividend policy? Theories of Dividend Policy Relevant Theory Walter’s Model Gordon’s Model Irrelevant Theory M-M’s Approach Traditional Approach

3. What is Dividend? “A dividend is a distribution to shareholders out of profit or reserve available for this purpose”. - Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

4. Forms/Types of Dividend On the basis of Types of Share Equity Dividend Preference Dividend On the basis of Mode of Payment Cash Dividend Stock Dividend Bond Dividend Property Dividend Composite Dividend

5. Contd. On the basis of Time of Payment Interim Dividend Regular Dividend Special Dividend

6. What is Dividend Policy : “ Dividend policy determines the division of earnings between payments to shareholders and retained earnings”. - Weston and Bringham

7. Contd. Dividend Policies involve the decisions, whether- To retain earnings for capital investment and other purposes; or To distribute earnings in the form of dividend among shareholders; or To retain some earning and to distribute remaining earnings to shareholders.

8. Factors Affecting Dividend Policy Legal Restrictions Magnitude and trend of earnings Desire and type of Shareholders Nature of Industry Age of the company Future Financial Requirements Taxation Policy Stage of Business cycle

9. Regularity Requirements of Institutional Investors Contd.

10. Dimensions of Dividend Policy Pay-out Ratio Funds requirement Liquidity Access to external sources of financing Shareholder preference Difference in the cost of External Equity and Retained Earnings Control Taxes

11. Contd. Stability Stable dividend payout Ratio Stable Dividends or Steadily changing Dividends

12. Types of Dividend Policy Regular Dividend Policy Stable Dividend Policy Constant dividend per share Constant pay out ratio Stable rupee dividend + extra dividend Irregular Dividend Policy

13. DIVIDEND THEORIES

15. Relevance Theories

16. Prof. James E Walter argued that in the long-run the share prices reflect only the present value of expected dividends. Retentions influence stock price only through their effect on future dividends. Walter has formulated this and used the dividend to optimize the wealth of the equity shareholders. Walter’s Model

17. Assumptions of Walter’s Model: Internal Financing constant Return in Cost of Capital 100% payout or Retention Constant EPS and DPS Infinite time

18. Formula of Walter’s Model D + r (E-D) k k P = Where, P = Current Market Price of equity share E = Earning per share D = Dividend per share (E-D) = Retained earning per share r = Rate of Return on firm’s investment or Internal Rate of Return k = Cost of Equity Capital

19. Growth Firm (r > k): r = 20% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If D = Rs. 4 P = 4+(0) 0.20 /0 .15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15 If D = Rs. 2 P = 2+(2) 0.20 / 0.15 = Rs. 31.11 0.15 Illustration :

20. Normal Firm (r = k): r = 15% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If D = Rs. 4 P = 4+(0) 0.15 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15 If D = Rs. 2 P = 2+(2) 0.15 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15 Illustration :

21. Declining Firm (r < k): r = 10% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If D = Rs. 4 P = 4+(0) 0.10 / 0.15 = Rs. 26.67 0.15 If D = Rs. 2 P = 2+(2) 0.10 / 0.15 = Rs. 22.22 0.15 Illustration :

22. Effect of Dividend Policy on Value of Share

23. Criticisms of Walter’s Model No External Financing Firm’s internal rate of return does not always remain constant. In fact, r decreases as more and more investment in made. Firm’s cost of capital does not always remain constant. In fact, k changes directly with the firm’s risk.

25. The main proposition of the model is that the value of a share reflects the value of the future dividends accruing to that share. Hence, the dividend payment and its growth are relevant in valuation of shares.

27. Formula of Gordon’s Model E (1 – b) K - br P = Where, P = Price E = Earning per Share b = Retention Ratio k = Cost of Capital br = g = Growth Rate

28. Growth Firm (r > k): r = 20% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If b = 0.25 P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 30 0.15- (0.25)(0.20) If b = 0.50 P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 40 0.15- (0.5)(0.20) Illustration :

29. Normal Firm (r = k): r = 15% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If b = 0.25 P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 26.67 0.15- (0.25)(0.15) If b = 0.50 P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 26.67 0.15- (0.5)(0.15) Illustration :

30. Declining Firm (r < k): r = 10% k = 15% E = Rs. 4 If b = 0.25 P0 = (0.75) 4 = Rs. 24 0.15- (0.25)(0.10) If b = 0.50 P0 = (0.50) 4 = Rs. 20 0.15- (0.5)(0.10) Illustration :

31. Criticisms of Gordon’s model As the assumptions of Walter’s Model and Gordon’s Model are same so the Gordon’s model suffers from the same limitations as the Walter’s Model.

32. Irrelevance Theories

33. Modigliani & Miller’s Irrelevance Model Depends on Depends on

34. Modigliani and Miller’s Approach Assumption Capital Markets are Perfect and people are Rational No taxes Floating Costs are nil Investment opportunities and future profits of firms are known with certainty (This assumption was dropped later) Investment and Dividend Decisions are independent

35. M-M’s Argument If a company retains earnings instead of giving it out as dividends, the shareholder enjoy capital appreciation equal to the amount of earnings retained. If it distributes earnings by the way of dividends instead of retaining it, shareholder enjoys dividends equal in value to the amount by which his capital would have appreciated had the company chosen to retain its earning.

36. Hence, the division of earnings between dividends and retained earnings is IRRELEVANT from the point of view of shareholders.

37. Formula of M-M’s Approach 1 ( D1+P1 ) (1 + p) Po = Where, Po = Market price per share at time 0, D1 = Dividend per share at time 1, P1 = Market price of share at time 1

38. 1 (nD1+nP1) (1 + p) nPo = The expression of the outstanding equity shares of the firm at time 0 is obtained as: 1 {nD1+(n + m)P1- mP1} (1 + p) nPo =

39. mP1 = I – (X – nD1) Where, X = Total net profit of the firm for year 1 1 [nD1+ (n + m)P1– {I – (X – nD1)}] (1 + p) nPo = 1 nD1+ (n + m)P1– I +X – nD1 (1 + p) nPo =

40. 1 (n + m)P1– I +X (1 + p) nPo =

42. Existence of Transaction Cost

43. Existence of Floatation Cost

44. Lack of Relevant Information

45. Differential rates of Taxes

46. No fixed investment Policy

48. This theory assumes that the investors do not differentiate between dividends and retentions by the firm Thus, a firm should retain the earnings if it has profitable investment opportunities otherwise it should pay than as dividends.

49. Synopsis Dividend is the part of profit paid to Shareholders. Firm decide, depending on the profit, the percentage of paying dividend. Walter and Gordon says that a Dividend Decision affects the valuation of the firm. While the Traditional Approach and MM’s Approach says that Value of the Firm is irrelevant to Dividend we pay.

50. Bibliography Google Financial management by prasannachandra.