The document provides information on various Spanish grammar topics in 14 sections, including: 1) nationalities and stem changing verbs, 2) indirect object pronouns, 3) reflexive verbs, 4) the verb gustar, 5) affirmative and negative words, 6) superlatives, 7) affirmative tú commands, 8) negative tú commands, 9) irregular commands, 10) pronoun placement, 11) sequencing events, 12) reflexive pronouns, 13) irregular negative tú commands, and 14) object pronoun placement. Each section defines and provides examples for the grammar concept covered.

1. Aida Wilkinson

2. 1. Nationalities 8. Superlatives Command +
2. Stem Changing 9. Reflexives Irregulars +
3. Para Pronoun Placement
10. Affirmative Tú
4. Indirect Object Commands + 13. Irregular
Pronouns Irregulars + Negative Tú
5. Object Pronoun Pronoun Placement Commands
11. Irregular 14. Sequencing
Placement events
6. Gustar Affirmative Tú
Commands
7. Affirmative and
Negative Words 12. Negative Tú

3. Nationalities

4. CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES
U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)
E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)
O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)
E-I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)

5. Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…
The recipient of items
…el regalo para tu mamá
Purpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer.
Implied purpose
Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.

6. Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what
or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or
accompany indirect objects.
Singular
me me
te you (familiar)
le you (formal), him, her
Plural
nos us
os you (familiar)
les you, them

7. • Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
• Place the pronoun before a conjugation

8. When you want to talk about things that people like, change the
form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those
things.
Singular
me gusta nos gusta
te gusta os gusta
le gusta les gusta
Plural
me gustas nos gustas
te gustas os gustas
le gustas les gustas

9. Affirmative
When you want to talk about an Words
indefinite or negative situation, algo something
you use an affirmative or a
alguien someone
negative word.
algún/agluno(a) some
Notice that alguno(a) and siempre always
ninguno(a) must match the
gender or the noun they replace también also
or modify. Alguno and ninguno Negative Words
have different forms used before nada nothing
masculine singular nouns.
nadie no one
alguno algún ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
ninguno ningún nunca never
tampoco neither, either

10. ◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives, drop the
final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective
must agree in gender and number with the noun it
modifies.
La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.
Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.
◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required.
c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)
g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)
z c feliz felicísimo(a)

11. Reflexive Pronouns
me nos
te os
se se
acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes
afeitarse levantarse
bañarse maquillarse
despertarse (e - ie) peinarse
dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa
ducharse quitarse la ropa
lavarse secarse
lavarse el pelo/la cabeza

12. Give instructions or command to someone by using
the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form
DOP
caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!
lo
comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa! la
abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar! los
las
Pronoun Placement
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Before conjugate verb
4. Affirmative command

13. Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command
Typically,
if you decir di
attach the hacer haz
pronoun
to the ir ve
command poner pon
, you add
an accent salir sal
mark ser sé
over the
3rd to last tener ten
vowel.
venir ven
Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative
command,
EXAMPLE:
the pronoun attaches to the command.
¡Ponte otra camisa!
>Put on (youself) another shirt!

14. When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.
Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense,
dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.
-es –ar verbs
-as –er amd –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
hablar hablo ¡No hables!
volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
venir vengo ¡No vengas!
***** Irregulars on next slide! *****

15. A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo
forms of these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive Negative tú Command
Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/Decir No dés/digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber No sepas
bject pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verb
EXAMPLE:
¡No lo uses!
Don’t use it (the blowdryer).

16. por la … mañana/tarde/noche
in/during the …
morning/afternoon/night
antes de/después los lunes, martes,
de etc.
before/after on the day
Sequencing events
primero entonces luego/después por fin
first then later/after finally