Errors
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Dr. Bincy Joseph from St. Mary's College in Thrissur discusses types of errors in analytical measurements. There are two main types of errors - systematic errors which are reproducible and can be identified and corrected, and random errors which are unpredictable. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from faulty calibration, method errors from non-ideal chemical behavior, and personal errors from human judgment. Random errors have no identifiable cause and set an ultimate limit to measurement precision. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to the agreement between multiple measurements of the same quantity. Proper calibration, experimental technique, and replicate measurements can improve accuracy and precision.
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Introduction
error, accuracy, precision
Source of Errors
Types of Errors
Methods of minimizing errors
Test for rejection of data
Significant Level
Rounding of Figures
References
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Redox titrations introduction, Oxidation , reduction, oxidation number , oxidation number calculations, Balance redox reactions, Oxidizing agents, reducing agents,Cerimetry Iodometry, iodimetry, Bromatometry, dichromatometry
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This document provides an overview of non-aqueous titration as a technique used in pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses the need for non-aqueous titrations when analytes are not soluble or reactive in water. The principles and techniques of non-aqueous acid-base titration are explained, including the use of aprotic, protogenic, amphiprotic and protophilic solvents. Common titrants, indicators, and examples of pharmaceutical compounds analyzed by non-aqueous titration like sodium benzoate and ephedrine hydrochloride are outlined. The document also provides procedures for standardizing titrants and estimating drugs using this analytical method.
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Or
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When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
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Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
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Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
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Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
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#Scope
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Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
and applications
Potentiometry is the method to find the concentration of solute in
A given solution by measuring the potential between two Electrodes
(reference and Indicator electrode) . Potentiometric titration involves
the measurement of the potential of the indicator electrode and
reference electrode.
In potentiometric titration reference and indicator electrodes are
immersed in the solution of particular analyte (titrand) and
potential of indicator electrode is measured with relation to
reference electrode.
Titrant is added in analyte (Titrand) and change in potential is noted
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electrode.
Graph is plotted between the indicator electrode potential and
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1. Acid-base titration 2. Redox Titration 3.Complexometric titration 4. Precipitation Titration
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Chapter_05.ppt
Errors in chemical analysis can be random or systematic. Random errors cause imprecise results while systematic errors lead to inaccurate results by introducing bias. Common sources of systematic error include faulty instrumentation, non-ideal chemical behaviors in analytical methods, and personal biases of experimenters. Systematic errors can be detected through frequent calibration of instruments, analysis of reference standards, independent verification methods, blank determinations, and evaluation of results from varying sample sizes. Controlling for systematic errors is important for obtaining reliable analytical data.
1. complete stats notes
1) Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. It is used to understand populations based on samples since directly measuring entire populations is often impossible.
2) There are two main types of data: qualitative data which relates to descriptive characteristics, and quantitative data which can be expressed numerically. Common statistical analyses include calculating the mean, standard deviation, and using t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and chi-squared tests.
3) Statistical analyses allow researchers to determine uncertainties in measurements, compare groups, identify relationships between variables, and assess whether observed differences are likely due to chance or a factor being studied. Key concepts include null and alternative hypotheses, p-values, and effect size.
A lesson on statistics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including different types of data, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and methods for characterizing diagnostic tests. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data as well as discrete and continuous data. Measures of central tendency covered include mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion include range, interquartile range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. The document also defines sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and likelihood ratios for characterizing diagnostic tests. It introduces the receiver operating characteristic curve and how the area under the curve can be used to assess a test's accuracy.
Fact, Figures and Statistics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics, including:
1. Statistics involves the systematic presentation of numerical data to minimize erroneous conclusions when information is incomplete. Induction and deduction are two main methods of assessment, and samples are used to make reasonable conclusions about whole populations.
2. For a sample to be representative, it should be randomly selected, large in size, and stratified if necessary to account for subgroups. Random allocation in experiments helps ensure intervention and control groups are similar.
3. Common statistical terms are defined, including mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation. Normal distribution and confidence intervals are also explained.
Analytical Chemistry.ppsx
The significant figures in a numerical expression are defined as all those whose values are known with certainty with one additional digit whose value is uncertain.
03 science
The document outlines the scientific method and key concepts in environmental science. It discusses how scientists form hypotheses to explain phenomena, design experiments to test hypotheses, and use results to support or refute hypotheses. The example provided tests hypotheses for what may be causing deformities in amphibians. Experiments showed both parasites and chemical contaminants can increase deformities, and their interaction has an even stronger effect. While no single factor explains all cases, research continues to better understand this complex environmental issue. Science has limitations but the scientific method is the best approach for building understanding.
Abc4
The document discusses key concepts in statistics and research methodology. It addresses (1) different types of uncertainty including random variation from measurement errors and sampling variation, as well as systematic biases. It also discusses (2) the importance of defining the target population when making inferences from sample data and limitations when only one experiment is conducted. Finally, it covers (3) key issues like confounding bias, differences between experimental and observational studies, and the importance of validity over significance testing.
Overview of different statistical tests used in epidemiological
This document provides an overview of different statistical tests used in epidemiological studies and their applications. It discusses topics such as data types (quantitative, categorical), variables, statistics, null and alternative hypotheses, errors in significance testing, and choices between parametric and nonparametric tests. The key information provided includes classifications of variable types, definitions of common statistics, explanations of hypotheses testing and p-values, and guidance on selecting appropriate tests based on the scale and distribution of the data.
Measurement theory.
Measurement theory is the formal and logical theory of necessary and sufficient conditions of attributing measures to objects or events. There are different types of measurement scales including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales, which provide increasing levels of accurate information about the characteristics being measured. The goals of measurement are accuracy and precision, while validity, reliability, precision, and accuracy are terms used to evaluate the quality of a measurement. Measurement errors can be either systematic, occurring consistently in one direction, or random, varying unpredictably.
Biometry for 2015.ppt
1. This document provides an overview of a course on advanced biometrics that includes topics like experimental design, data analysis, quantitative genetics, and statistical concepts.
2. It discusses different types of genetic studies including qualitative, molecular, and quantitative genetics. Quantitative genetics deals with inheritance of traits that can be measured and are influenced by many genes and the environment.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of quantitative genetics for studying economically important traits in crops, livestock, and other organisms. It also explains how quantitative genetics is useful for evolution, population, and selection studies.
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Body temperature of trauma patients on admission to hospital
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Overview of different statistical tests used in epidemiological
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Hetercyclic compds pdf
The document discusses heterocyclic compounds, which are cyclic compounds containing at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. These compounds include lactones, alkene oxides, cyclic anhydrides, alkaloids, proteins, and enzymes. The document covers the classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation, structure, and examples of heterocyclic compounds like furan, pyridine, and indole.
Petrochemicals pdf
This document discusses fuels derived from petroleum and natural gas. It begins by defining petrochemicals as chemicals manufactured directly from petroleum or as byproducts from other processes. Common petrochemical products include polymers, soaps, detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, and paints. The document then discusses the process of refining crude petroleum through fractional distillation to produce useful fractions like liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, wax, and fuel oil. It also covers topics like octane rating, cetane number, flash point, and uses of fuels like compressed natural gas.
Glass pdf
This document discusses different types of glass:
- Soda glass is the most common and is made from silica, sodium carbonate, and is used for windows, tableware, and bottles.
- Potash glass contains silica, calcium carbonate, and potassium carbonate and is used for chemical apparatus and glassware for heating.
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- Safety glass contains plastic sheets between glass sheets, preventing shattered glass from scattering if broken. It is used in vehicles and bulletproof screens.
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Food additives pdf
This document discusses chemicals that are commonly added to foods as additives. It covers food preservatives like sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphate that prevent spoilage. Artificial sweeteners like saccharin and aspartame are discussed as sugar substitutes. Antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and vitamin C prevent oxidation and increase shelf life. Flavour enhancers including MSG amplify flavours. Both natural dyes like annatto and synthetic dyes like tartrazine are used as food colours so long as they are approved and within safety limits. Some dyes that are banned like malachite green and auramine are also noted due to their toxic effects.
Cement
This document discusses cement, including its manufacture and composition. It notes that cement is made by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures which forms calcium silicates and other compounds. The raw materials are finely ground and mixed with water to form a slurry, then heated in a kiln at 1400-1500°C. This process forms cement clinker which is then cooled, ground into a powder, and mixed with gypsum. When cement is mixed with water, it undergoes hydration and hardening reactions that cause it to set and strengthen over time. The main uses of cement are in construction applications like buildings, bridges, and concrete.
Active methylene compounds
The document discusses active methylene compounds, which contain a reactive methylene group between two electron withdrawing groups. Three common active methylene compounds are described: diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ethyl cyanoacetate. Ethyl acetoacetate undergoes keto-enol tautomerism and can be prepared through Claisen condensation. It has numerous synthetic uses including producing carboxylic acids, ketones, hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds.
Introduction to free energy functions
The document introduces free energy functions such as Helmholtz energy and Gibbs free energy. It discusses how these functions can be used to express spontaneity criteria for systems under different constraints of temperature and volume or pressure. Specifically, it describes how Helmholtz energy applies for constant temperature and volume, while Gibbs free energy applies for constant temperature and pressure. The document also examines physical interpretations and relationships between the different free energy functions and how they vary with respect to temperature, volume, and pressure.
Gravimetry pdf
The document discusses gravimetric analysis, which is a form of quantitative chemical analysis based on measuring the mass of a substance. It specifically focuses on precipitation gravimetry, where an analyte is converted to an insoluble compound through the addition of a precipitating reagent. Key points covered include common forms of precipitation gravimetry, factors that influence precipitation, and sources of error like coprecipitation and postprecipitation of impurities. Methods to minimize impurities, such as washing, masking, digestion, and reprecipitation are also outlined.
0xygen family
The document summarizes the properties and chemistry of the oxygen family (chalcogens). It discusses the general properties of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium including their atomic sizes, ionization energies, electronegativity values and common oxidation states. It then describes some specific compounds in the family including binary hydrides, oxides, oxoacids, peroxoacids and hydrogen peroxide. Uses and reactions of ozone, sulfuric acid and other oxygen family compounds are also summarized.
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
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● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Errors
- 1. ERRORS Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 1 Dr Bincy Joseph ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ST. MARY’S COLLEGE, THRISSUR
- 2. Errors The numerical difference between a measured value and the absolute or true value of an analytical determination. The error in a measured quantity may be represented either as absolute error or as relative error. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 2
- 3. 1.Absolute error(E) E=Xi-Xt Xi=measured value Xt=true value 2. Relative error (Er) Er=(Xi-Xt/Xt) 100 % Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 3
- 4. Types of Errors No analysis is free of error or “uncertainty” 1.Systematic Error (determinate error) The error is reproducible and can be discovered and corrected. 2.Random Error (indeterminate error) Caused by uncontrollable variables, which can not be defined/eliminated Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 4
- 5. Systematic (determinate) 1.Instrumental errors failure to calibrate, degradation of parts in the instrument, power fluctuations, variation in temperature, etc. Can be corrected by calibration or proper instrumentation maintenance. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 5
- 6. 2. Method errors - errors due to no ideal physical or chemical behavior - completeness and speed of reaction, interfering side reactions, sampling problems Can be corrected with proper method development. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 6
- 7. 3. Personal errors - occur where measurements require judgment, result from prejudice, color acuity problems. Can be minimized or eliminated with proper training and experience. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 7
- 8. Correction of Determinant Errors Periodic calibration of the instruments (Instrumental) Personal by care and self discipline (Personal errors) Identification and compensation of method errors by the following procedures. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 8
- 9. Detection of Systematic Errors 1. Analysis of standard samples 2. Independent Analysis: Analysis using a "Reference Method" or "Reference Lab" 3. Blank determinations 4. Variation in sample size: detects constant error only. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 9
- 10. Random (indeterminate) Error • No identifiable cause; Always present, cannot be eliminated;the ultimate imitation on the determination of a quantity. Eg. reading a scale on an instrument caused by the finite thickness of the lines on the scale; electrical noise Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 10
- 11. Accuracy and Precision: Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab one obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then the measurement is not accurate. In this case, the measurement is not close to the known value. Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the example above, if one weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then the measurement is very precise. Precision is independent of accuracy. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 11
- 12. References B.R Puri,L.R Sharma & K C Kalia – Principles of Inorganic Chemistry J D Lee ,Concise Inorganic Chemistry. Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 12
- 13. THANK YOU Errors,Dr.Bincy Joseph,St.Marys college,Thrissur 13