Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document describes limit tests for various inorganic impurities that may be present in compounds. It discusses the principles, procedures, and observations for limit tests of chlorides, sulphates, iron, lead, arsenic, and heavy metals. The tests involve preparing test and standard solutions, and comparing a property such as turbidity, color formation, or stain intensity between the two. If the property from the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for that impurity. The document provides detailed procedures for each limit test.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document appears to be a list of antimicrobial agents from the year 2016. It includes many entries listing only the year "2016" with no other details provided. The only other entries are "Boric Acid Glycerine" which are listed together without any additional context. In summary, the document seems to be a list of antimicrobial agents and years but provides very little substantive information.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
This document discusses various dental products used in dentistry. It begins by describing the anatomy of a tooth and common dental problems. It then classifies dental products into three main categories: anti-caries agents, desensitizing agents, and dentifrices. Specific anti-caries agents discussed include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate. Calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate are provided as examples of abrasive agents used in dentifrices. Finally, zinc oxide and zinc chloride are mentioned as common desensitizing agents used to reduce tooth sensitivity.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document describes limit tests for various inorganic impurities that may be present in compounds. It discusses the principles, procedures, and observations for limit tests of chlorides, sulphates, iron, lead, arsenic, and heavy metals. The tests involve preparing test and standard solutions, and comparing a property such as turbidity, color formation, or stain intensity between the two. If the property from the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for that impurity. The document provides detailed procedures for each limit test.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document appears to be a list of antimicrobial agents from the year 2016. It includes many entries listing only the year "2016" with no other details provided. The only other entries are "Boric Acid Glycerine" which are listed together without any additional context. In summary, the document seems to be a list of antimicrobial agents and years but provides very little substantive information.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
This document discusses various dental products used in dentistry. It begins by describing the anatomy of a tooth and common dental problems. It then classifies dental products into three main categories: anti-caries agents, desensitizing agents, and dentifrices. Specific anti-caries agents discussed include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate. Calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate are provided as examples of abrasive agents used in dentifrices. Finally, zinc oxide and zinc chloride are mentioned as common desensitizing agents used to reduce tooth sensitivity.
This document describes the Gutzeit test for detecting arsenic. The test works by first converting any arsenic in a sample into arsenious acid, then reducing it to arsine gas. Mercuric chloride paper placed in the apparatus will turn yellow if arsine gas is present, indicating the presence of arsenic in the original sample. The document provides details of the test apparatus, reagents used, procedure, and precautions to get accurate results and avoid contamination.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Redox titration involves a redox reaction between an analyte and titrant to determine the analyte concentration. It requires a redox indicator or potentiometer and monitors the reaction potential. An example is titrating iodine solution with a reducing agent, using starch indicator to detect when iodine is fully reduced to iodide ions. Redox reactions involve both oxidation, such as gain of oxygen or loss of electrons, and reduction, such as gain of hydrogen or electrons. Redox titration indicators change color when their oxidation state and the solution potential changes at the endpoint of the titration.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substancesTushar Tukre
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
This document describes the limit test for sulfate. The test is based on the reaction between barium chloride and soluble sulfates in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared to that of a standard sulfate solution. If the turbidity of the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for sulfate.
This experiment performed a limit test for iron on a sample of sodium chloride. Limit tests are used to identify and control small quantities of impurities in drugs. The test involves adding citric acid, thioglycolic acid, and ammonia to the sample and standard iron solution to form a purple color due to ferrous thioglycolate formation. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to the standard and observed to be less, indicating the sample passed the limit test for iron.
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
The document discusses disinfectants, their properties, classification, and factors affecting their action. It defines disinfection as reducing microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health. Ideal disinfectant properties include broad spectrum of activity, effectiveness in the presence of organic matter, stability, and low toxicity. Disinfectants are classified into 10 groups including acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, detergents, and oxidizing agents. The factors that can affect a disinfectant's antimicrobial action are its concentration, temperature, contact time, pH, formulation, and type of micro
This document describes the Gutzeit test for detecting arsenic. The test works by first converting any arsenic in a sample into arsenious acid, then reducing it to arsine gas. Mercuric chloride paper placed in the apparatus will turn yellow if arsine gas is present, indicating the presence of arsenic in the original sample. The document provides details of the test apparatus, reagents used, procedure, and precautions to get accurate results and avoid contamination.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Redox titration involves a redox reaction between an analyte and titrant to determine the analyte concentration. It requires a redox indicator or potentiometer and monitors the reaction potential. An example is titrating iodine solution with a reducing agent, using starch indicator to detect when iodine is fully reduced to iodide ions. Redox reactions involve both oxidation, such as gain of oxygen or loss of electrons, and reduction, such as gain of hydrogen or electrons. Redox titration indicators change color when their oxidation state and the solution potential changes at the endpoint of the titration.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substancesTushar Tukre
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
This document describes the limit test for sulfate. The test is based on the reaction between barium chloride and soluble sulfates in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared to that of a standard sulfate solution. If the turbidity of the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for sulfate.
This experiment performed a limit test for iron on a sample of sodium chloride. Limit tests are used to identify and control small quantities of impurities in drugs. The test involves adding citric acid, thioglycolic acid, and ammonia to the sample and standard iron solution to form a purple color due to ferrous thioglycolate formation. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to the standard and observed to be less, indicating the sample passed the limit test for iron.
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
The document discusses disinfectants, their properties, classification, and factors affecting their action. It defines disinfection as reducing microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health. Ideal disinfectant properties include broad spectrum of activity, effectiveness in the presence of organic matter, stability, and low toxicity. Disinfectants are classified into 10 groups including acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, detergents, and oxidizing agents. The factors that can affect a disinfectant's antimicrobial action are its concentration, temperature, contact time, pH, formulation, and type of micro
Antimicrobial methods both physical and chemical agents with the mode of actions and examples based on B.Sc optometry syllabus (Allied paper: Microbiology)
This document discusses chemical methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines disinfection as destroying pathogens but not all microorganisms, while sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Ideal disinfectants have wide antimicrobial spectrum, are effective in organic matter, have long shelf life and are non-toxic. Factors like temperature and concentration influence disinfection efficacy. Chemical agents act via different mechanisms including membrane damage. Disinfectants are classified based on antimicrobial spectrum into high, intermediate and low-level types with examples like aldehydes, alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds discussed in detail.
Disinfectants classification and mode of action of disinfectantsmuthulakshmi623285
The document discusses disinfection and disinfectants. It begins by defining key terminology like sepsis, asepsis, and antisepsis. It then discusses the ideal properties of disinfectants and how they are classified, including acids/alkalies, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, and detergents/soaps. The modes of action and factors affecting disinfection are described. Various methods for evaluating antimicrobial agents and disinfectants are also outlined.
A detailed summary of all the possible chemical disinfectants used in hospital sterilization procedures. Innovative pictures and brief explanations of all important topics clearly illustrated.........
1. Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents used to destroy or inhibit microorganisms. They are commonly used in hospitals to prevent infections.
2. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Chemical methods include phenols, halogens, alcohols, aldehydes, gases, and oxidizing agents.
3. An ideal disinfectant is broad-spectrum, works in the presence of organic matter, is non-toxic, stable, odorless, water-soluble, effective in different pH, and fast-acting.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection using chemical means. It provides information on various chemical agents used for sterilization and disinfection, including their modes of action, recommended uses, and limitations. Phenols, alcohols, iodine, chlorine, heavy metals, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents are described as common chemical disinfectants. Factors that influence the effectiveness of disinfectants like concentration, temperature, type of microorganisms, and presence of organic matter are also summarized.
Disinfectant and antiseptic is used for kill the microbes or inhibit the growth of microbes and decreasing their numbers in such a low level that they become unable to impart any harmful effect.
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
This document provides information on disinfection and disinfectants. It defines key terms related to disinfection and outlines the ideal properties of disinfectants. It describes the classification of common disinfectants such as acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols and others. It also discusses the modes of action of disinfectants and factors that affect disinfection like concentration, temperature, and microbial factors. Finally, it summarizes techniques for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of agents and disinfectants.
Disinfection_and_sterilisation of laboratory materials.pptLawalBelloDanchadi
This document discusses disinfection and sterilization. It defines antiseptics as antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection, and distinguishes them from antibiotics and disinfectants. Common antiseptics and disinfectants are listed. Disinfectants destroy microorganisms on non-living surfaces and are distinguished from antiseptics. Various types of disinfectants are outlined including alcohols, aldehydes, halogens, oxidizing agents, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including spores and viruses, and can be achieved through heat-based methods like autoclaves, hot air ovens,
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Chemical Method Sterilization Disinfection Powerpoint Presentation PPT.pdfVohnArchieEdjan
This ppt contributes to literature by investigating effective methods of sterilization and disinfection using chemical agents, focusing on alcohols, aldehydes, and halogens. Through detailed explanations of the mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each chemical, it provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of infection prevention and control. Additionally, by referencing authoritative sources, the paper ensures credibility and relevance in the discussion of chemical disinfectants.
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This document discusses disinfectants, providing information on their introduction, ideal characteristics, classification, modes of action, factors affecting disinfection, and methods of evaluation. It classifies disinfectants into nine main categories including acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, and detergents/soaps. It also describes several common evaluation methods such as tube dilution, cup plate, gradient plate, and Kelsey-Sykes methods.
Here are short notes on the requested topics:
a) COLD STERILISATION: It involves the use of chemical agents like glutaraldehyde and orthophthalaldehyde at room temperature to sterilize heat-sensitive medical devices. It requires a longer exposure time (10-12 hours) compared to heat sterilization.
b) INSPISSATION: It is the process of thickening or reducing the liquid content of a substance by heating or evaporation, resulting in a semi-solid or solid mass. In pharmacy, it refers to the process of thickening medications like lotions, creams, and ointments by driving off water or other volatile liquids through heating.
c) METHODS
This document classifies and describes various types of disinfectants. It discusses air disinfectants, chemical disinfectants including organic and inorganic compounds, non-chemical disinfectants like UV light and heat, oxidizing disinfectants such as chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, common home disinfectants including bleach, and other disinfecting agents. The document provides details on the composition and uses of many specific disinfecting chemicals.
The document discusses disinfection and summarizes various aspects of disinfectants including their classification, mode of action, factors affecting disinfection, and methods to evaluate anti-microbial agents and disinfectants. It describes nine main classifications of disinfectants including acids, halogens, heavy metals, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, dyes, and detergents. It also summarizes ten factors that can influence the effectiveness of disinfection and five techniques used to evaluate disinfectants including tube dilution, cup/cylinder plate, ditch-plate, gradient plate, and Rideal-Walker methods.
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5. Antimicrobials
An antimicrobial is an chemical agent that is used to kills or inhibit the growth of
pathogenic microorganisms. Such as Bacteria, Fungi or Protozoa.
These are normally ineffective in the sporing state of micro-organisms.
It is broadly classified into six categories (via mode of action):
Antimicrobial
Antiseptic Disinfectant Germicides Bacteriostatic Sterilization Sanitizers
6. Antimicrobials
• The most common targets for antimicrobial drug actions fall into 5 basic
categories:
i. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
ii. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
iii. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
iv. Effects on cell membrane sterols (antifungal agents)
v. Inhibition of unique metabolic steps
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7. Antiseptic
● Antiseptic(s) (from Greek anti: "against" and sēptikos:
"putrefactive").
● These are the type of antimicrobial substances that are
applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of
infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
● These type of agents prevents the growth of action of
microorganism.
● Ex- Phenol, Iodine, etc
8. Disinfectants
• Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of
non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the
objects.
• Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially
resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization.
• Ex- These are used in rooms, hospitals, surgery equipment's, etc.
• All disinfectants are bactericidal in nature.
9. Requirements for antiseptics and disinfectants
● Must have a broad spectrum of action.
● Rapid onset of action.
● Should have a small latency period.
● Should have a high activity.
● Must be chemically resistant.
● High availability and low cost.
● Lack of local irritant or allergic effects on tissues.
● Minimal absorption from the place of their application.
● Low toxicity.
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10. Germicides
• These are the substance or agents which kills microorganism.
• These agents acts by oxidation of bacterial protoplasm by denaturation of bacterial
enzymes & their proteins.
• Ex- Bactericide (Against Bacteria), Fungicides (Against Fungi), etc.
Bacteriostatic
• These are the substance or agents which primarily functions by inhibiting the growth of
bacteria.
• These do not kills bacteria but stops their growth and other activities.
11. ● It is a process of rendering the sanitary by reducing the number of
bacterial contaminants.
● These are disinfectant used to maintain public health and called as
sanitizers.
● Sanitation is mainly concerned with cleaning or washing away the
organism.
Sanitizers
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12. Sterilization
• Sterilization is the process of complete destruction of all living microorganism,
including bacterial spores.
• It is mainly done by physical method i.e., Application of heat or radiation.
• It can also be done using a chemical means (use of chemical disinfectant.
• A recent investigation by the author has shown that the aerobic mesophilic
bacterial sporeformers, such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans,
are the most resistant among several species of sporeforming bacteria to dry
heat sterilization.
13. Mechanism of Action
• Ideally an antibacterial is expected to affect microbes sporing the host cells and
many organic compounds. E.g., Antibiotics.
• However, the action of inorganic antibacterial is mostly non- specific.
• These agents affects all the protein in similar manner and in higher concentration
affects host protein as well as microbial protein.
• They mainly acts by Oxidation, Halogenation or Protein precipitation, alter the
molecular shape (Confirmation) of the proteins or important enzyme surfaces.
14. Mechanism of Action
1. Oxidation Mechanism
• Reducing groups present in the most proteins get oxidized by oxidizing agents.
• E.g., 2 Sulfhydryl group, -SH forms a disulphide bridge –S-S-.
• Thus alters the molecular shape of the protein, ultimately leading to the
destruction of proteins.
• Generally, non-metals, certain anion, hydrogen peroxide act by this mechanism.
15. Mechanism of Action
2. Halogenation Mechanism
• Most of the enzymes are protein in nature.
• Primary and Secondary amide group present in protein at peptide linkage undergo
Chlorination with change in molecular shape and ultimately leading to the
destruction of proteins.
• Generally hypothalites or hypochlorites act by this mechanism.
16. Mechanism of Action
3. Protein Precipitation
• Many cations exhibits protein binding or protein precipitation.
• The interaction with protein occurs through polar group which acts as ligands and
metal cation as Lewis acid.
• The complex formed may be strong chelate leading to inactivation of protein.
• E.g., Boric acid, Borax, etc.
17. Boric acid
• Synonym: Dioxidane;
Oxidanyl;
Perhydroxic acid
• Chemical formula: H2O2
• Mol. Weight: 34 g/mol
• It is clear colorless liquid.
• It is odorless having bitter acidic taste.
• It is miscible in water.
18. • Preparation:
Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate
decahydrate) with a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:
Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2HCl H3BO3 + 2NaCl + 5H2O
It is also formed as a byproduct of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and
diborane
B2H6 (diborane) + 6H2O 2B(OH)3 + 6H2
BX3 + 3H2O B(OH)3 + 3HX
(boron
trihalides)
Boric acid
19. Boric acid
1. Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts. it is also used as weak
bacteriostatic, fungistatic and astringents.
2. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash.
3. Dilute boric acid can be used as a vaginal douche to treat bacterial vaginosis due to
excessive alkalinity.
4. It is also used as mouth washes, skin lotion for local anti-infective action.
5. It is used as an insecticide.
6. The boric acid-borate system can be useful as a primary buffer system.
7. It is also used in preservation of grains such as rice and wheat.
Uses
20. Hydrogen Peroxide*
• Synonym: Dioxidane;
Oxidanyl;
Perhydroxic acid
• Chemical formula: H2O2
• Mol. Weight: 34 g/mol
• It is clear colorless liquid.
• It is odorless having bitter acidic taste.
• It is miscible in water.
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21. • Preparation:
When aqueous cream of barium peroxide treated with cold dilute
sulphuric acid forms hydrogen peroxide:
BaO2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2
When carbon dioxide is passed slowly through ice-cold paste of
barium peroxide, then hydrogen peroxide produced:
BaO2 + H2O + CO2 BaCO3 + H2O2
Hydrogen Peroxide*
22. Hydrogen Peroxide*
1. Hydrogen peroxide used as an antiseptic, germicidal and disinfectant.
2. Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the sterilization of various surfaces, including surgical tools and may
be deployed as a vapor (VHP) for room sterilization.
3. H2O2 demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial spores. In
general, greater activity is seen against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria.
4. Hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds.
5. Diluted H2O2 (between 1.9% and 12%) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach human hair.
6. Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening. It can be found in most whitening toothpastes.
7. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide-based explosives
Uses
23. Chlorinated lime*
• Synonym: Hypochlorous acid;
Bleaching powder;
Calcium oxychloride;
Calcium hypochlorite;
• Chemical formula: Ca(ClO)2
• Mol. Weight: 142.98 g/mol
• It is white/grey powder.
• It has strong odor of chlorine.
• on exposure to air it becomes moist and rapidly decomposes to
release Hypochlorous acid.
24. • Preparation:
Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by treating slaked lime
[Ca(OH)2] with chlorine gas:
2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl 2 + 2H2O
Chlorinated lime*
Uses
1. Calcium hypochlorite has rapid bactericidal action. It kills most of
bacteria, some fungi, yeast, algae, viruses and protozoa.
2. Calcium hypochlorite is commonly used to sanitize public swimming
pools and disinfect drinking water.
25. Chlorinated lime*
3. Calcium hypochlorite is also used in kitchens to disinfect surfaces and equipment.
4. Other common uses include bathroom cleansers, household disinfectant sprays,
algaecides, herbicides, and laundry detergent.
Uses
Storage
1. Calcium hypochlorite is stored dry and cold.
2. It is stored away from any organic material and metals.
3. The hydrated form is safer to handle.
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26. Iodine
• Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811.
• Iodine is not found in free state in nature. In the combined state, it
is found in the form of iodides.
• In sea weeds it is found as iodides of sodium and potassium. Sea
grass and tree plants are called sea weeds.
• Chemical formula: I2
• Mol. Weight: 127 g/mol
• Its vapors are purple in color.
• It is practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol.
• It occurs as heavy, bluish-black rhombic plates with metallic luster.
27. • It is freely soluble in chlorine and ether.
• It melts at higher temperature.
• Common Methods for Making Iodine
Iodine is formed by adding bromine liquid to an aqueous solution of
potassium iodide or passing chlorine gas:
2KI + Br2 2KBr + I2
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
Iodine
Preparation:
28. Iodine
• Chile saltpeter (Caliche):
Chile saltpeter mainly contains sodium nitrate but it also contains sodium
iodate (NaIO3) in some amount. After dissolving caliche in water and
concentrating the aqueous solution, most of the sodium nitrate gets
separated in the form of crystals.:
2NaIO3 + 5NaHSO3 2NaHSO4 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O + I2
Preparation:
29. Iodine
1. Tincture of iodine is obtained by dissolving I2 in aqueous solution of KI and adding rectified
strite (95% ethyl alcohol) to it. Due to the yellowish brown color of KI3, the color of tincture
iodine also remains yellowish brown. This solution is used as a bactericidal to clean
wounds.
2. Iodoform is used as a bactericide.
3. Iodine is also used to make iodex. iodex is used to treat swelling, pain, and sprains.
4. The use of iodine containing salt has now become common. Deficiency of iodine causes
many diseases related to thyroid gland.
5. Iodine is used to make many other important organic compounds in inorganic compounds.
6. It is also used as a reagent in the laboratory.
Uses
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30. Iodine
5. Iodine is used to make many other important organic compounds in inorganic
compounds.
6. It is also used as a reagent in the laboratory.
7. It is used by quantitative analysis to determine the concentrations of many substances in
solutions.
8. It is also used in making colors, in color photography and in making dyes.
Uses
31. Solution of Iodine
Iodine is insoluble in water but in presence of Sodium or potassium
iodide it is soluble due to formation of poly-iodides.
The followings are the solution preparations containing iodine.
1. Strong Iodine Solution (10% W/V Solution of Iodine)
2. Weak Iodine Solution (2% W/V Solution of Iodine)
3. Aqueous Iodine Solution (5% W/V Solution of Iodine)
4. Iodine tincture USP
5. Mandl’s paint
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32. Solutions of Iodine
1. Strong Iodine Solution (Strong tincture of Iodine): Contains 10% W/V solution of
iodine and 6% W/V solution of potassium iodide in alcohol.
2. Weak Iodine Solution (Weak tincture of Iodine): Contains 2.5% W/V solution of iodine
and 2.5% W/V solution of potassium iodide in alcohol.
3. Aqueous Iodine Solution (Lugal’s Solution): Contains 5% W/V solution of iodine and
10% W/V solution of potassium iodide in water.
4. Iodine tincture USP: Contains 2% W/V solution of iodine and 2.4% W/V solution of
potassium iodide and 50 ml alcohol and water up to 100 ml. (External use only)
5. Mandl’s paint: Contains 1.25% W/V solution of iodine in glycerin. Glycerin is used to hold
the iodine in the applied area (throat).
*Note: All above solutions are used as antiseptics & disinfectants.
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