Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
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Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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5. REDOX EQUIVALENT WEIGHT:
Equivalent weight of a substance (oxidant or reductant) is equal to molecular weight
divided by number of electrons lost or gained by one molecule of the substance in a redox
reaction
Methods to calculate oxidation no.
Oxidation number method
Ion-electron method
REW- depends on oxidation number
6. Redox Indicator:
Visual indicator
mostly dye (high m.w.)
•Classify as:
Self indicator…. KMnO44
External indicator…. Starch
Redox indicator…Ferroin, methylene blue
Self indicator:
•Highly color
•KMnO4- pink, Mn2+
colourless
• End poin t- at fraction of drop
External indicator:
• In iodine titration- blue color complex
formed.
• Solution remain colorless upto
equivalence point- fraction of drop turn
solution blue
Redox indicator:
Weak reducing or oxidizing agent,
End point depend on-potential at given point
Nernst equation-use to calculate potential
8. Permanganate type of titration:
Direct titration: oxalic acid, hydrogen
peroxide.
Indirect titration: Assay of cherry juice.
Residual titration: Discussion below
Titrant:- KMnO4 (xM)
Titer:- Solution of drug/ sample+ vehicle
Indicator:- Self- KMnO4
End point:- Pink
Precaution while weighing KMnO4 :
• Must weigh on watch glass.
•Always filter solution with glass wool
and not with cotton wool
9. Ceriometry:
Ammonium ceric sulphate- Strong oxidizing agent (Acid medium)
Solution (yellow) on reduction cerous salt obtained (colorless)
Ceric sulphate has advantage over KMnO4 and Dichromate:
Solution remain stable if boiled
Cerous ion-colorless hence no interference with end point
Cerous ion result from cerric ion but, Mno4 ion can reduced to several oxidation
state
Arsenic trioxide / sodium oxalate- primary standard.
Indicator:
Ferrous phenanthrolone ion (Ferroin)
10. Sodium nitrite titration
Aromatic primary amines react with sodium nitrite in acidic
solutions to form diazonium salts.
C6H5NH2 + NaNO2+HCl C6H5N2Cl+ NaCl + 2H2O
End point is indicated by the presence of small amounts of nitrous acid.
End point detection by two methods,
Visual end point
Amperometrically
Visual end point is indicated using starch iodide paper according to
the formula
KI + HCl HI + KCl
2HI + 2HNO2 I2 + 2NO + 2H2O
Application:
Used in the determination of primary aromatic amines.
May be used for the analysis of drugs such as benzocaine,
dapsone, primaquine etc.
11. Periodic Acid titration
Polyhydroxy compound determine- By acylation.
Procedure:- glycol added to periodic acid-oxidation completed
Then potassium iodide added – liberated iodine titrated with thiosulphate
2H+
+ HIO4 + 2I-
HIO3 + I2 + H2O
The iodic acid produced is itself capable of oxidizing iodide.
5H+
+ HIO3 + 5I-
3I2 + 3H2O
The overall result is- each mole of periodic acid yields 4moles of iodine.
Ex. Glycol oxidation. (Ethylene glycol)
Solution + excess periodic acid each HIO4 leads to 4I2 and
each HIO3 leads to 3I2
Note: if n no. of hydroxy group n-1 mole of periodic acid will be consume
and its equivalent weight is equal to 1/2(n-1) times its molecular weight.
Ex. Ethylene glycol n=2 ; MW/2 like wise.
12.
13. iodine titration
Iodimetric Iodometric
Direct titration Direct titration (I2 liberates in
reaction KIO3 + KI)
Iodine used as titrant KIO3 used as titrant which react with
KI
Carried at neutral or alkaline solution
because it form hypoiodate ion from
I2 which is strong oxidizing agent
Carried at highly acidic condition.
Starch indicator added earlier in
titration
Starch added near end point because
it get decompose in highly acidic
condition
End point blue to colorless End point is brown to pale yellow to
colorless
Ex. Titration of iodine with Na2S2O3 Ex. Titration of Na2S2O3
with KIO3 /KBrO3 /K2 Cr2O7