Today's Topic Errors - Introduction, Sources of Errors, Types of Errors, Minimization of Errors, Accuracy, Precision, Significant Figures in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject in B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
Today's Topic Errors - Introduction, Sources of Errors, Types of Errors, Minimization of Errors, Accuracy, Precision, Significant Figures in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject in B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
PA 1.pptx introduction to Pharmaceutical AnalysispriyankaRamugade
pharmaceutical analysis -
Pharmaceutical analysis is branch of practical chemistry deals with identification,determination,quantification,and purification of substances
pharmaceutical analysis devided into two types i.e.
1)Qualitative analysis
2)Quantitative Analysis
pharmaceutical analysis have various methods
1) Chemical method
2)Electrical method
3)Instrumental method
4)Biological method
Introduction to Error-Error is define as mistake
errors are categorized into two parts i.e.Absolute error and relative error
Absolute error is the difference between experimental mean value and true value
Relative errors is
Pharmaceutical analysis Definition and scope Different techniques of analysis Methods of expressing concentration Primary and secondary standards. Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate Errors :Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
PA 1.pptx introduction to Pharmaceutical AnalysispriyankaRamugade
pharmaceutical analysis -
Pharmaceutical analysis is branch of practical chemistry deals with identification,determination,quantification,and purification of substances
pharmaceutical analysis devided into two types i.e.
1)Qualitative analysis
2)Quantitative Analysis
pharmaceutical analysis have various methods
1) Chemical method
2)Electrical method
3)Instrumental method
4)Biological method
Introduction to Error-Error is define as mistake
errors are categorized into two parts i.e.Absolute error and relative error
Absolute error is the difference between experimental mean value and true value
Relative errors is
Pharmaceutical analysis Definition and scope Different techniques of analysis Methods of expressing concentration Primary and secondary standards. Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate Errors :Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures
Pharmaceutical analysis is defined as a branch of chemistry, which involves the series of process for the identification, determination, quantitation, and purification.
Based upon the determination type, there are mainly two types of analytical methods. They are as follows:
a. Qualitative analysis: This method is used for the identification or recognition of the chemical compounds by means of:
• Colour, taste, viscosity and solubility
• Reaction producing a colour
• Reaction producing a precipitate
• Reaction involving a change of a physical parameter.
b. Quantitative analysis: This method is used for the determination of the amount of the sample. Also the quantitative chemical analysis carried out by determining the volume of a solution of accurately known concentration which is required to react quantitatively with a measured volume of the substance to be determined.
efinitions:
Analyte- the component of interest in the sample
Matrix- the remainder of the sample
Examples:
Lead in drinking water
Benzene in soil
Salt in blood
LEVELS OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGIST
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Definition
Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of practical chemistry that
involves a series of process for identification, determination,
quantification and purification of a substance, separation of
the components of a solution or mixture, or determination of
structure of chemical compounds.
The substance may be a single compound or a mixture of
compounds and it may be in any of the dosage form.
The substance used as pharmaceuticals are animals, plants,
micro organisms, minerals and various synthetic products.
4. BASIC OF ANALYSIS
Assay:- is an investigative (analytic) procedure in Laboratory
for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the
presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity (the
analyte).
Analyte:- It is the chemical entity under assay e.g., HCl.
Titrant:- It is the solution of known strength (or
concentration) employed in the assay e.g., NaOH.
Titration:- is the process of adding and then actually
measuring the volume of titrant consumed in the assay.
This volume is usually measured by the help of a calibrated
burette.
5. Indicator:- is a chemical substance sensitive enough to display an
apparent change in colour very close to the point in the ongoing
titration process at which equivalent quantities of analyte and
titrant. E.g. Methylene blue
Equivalence Point (or Stoichiometric Point):- is the point at
which one species neutralize the opposite species or is visibly
spotted by the use of indicators.
example The point at which Acid neutralize the base is
Equivalence Point.
End point :- The point at which color start to change during
titration process.
Titration Error:- Difference between end pont and equivalent
point is called Titration Error.
6. Analyse:-The sample to be analysed is called as analyse.
Standardization is the actual determination of either the
normality or the molarity of a solution.
Primary Standard is the substance of known purity (‘AnalaR’-
grade reagents) whose carefully weighed quantity helps in the
standardization of an unknown solution.Eg. Na2CO3
Secondary Standard is another standard solution that is used for
standardization of an unknown solution. eg:- NaOH
Titer is the weight of a substance chemically equivalent to 1 ml of a
standard solution.
Example : 1 ml of 1 N HCl contains 0.03646 g of HCl and hence is
chemically equivalent to 0.04000 g of NaOH.
7. TYPES OF ANALYSIS
There are main two types of chemical analysis.
1. Qualitative (identification)
2. Quantitative (estimation)
1. Qualitative analysis:-
It performed to establish composition of natural/synthetic
substances.
These tests are performed to indicate whether the substance or
compound is present in the sample or not.
Various qualitative tests are detection of evolved gas, formation
of precipitates, limit tests, colour change reactions, melting point
and boiling point test etc.
8. 2. Quantitative analytical:-
These techniques are mainly used to quantify any compound
or substance in the sample.
These techniques are based in:-
The quantitative performance of suitable chemical reaction
and either measuring the amount of reagent added to
complete the reaction or measuring the amount of reaction
product obtained
The charatristic movement of a substance through a defined
medium under controlled conditions.
Electrical measurement
Measurement of some spectroscopic properties of the
compound.
9. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE OF SAMPLE, THEY CAN BE
CLASSIFIED AS :-
I. Macro(0.1 g or more)
II. Semi micro (0.01 g to 0.1 g)
III. Micro(0.001 g to 0.01 g)
IV. Sub micro (0.0001 g to 0.001 g)
V. Ultramicro (below 10-4 g)
VI. Trace analysis(100 to 10000 ppm).
Among all, the semi micro analysis is widely used.
10. METHODS OF
ANALYSIS
I
INSTRUMENTAL
NON-INSTRUMENTAL
Electro Analytical
Spectro
Analytical
Chromatography
Other techniques
Biological
methods
Chemical
methods
Electro -
gravimetry
Conducto -
metry
Coulometry
Potentiometry
Voltametry
Spectrophotometry
Spectrofluromtry
IR
Spectrophotom
etry
Atomic emission
spectroscopy
Atomic absorption
spectroscopy
Flame emission
spectroscopy
Turbidimetry
Nephelometry
Colorimetry
Ion pair
extraction
Colour development by
chromogen
GLC
HPLC
TLC/HPTLC
RIA
Flow
injection
ELISA
Animal assay
Microbiological
Assay
Titrimetry Gravinmetry
Acid
base
Redox
Precipitation
Complexo etry
Non aqueous
11. 1.CHEMICAL METHODS
a) Titrimetric or Volumetric Method:-
It involves reaction of substance to be determined with an
appropriate reagent as a standard solution and volume of solution
required to complete the reaction.
There are Various types of Titrimetric methods are:-
i)Acid-base titrations (Aqueous titrations /Neutralization
reactions)
ii)Non aqueous titrations
iii)Redox Methods:-
Iodimetric Titrations
Iodometric Titrations
iv) Precipitation titrations
v)Oxidation reduction titrations
vi)Complexometric titrations
12. b) Gravimetric methods:-
In gravimetric analysis, a substance to be determined is converted
into an insoluble precipitate in the purest form, which is then
collected and weighed.
Advance method:-
Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA):- records the change in
weight.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA):- records the difference
in temperature between test substance and an inert reference
material
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):- records the energy
needed to establish a zero temperature difference between a test
substance and reference material.
13. c) Gasometric Analysis:-
Gasometry involves measurement of the volume of gas
evolved or absorbed in a chemical reaction. Some of
the gases which are analysed by Gasometry are CO2 ,
N2O,cyclopropane, amyl nitrate, ethylene, N2, helium
etc.
14. 2.ELECTRICAL METHODS
Electrical methods of analysis involve the measurement of
electric current, voltage or resistance in relation to the
concentration of some species in the solution.
Electrical methods of analysis include:-
(a)Potentiometry:- It measures electrical potential of an
electrode in equilibrium with an ion to be
determined.example.PH meter.
(b)Conductometry:- It measures electrical conductivity of an
electrode with a reference electrode.
(c) Voltametry:- It measures electrical current at a micro-
electrode. example:- Polarography, Amperometry
15. 3.INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Instrumental method involves measurement of some physical
properties of the compound or a substance.
These methods are employed for determination of minor or
trace concentration of element in the sample.
Instrumental methods are preferred due to their selectivity,
high speed, accuracy and simplicity of analysis.
Any change in the properties of the system are detected by
measurement of absorbance, specific rotation, refractive
index, migration difference, charge to mass ratio etc.
16. Spectroscopic methods of analysis depend upon
measurement of the amount of radiant energy of a particular
wavelength emitted by the sample.
Methods which include absorption of radiation are ultra
violet, visible, infra red, atomic absorption, nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy etc.
Emission methods involve heating or electrical treatment
of the sample so that the atoms are raised to the excited state
to emit the energy and the intensity of this energy is
measured.
Emission methods include emission spectroscopy, flame
photometry, flourimetry etc.
17. Chromatographic techniques and electrophoretic
methods are separation methods for the mixure of
compounds, but also applied for identification of compounds
of mixures.
Various chromatographic techniques are GC, HPLC, TLC,
HPTLC, PC etc.
Mass spectrometry involves vaporization of material using a
high vaccum and the vapour is bombarded by a high energy
electron beam.
Vapour molecules undergo fragmentation to produce ions of
varying size.
These ions are differentiated by accelerating them in electrical
field and then deflecting them in a magnetic field. Each kind
of ion gives a peak in the mass spectrum.
18. 4. BIOLOGICAL AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
Biological methods are used when potency of a drug or its
derivative can not be properly determined by any physical or
chemical methods.
They are measured by bio-assays.
Microbiological methods are used to observe potency of
antibiotic or anti- microbial agents.
In antimicrobial assay, inhibition of growth of bacteria of the
sample is compared with that of the standard antibiotic.
These methods include cup plate method and turbidimetric
analysis.
19. APPLICATIONS:-
Manufacturing industries require both qualitative and
quantitative analysis to ensure that their raw materials meet
certain specifications, and to check the quality of final product.
Raw materials are to be checked to ensure that the essential
components are present within the predetermined range of
composition and there are not.
Determination of radioactive compounds.
Determination of natural phytoconstituents.
Determination of moisture or water contain of sample by using
Karl fischer titration.
Quantitative estimation of Nitrogen by using Kjeldahls
Mrthod.