Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This ppt is related to Encephalitis and Brain abscess. Definition, etiology & risk factors, Diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment, non pharmacological treatment, nursing management and concept care Map with quizzes for student evaluation.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This ppt is related to Encephalitis and Brain abscess. Definition, etiology & risk factors, Diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment, non pharmacological treatment, nursing management and concept care Map with quizzes for student evaluation.
This ppt is related to the Meningitis for nurses. it gives you broad concept of Meningitis definition, types, sign and symptoms, etiology and risk factors, complications, pharmacological management, non pharmacological management, Nursing management, Home care management, concept care Map and quizzes for final evaluation
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Increased intracranial pressure is defined as cerebrospinal fluid pressure greater than 15 mm Hg.
Infections
Tumors
Stroke
Aneurysm
Epilepsy
Seizures
Hydrocephalus
Hypertensive brain injury
Hypoxemia
Meningitis
Due to etiological factors
Components of ICP is disturbed- brain tissue, CSF, blood volume
An increase in the volume of ANY ONE component must be accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in one of the other components.
When this volume-pressure relationship becomes unbalanced, ICP increases.
There are numerous types of brain surgery. The type used is based on the area of the brain and the condition being treated.
Brain surgery is a critical and complicated process. The type of brain surgery done depends highly on the condition being treated.
Intracranial surgery refers to various medical procedures that involve repairing structural problems in the brain.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Drugs that increase cardiac output
Cardiac glycosides(digoxin) act by inhibiting sodium and potassium ATP and then making more calcium available to activate contracted proteins.
Cardiac contractility and cardiac output are increased.
Onset, peak, and duration vary widely among products.
Most products are metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
The most common side effects are cardiac disturbances, headache, hypotension, and GI symptoms.
Also common are blurred vision and yellow-green halos.
Assess:
Cardiac system: B/P, pulse, respirations, and increased urine output
Apical pulse for 1 min before giving product; if pulse ,60 bpm, take again in 1 hr; if still ,60 bpm, notify prescriber
Electrolytes: K, Na, Cl, Mg; renal function studies, including BUN and creatinine; and blood studies
Evaluate: Therapeutic response: decreased weight, edema, pulse, respiration; increased urine output
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that starts when a seizure hits the 5-minute mark (or if there’s more than one seizure within 5 minutes).
Convulsive Status epilepticus-
The convulsive type is more common and more dangerous.
It involves tonic- clonic seizures (grand mal seizures)
In the tonic phase ( lasts less than 1 minute), body becomes stiff and person lose consciousness. Eyes roll back into head, muscles contract, back arches, and trouble breathing.
As the clonic phase starts, body spasms and jerks occur. Neck and limbs flex and relax rapidly but slow down over a few minutes.
Once the clonic phase ends, patient might stay unconscious for a few more minutes. This is the postictal period.Non-convulsive Status epilepticus-
Patient lose consciousness but is in an “epileptic twilight” state.
There might not able any shaking or seizing at all, so it can be very hard for someone observing patient to figure out what’s happening.
A non-convulsive seizure can turn into a convulsive episode.
Poorly controlled epilepsy
Low blood sugar
Stroke
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Encephalitis
HIV
Alcohol or drug abuse
Genetic diseases such as Fragile X syndrome and Angelman syndrome
Head injuries
Age:
During the growth period, the BMR is high, therefore during infancy the energy need per Kg of body weight is highest than during adulthood.
The period at which the basal metabolism reaches its highest level is between the ages of 1-2 years.
A gradual decline occurs between the age of 2-5 years, with a more rapid decline until adult age.
Sex:
The BMR is higher in adolescent boys and adult males as compared to adolescent girls and adult females though it is not due to direct influence of sex differences, but are due to the differences in body composition.
Males have a greater amount of muscles and glandular tissues which is metabolically more active whereas, females have greater adipose tissues which is metabolically less active, Hence energy requirement of males is higher than of females.
There are seven main classes of nutrients that the body needs. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. It is important that everyone consumes these seven nutrients on a daily basis to help them build their bodies and maintain their health. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases.
Macronutrients
“Macro” means large
These are nutrients which people need to eat regularly and in a fairly large amount.
They include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre and water.
These substances are needed for the supply of energy and growth, for metabolism and other body functions.
II. Micronutrients
‘micro’ means small
Micronutrients are substances which people need in their diet in only small amounts.
These include minerals and vitamins.
Most foods are mixtures of nutrients( in 1 food more than 1 nutrient may be present)
Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment.
Man needs adequate food for growth and development and to lead an active and healthy life.
Food plays an important role in maintaining a person's nutritional and health status.
PLANTS
Many plant & plant part are eaten as a food.
Seeds are good source of food for animals including humans because they contain nutrients.
All seeds are not healthy. Eg- apple seeds & cherry seeds contains cyanide.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Cor pulmonale is alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart. The overall five-year survival rate for cor pulmonale complicating COPD is approximately 50%.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique of basic & advanced life support for purpose of oxygenating the brain & heart until appropriate definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart & Ventilatory action. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a life saving technique used to restore life of the people.
The ppt is about trends in teaching technology from traditional
methods to latest ones leading to advancement in scope & enhancement of education standards & students interest.
Chain of infection is a process in which a favorable condition is required for micro-organism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS BETWEEN CUSTOMER & PROVIDER. QUALITY ASSURANCE USUALLY FOCUSES ON MATERIAL, GOOD WORK & SERVICE PROVIDED EFFECTIVELY. ANY LACK IN SERVICE PROVIDED CAUSES DECREASE IN QUALITY
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...
Encephalitis
1. CHIRAYU COLLEGE OF NURSING, BHOPAL
SUBJECT- MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
TOPIC- ENCEPHALITIS
PREPARED BY
MR. MIGRON RUBIN
LECTURER
2. OBJECTIVES
To introduce & define the topic
To explain types of encephalitis
To enlist risk factors & etiology
To explain clinical manifestation & diagnostic evaluation
To explain management & prevention of encephalitis.
3. INTRODUCTION
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
5. TYPES
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and
spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the
body and then travels to your brain.
6. RISK FACTORS
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
7. ETIOLOGY
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-
Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including
Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral
infection.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Diffuse cerebral edema, congestion and hemmorrhages
Necrosis and degeneration of neurons
Meningeal congestion with mononuclear infiltration, perivascular tissue necrosis and myelin breakdown
Glial proliferation
type of infecting agent
Demyelination, vascular and perivascular destruction and cerebral cortical involvement
In case of rabies and herpes simplex infection, specific inclusions are identified. Characteristic pathological
changes are found in Falciparum malaria.
10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Careful health history and physical examination
CSF study helps to differentiate the condition from meningitis
Blood examination for sugar, urea, electrolytes and metabolic products
Urine examination, toxicologic study and virological study
CT Scan
EEG
11. COMPLICATIONS
Loss of memory
Behavioral/personality changes
Epilepsy
Fatigue
Physical weakness
Intellectual disability
Lack of muscle coordination
Vision problems
Hearing problems
Speaking issues
Coma
Difficulty breathing
Death
12. MANAGEMENT
A. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
I. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Anti-inflammatory drugs & antipyretics - acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium
(Aleve) — to relieve headaches and fever
Antiviral drugs
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Ganciclovir (Cytovene)
13. Mannitol or glycerol may be needed to reduce ICP.
Corticosteroid (dexamethasone)
Antibiotics
Vitamin and mineral supplementation
IV fluid therapy and dopamine to be given to treat shock and fluid-
electrolyte imbalance.
Anticonvulsive drugs
14. II. NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Oxygenation to be provided by nasal cannula
Mechanical ventilation is necessary in cardio-respiratory insufficiency.
15. NURSING MANAGEMENT
ASSESSMENT
Obtain a history of recent infections such as upper respiratory infection,
and exposure to causative agents.
Assess neurologic status and vital signs.
Evaluate for signs of meningeal irritation.
Assess sensorineural hearing loss (vision and hearing), cranial nerve
damage (eg, facial nerve palsy), and diminished cognitive function.
16. DIAGNOSIS
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cerebral) related to infectious process and
cerebral edema
Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume related to fever and decreased intake
Hyperthermia related to the infectious process and cerebral edema
Acute Pain related to meningeal irritation
Impaired Physical Mobility related to prolonged bed rest
17. GOAL
To Enhanced Cerebral Tissue Perfusion
To Maintain Fluid Balance
To Reduce Fever
To Reduce Pain
To Return to Optimal Level of Functioning/ mobility
18. INTERVENTIONS
Enhancing Cerebral Perfusion
Assess LOC, vital signs, and neurologic parameters frequently. Observe
for signs and symptoms of ICP (eg, decreased LOC, dilated pupils,
widening pulse pressure).
Maintain a quiet, calm environment to prevent agitation, which may cause
an increased ICP.
Prepare patient for a lumbar puncture for CSF evaluation, and repeat
spinal tap, if indicated. Lumbar puncture typically precedes neuroimaging
Notify the health care provider of signs of deterioration: increasing
temperature, decreasing LOC, seizure activity, or altered respirations.
19. Maintaining Fluid Balance
Prevent I.V. fluid overload, which may worsen cerebral edema.
Monitor intake and output closely.
Monitor CVP frequently.
Osmotic diuretic administration
20. Reducing Fever
Administer antimicrobial agents on time to maintain optimal blood levels.
Monitor temperature frequently or continuously, and administer
antipyretics as ordered.
Institute other cooling measures, such as a hypothermia blanket, as
indicated.
21. Reducing Pain
Administer analgesics as ordered; monitor for response and adverse reactions.
Avoid opioids, which may mask a decreasing LOC.
Darken the room if photophobia is present.
Assist with position of comfort for neck stiffness, and turn patient slowly and
carefully with head and neck in alignment.
Elevate the head of the bed to decrease ICP and reduce pain.
Promoting Return to Optimal Level of Functioning
Implement rehabilitation interventions after admission (eg, turning, positioning).
Progress from passive to active exercises based on the patient's neurologic status.
23. PREVENTION
Practice good hygiene.
Don't share utensils.
Get vaccinations.
Protection against mosquitoes and ticks
Dress to protect yourself.
Apply mosquito repellent.
Use insecticide.
Avoid mosquitoes.
Get rid of water sources outside your home.
Look for outdoor signs of viral disease- sick or dying birds or animals.
24. SUMMARY
We have discussed about encephalitis, types, its cause, risk factor,
pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation &
management & prevention.
25. CONCLUSION
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. Usually the cause is a
viral infection, but bacteria can also cause it. It can be mild or severe.
Most cases are mild. People may have flu-like symptoms.
26. REFERENCES
TEACHER REFERNCES
Boyer Jo Mary(2004), Textbook Of Medical Surgical Nursing, Philadelphia,
Lippincott William & Wilkins.
Lewis Mantik Sharon et. Al. (2000), Medical Surgical Nursing, Assessment
& Management Of Clinical Problems, St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby
Publishers.
STUDENT REFERENCES
Lippincott (2001), Manual of Nursing Practice, J.P. Brothers,Philadelphia.