This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.

1. Emotions

2. What is Emotion?
Agitated state of our mind and body
leading us to perform some or other
types of behavioral acts.
• Emotions are private experiences.
• We use operational definitions because
we cannot actually see feelings.
• We infer observable behavior associated
with emotion.
• The word emotion is derived from the
Latin word emovere: to stir up or to
excite.

3. What is Emotion?
Definition
According to Crow and Crow Emotion
is an affective experience that
accompanies generalized inner
adjustment and mental and
physiological stirred up states in the
individual and that shows itself in his
overt behavior.

4. Nature and Characteristics of Emotions
1. The emotional experiences are associated with some
instincts or biological drives: Challenge of basic needs.
2. Emotions are the product of perception: according to
perception organic changes takes place within body pr
psychologically may be favorable or unfavorable.
3. The core of an emotion is feeling: Both are affective
experiences. Emotions are intensified feelings. Feelings
are after effects of some perceptions.
4. Emotions bring physiological changes: eg. Bulge of
eyes, flush of the face, flow of tears, choking of voice,
etc.

5. Nature and Characteristics of Emotions
5. Emotions are present in all organisms.
6. They are present in all stages of life.
7. Emotions are individualized and differ from person to
person.
8. Emotions can be displaced.
9. There is a negative correlation between the upsurge of
emotions and intelligence.

6. What Are Emotions?
MOODS
Feelings that tend to be less
intense than emotions and
that lack a contextual
stimulus.
EMOTIONS
Intense feelings that are
directed at someone or
something.
AFFECT
A broad range of feelings that
people experience.

7. Four components of Emotion
Social-
Expressive
Sense of
Purpose
Bodily
Arousal
Feelings
Emotion
Significant life event

8. Feeling component
• Emotions are subjective feelings
• Make us feel in a particular way.
• Anger or joy.
• Meaning and personal significance.
• Vary in intensity and quality.
• Rooted in mental processes (labeling).

9. Bodily Arousal
• Biological activation.
• Autonomic and hormonal systems.
• Prepare and activate adaptive coping
behavior during emotion.
• Body prepared for action.
• Alert posture, clenched fists.

10. Purposive component
• Give emotion its goal-directed force.
• Motivation to take action.
• Cope with emotion-causing circumstances.
• Why people benefit from emotions.
• Social and evolutionary advantage.

11. Social-Expressive component
• Emotion’s communicative aspect.
• Postures, gestures, vocalizations, facial
expressions make our emotions
public.
• Verbal and nonverbal communication.
• Helps us interpret the situation.
• How person reacts to event.

12. Facial Expressions Convey Emotions

13. Types of emotion
• Emotions in general can be categorized as a positive
and negative emotions.
• Unpleasant emotions like fear, anger, jealousy are
harmful for development.
• Pleasant emotions like love, curiosity, joy, happiness
are helpful and essential for normal development.
• However the emotions are categorized as positive or
negative in relation to circumstance, intensity, impact
and frequency.

14. Types of emotions

15. Components of Emotions
• There are three components of emotions.
A. Cognition: This component serves primarily to influence an
evaluation of given situation, prompting us to become
emotional in one way or another, or not at all.
B. Feeling: The feelings are most readily evident changes in an
aroused person. Feelings have immediate motivational
significance. They give rise to many physiological processes
in the cardiovascular system and produce increased blood
pressure, changes in sexual urge. They also stimulate
nervous system and prompt widespread electrochemical
activities.
C. Behaviour: The behavioural component involves facial,
postural, gestures and vocal responses.

16. Physiological Changes during Emotions
Changes during emotions are divided into external and
internal changes. External changes:
• The voice changes according to the type of emotion.
Experiments have proved that emotions can be
identified on the basis of voice.
• Facial expressions change. We can identify emotion
experienced by a person by looking at his face.
• There will be changes in the body language like
stiffness of muscles, twisting of fingers, movements of
hands and legs.
• Sweating, Wrinkles on forehead, Redness of eyes,
Erection of hairs on the skin, etc.

17. Physiological Changes during Emotions
Internal changes: Sympathetic division prepares the body
for facing emergency either by fight or by flight, i.e.
fights if possible, otherwise escapes from the situation.
It stimulates the adrenal glands and causes the excess
release of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. Adrenaline
gets circulated all over the body and stimulates vital
organs leading to following internal changes.
Increase in heart rate thereby increase in BP, Increase in
rate of respiration, Increase in blood sugar level.
Decrease in functioning of GI tract-that is why we do not
experience the feeling of hunger during emotional
states.

18. FACTORS AFFECTING EMOTIONS

19. •PERSONALITY: Personality
features are associated
with individual differences
in daily emotional life,
such as negative and
positive affectivity, affect
variability and affect
reactivity.
•CULTURE: Culture
provides structure,
guidelines, expectations,
and rules to help people
understand and interpret
behaviours.

20. WEATHER: Higher
temperatures raise a person
with a low mood up, while
things like wind or not enough
sun made a low person feel
even lower. Seasonal affective
disorder (SAD) is an example.
•STRESS: It can also negatively
affect people with Bipolar
Disorder. This illness, also
known as manic depression or
bipolar affective disorder,
involves dramatic shifts in
mood, energy level etc.

21. •AGE: Older adults report
more emotional stability than
younger persons. Older adults
pay more attention to the
good and less to the bad.
When older adults experience
a negative emotion, they may
be able to recover more
quickly than younger persons.
•GENDER: Women are more
emotional than men are.
However, it depends on the
emotional development at
childhood as how to express
emotions.

22. ENVIRONMENTAL: Our
environment has an effect
on how we feel. An untidy
room makes bad feeling
about self. Living in clean
and tidy room, wearing
clean dress, enjoying
natural beauty, makes
emotional changes in
human.
•MARITAL RELATION: it
explains life style
challenges, accepting
different preferences,
sexual life etc.

23. •ORGANIZATIONAL:
Work load, Colleagues,
Job satisfaction etc.
•SOCIAL: Traditions,
Religion, culture
and norms.

24. Theories of Emotions: Evolutionary Theory
• Charles Darwin proposed that emotions evolved because
they were adaptive and allowed humans and animals to
survive and reproduce.
• Feelings of love and affection lead people to seek mates
and reproduce. Feelings of fear compel people to either
fight or flee the source of danger.
• It states that our emotions exist because they serve an
adaptive role. Emotions motivate people to respond
quickly to stimuli in the environment, which helps
improve the chances of success and survival.
• If you encounter hissing, spitting, and clawing animal,
chances are you will quickly realize that the animal is
frightened or defensive and leave it alone.

25. Theories of Emotions: James-Lange Theory
• James-Lange Theory: In the late 19th century, William
James (1842-1910), formulated one theory.
• This theory suggests that when you see an external
stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction.
• Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you
interpret those physical reactions.
• For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and
you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your
heart begins to race.
• According to this theory of emotion, you are not
trembling because you are frightened. Instead, you feel
frightened because you are trembling.

26. Theories of Emotions: Cannon-Bard Theory
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we
feel emotions and experience physiological reactions
such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension
simultaneously.
• More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result
when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in
response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological
reaction. At the same time, the brain also receives
signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon and
Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and
psychological experience of emotion happen at the same
time and that one does not cause the other.

27. Theories of Emotions: Schachter-Singer Theory
• Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion.
• This theory suggests that the physiological arousal
occurs first, and then the individual must identify the
reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an
emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response
that is then cognitively interpreted and labelled which
results in an emotion.
• Schachter and Singer’s theory draws on both the James-
Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
• The Schachter-Singer theory proposes that people do
infer emotions based on physiological responses.
• The critical factor is the situation and the cognitive
interpretation that people use to label that emotion.

28. Theories of Emotions: Schachter-Singer Theory
• Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer
theory also suggests that similar physiological responses
can produce varying emotions.
• For example, if you experience a racing heart and
sweating palms during an important math exam, you will
probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you
experience the same physical responses on a date with
your significant other, you might interpret those
responses as love, affection, or arousal.

29. Theories of Emotions: Activation Theory
• Emotions represents a state of heightened arousal rather
than a qualitatively unique type of psychological,
physiological or biological process.
• Arousal is considered to lie on a wide continuum ranging
from a very low level to extreme agitation.
• According to Lindsley emotions provoking stimuli
activate the reticular activating system in brain stem
which send impulses to cortex as well as musculature an
hence emotion are created or expressed.

30. Emotional Adjustment
• Emotions are described as the prime movers of
behaviour.
• Emotional adjustment is an important task because,
adjustment during emotions lead to a normal behaviour,
whereas maladjustment leads to abnormal behaviour.
• These stirred up states are store houses of energy, which
may work for both intense vigour and efficiency and
strong disruption of mental life.
• There are many instances where even highly intelligent
people fail to manage their emotions and some average
intelligent persons manage their emotions effectively
and harmoniously. It is called ’emotional intelligence’.

31. Emotional Adjustment
• Human being is considered as a rational being. But in the
grip of emotions people behave like immature. Some
people may breakdown completely, cannot take proper
decisions, and many people even collapse in severe
emotional arousal, because of serious changes in vital
systems such as heart, lungs, brain, etc.
• Emotions may hamper the studies of students and
occupations of people. In some people emotions may
lead to crimes, because people lose reasoning power
and their ability to control behaviour is hampered.
Hence, emotional control and management is very
essential for an adjusted life.

32. Emotion in health and Illness
• The argument you’ve just had with your lover has left
your blood boiling. You phone a friend, who makes light
of it and, before long, you’re laughing.
• Our emotions have a capacity to harm and heal – not
just psychologically but physically.
• Research has shown that having to deliver a speech can
double the severity of allergy symptoms for two days,
while crying is soothing because stress hormones are
carried out of your body in tears.
• Some of the examples are given here;

33. Emotion in health and Illness
• When you sing your loved one’s praises: According to a
research in human communication research says that
expressing the affectionate feelings you have towards
your partner lowers cholesterol levels.
• Fighting and argument delays the healing process:
According to scientists at Ohio State University, a 30-
minute argument with your partner can slow your body’s
ability to heal by at least a day. This is under the
influence of cytokines, which can even cause arthritis,
diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
• When you bottle things up: the people who holds the
anger for long duration are at high risk of heart attack,
stroke and cancer. It also impatience and irritability.

34. Emotion in health and Illness
• Falling in love raises levels of nerve growth factor for
about a year, according to researchers at the University
of Pavia in Italy and it induce a calming effect on
both the body and the mind.
• Depression, pessimism and apathy affect our health in
several ways. Low mood is linked to low levels of
serotonin and dopamine, the feel-good
neurotransmitters in the brain.
• Laughing increases stress and prevents many diseases.
• Emotional tears were found to contain high levels of the
hormones and neurotransmitters associated with stress.

35. Thank U…….