Psychology notes

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motion

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• Emotions, often called feelings, include experiences such as
love, hate, anger, trust, joy, panic, fear, and grief.
• definition of emotion refers to a feeling state involving
thoughts, physiological changes, and an outward
expression or behavior.
• basic emotions, are those of anger, disgust, fear,
happiness, sadness, and surprise.

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• Emotions as feelings:
• The most obvious aspect of emotion is feelings. You feel
excited or calm, flying in air, happy or sad. These feelings are
called affective states. Common are fears, anxiety, affection,
happiness.
• Positive emotions and health.
• Positive feelings help in healing and maintaining good health.
Mood:
• Less intense than emotion. Long lasting emotional states are
called mood. Moods vary with the day of the week, hours of
the day and season.

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Emotion involves
• a subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component)
accompanied by bodily arousal (the physiological component)
and by characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral
component).
Cognitive component
• how we experience the emotion • People’s appraisals of
events in their lives.
• People characterize their emotions as pleasant or unpleasant.
Physiological Component:
how our bodies react to the emotion.

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outward bodily changes
include changes in facial expression, vocal expression,
sweating on the surface of the body, and accelerated motor
activities, etc.
internal physiological changes
• include changes in the electrical activities of the skin,
respiratory activities, blood pressure, pulse -rate, sweat glands,
reactions of the endocrine glands, and the chemical activities
of blood etc.

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• how we behave in response to the emotion.
• At behavioral level people reveal their emotions through
characteristic overt expressions such as smiles, frowns, or
slumped shoulders etc.

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• Preparing for Action:
• Act as s line between the events and the external environment
and behavioral responses that an individual makes.
• Situation Emotion Reaction
• Snake fear Run/Attack
• Shaping future behavior
• Emotion promotes learning of information that will assist us
in making appropriate behavior in future.
• Snake……………..avoid similar situation

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• Help in regulating social interaction:
• Our emotions are observable to others through
observable and non observable behavior. These
behaviors act as signal/guide to others to predict
behavior or react accordingly.

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James-Lange theory:
A reaction to instinctive bodily events that occur as a response to
some situations in the environment. We feel sorry because we
cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.
We experience emotion as a result of physiological changes that
produce specific sensation.
• This theory of emotion argues that an event causes
physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal.
Only after our interpretation of the arousal we can
experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not
given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion
•

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• based on this event.
Example:
You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear
footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats
faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these
physiological changes and interpret them as your
body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience
fear.
• Event…Arousal….Interpretation...Emotion

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Cannon-Bard theory
• Physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced
simultaneously by the same nerve impulses…thalamus. After
an emotion inducing stimulus perceived, the thalamus is the
initial site of emotional response. Thalamus sends a signal to
ANS producing a visceral response. Cerebral cortex receives
the message regarding nature of emotion being experienced.
• This theory argues that we experience physiological arousal
and emotion at the same time, but gives no attention to the
role of thoughts or outward behavior.

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Theories of Emotion….

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Event…..Arousal
Emotion
• EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night.
You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your
heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same
time as these physiological changes occur you also
experience the emotion of fear.

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Cognitive Theories

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Schachter-Singer Theory
We identify emotion by observing our environment and
comparing ourselves with others. Emotions are determined by
a relatively nonspecific kind of physiological and labeling of
the arousal based on cues from the environment.
A man slips……………….starts laughing.
• According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal
first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then
you are able to experience and label the emotion.

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• EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night.
You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your
heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing
this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are
walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is
dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
• Event….Arousal….Reasoning…..Emotion.
Event….Arousal….Reasoning…..Emotion.

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Lazarus Theory
states that a thought must come before any emotion or
physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think
about your situation before you can experience an emotion.
• EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night.
You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a
mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and
your breathing deepens and at the same time you experience
fear. Event….Thought….Emotion
Arousal
Facial Feedback Theory

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• According to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the
experience of changes in our facial muscles. In other words,
when we smile, we then experience pleasure, or
happiness. When we frown, we then experience sadness. it is
the changes in our facial muscles that cue our brains and
provide the basis of our emotions. Just as there are an
unlimited number of muscle configurations in our face, so to
are there a seemingly unlimited number of emotions.
• EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night.
You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth

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clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the
expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of
fear.

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Expressing and Experiencing
Emotions
Expression of emotions:
• Facial expressions
• Empathy
• Vocal Expression

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Experience of Emotions:
• The Subjective Experience
• there are a number of basic universal emotions that are
experienced by people all over the world regardless of
background or culture.
• But the experience of emotion is highly subjective.
• Consider anger. Is all anger the same? Your own experience
might range from mild annoyance to blinding rage

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• we don't always experience 'pure' forms of each emotion.
Mixed emotions over different events or situations in our lives
are common. When faced with starting a new job, you might
feel both excited and nervous. These emotions might occur
simultaneously, or you might feel them one after another.

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• EQ (emotional intelligence quotient) on the other
hand, is a measure of a person's level of emotional
intelligence. This refers to a person's ability to
perceive, control, evaluate, and express emotions.
EQ

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• refers to people's ability to monitor their own and other
people's emotional states and to use this information to
act wisely in relationships.
Emotional intelligence has five parts:
1: Self-awareness: The ability to recognize an emotion as it
“happens” is the key to EQ. The major elements of
selfawareness are:
• Emotional awareness. Your ability to recognize your own
emotions and their effects.
• Self-confidence. Sureness about your self-worth and
capabilities.

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2: Self-regulation. You often have little control over when
you experience emotions. Self-regulation involves • Self-
control. Managing disruptive impulses.
• Conscientiousness. Taking responsibility for your own
performance.
• Adaptability. Handling change with flexibility.
• Innovation. Being open to new ideas.

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3: Motivation. To motivate yourself for any achievement
requires clear goals and a positive attitude. Although you may
have a predisposition to either a positive or a negative attitude,
you can with effort and practice learn to think more positively.
4: Empathy: understanding the emotional perspective of
other people.
5: Handling relationships: using personal information
and information about others to handle social
relationships and to develop interpersonal skills.