Chapter 6 Psych 1 Online Stud
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Motivation refers to physiological or psychological factors that arouse, direct, and sustain behavior. Motivation involves states, goals, and varying intensities. Biological theories propose that instincts and drives motivate behavior for survival, competition, and altruism. Cognitive theories suggest that motivation involves reducing cognitive dissonance and achieving needs arranged in a hierarchy. Emotions theories propose that emotional stimuli lead to physiological changes and emotions, or that physiological changes lead to emotions. Basic emotions like anger, disgust, sadness, fear, happiness, and surprise are universally recognized.
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Emotions have four main components - a subjective experience, activation of mental processes, bodily arousal, and characteristic behaviors. They communicate important information to us and help influence our thoughts and actions. While emotions seem universal, displays of emotion can vary significantly between cultures due to different display rules. Theories of emotion propose different combinations of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors that contribute to our experience and expression of various emotions.
Motivation refers to the drives and desires that influence behavior. Major theories propose that motivation stems from instincts, drives to reduce internal imbalances, seeking an optimal level of arousal, or anticipation of rewards. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that more basic physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level
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Emotions involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. There are various theories about the relationship between these factors, such as whether physiological changes precede or follow emotional experiences. Cognition, or thinking, also influences emotions in complex ways. For example, appraisal of situations helps define emotions, but emotions can also occur unconsciously through physiological arousal before conscious thought. Nonverbal communication of emotions through facial expressions and body language may be universal to some degree. Factors like wealth, social relationships, values, and life experiences all impact levels of happiness and well-being.
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Emotions are complex patterns of changes in response to personally significant situations, involving physiological arousal, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. They are more intense but shorter-lived than moods. Emotions help with communication and interpreting situations, and lead to bodily arousal. They are influenced by both internal factors like gender and personality as well as external situational context. The limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex all play important roles in the emotional process. The James-Lange theory proposed that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience, but this view faced criticism.
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2) William McDougal was an influential early theorist who viewed instincts as behavior patterns, though theorists disagree on a definitive list of instincts.
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
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Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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The document discusses emotion and related topics in psychology. It defines emotion as a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. It discusses emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system's role in physiological arousal. It also discusses emotion and performance, lie detectors, experiencing emotion in the amygdala, catharsis, subjective well-being, adaptation-level phenomenon, relative deprivation, and theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter's two-factor theory.
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Emotion involves both physiological and cognitive processes. Physiological changes in the face, brain and body accompany emotions. The brain, particularly structures like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, play a key role in emotional experiences. Cultural influences also shape how emotions are experienced and expressed. Theories like the James-Lange theory and cognitive labeling theory view emotions as arising from the interpretation of physiological arousal. Effectively managing emotions and the stress they can cause is important for health and well-being.
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The document discusses several theories of motivation, including:
1) Instinct theory, which proposes that behaviors are inherited responses to stimuli, but this has flaws as many behaviors are learned.
2) Drive-reduction theory, which states that motivation pushes people to reduce tension and restore homeostasis, but cannot explain behaviors that increase stress.
3) Additional theories like arousal theory and incentive theory that propose people are motivated to achieve an optimal arousal level or gain valued incentives.
4) Most theorists agree on the diversity of human motivations, which can be biological, social, or related to achievement, affiliation, and other factors.
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1) James-Lange Theory - emotions follow physiological arousal from stressful situations
2) Cannon-Bard Theory - physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously in response to stimuli
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1. The James-Lange theory suggests that physiological arousal causes emotional experience. We know we feel sad because we cry.
2. In contrast, cognitive theories emphasize that we appraise situations mentally which then leads to emotions and physiological responses. We recognize emotions based on our evaluations.
3. Later theories integrated both physiological and cognitive elements. Schachter's two-factor theory proposed that arousal alone does not determine the quality of emotion, but rather our cognitive appraisal of the situation.
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This document provides an introduction to psychology and the topic of emotion. It defines emotion as an evaluative response involving cognition, physiology, and behavior. It discusses the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, which posits that emotion involves physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The document also addresses facial expressions and emotion, culture and emotion expression, gender differences in emotional expression, basic emotions, and additional emotions beyond the basic emotions.
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This document discusses motivation and emotions. It defines motivation as the internal drive that initiates and directs behavior towards goals. Several motivation theories are described, including those proposed by Maslow, Skinner, and Herzberg. Motives are classified into organic, biogenic, general, sociogenic, and unconscious categories. Emotions are defined as feelings that involve physiological arousal, behavior, and conscious experience. Theories on emotions proposed by James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer are summarized. Factors influencing emotions and methods of measuring emotions are also outlined.
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Erotic spanking can release endorphins and be pleasurable for some individuals who enjoy being dominated or having an aggressive partner. Over time, participating partners can learn each other's comfort levels with different intensities of spanking. Spanking may help release inhibitions by mixing sensations of submission with feelings of pleasure. It can be a fun way for couples to experiment with dominant and submissive roles through tension, excitement and brain chemical releases. Partners should establish subtle cues to communicate preferences without breaking character.
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Biological factors such as low serotonin, high dopamine, high testosterone, and low cortisol levels are associated with increased aggression. Studies in both humans and animals have found links between these neurotransmitters and hormones and aggressive behavior. However, the evidence is complex with inconsistencies across studies. While biological factors likely influence aggression, it is reductionistic to consider them the sole cause without also considering genetic, environmental, and social factors. Research on biological explanations of aggression provides useful information but also has limitations including lack of certainty about causation, potential ethical issues, and lack of consideration of other influential factors.
Biology of emotions
This document discusses emotions and positive emotions from a scientific perspective. It begins by defining emotions and exploring their biological basis in the brain and body. Specific brain regions involved in emotional processing are described, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatum. The biology of emotions and how hormones like oxytocin and neurotransmitters impact positive emotions are covered. Positive emotions are shown to have evolutionary advantages and impact health by strengthening the immune system and aiding coping. Further research opportunities are noted in exploring the brain mechanisms linking positive psychological states to behavior using techniques like MRI.
Physiology of Emotion
This document provides an overview of the physiology of emotions. It discusses the definition of emotions and the bodily changes that occur during emotional responses. It covers theories such as the James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory regarding whether emotions arise from conscious experience or physiological reactions. The somatic marker hypothesis and role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are explained. Subcortical areas like the amygdala and hypothalamus and cortical areas such as the anterior insular cortex are involved in emotional processing. Facial expressions universally communicate emotions.
Cannon Brad Theory of Emotion
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
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The document discusses different theories of motivation in management. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory which presents that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs. It also outlines Herzberg's two-factor theory that distinguishes between motivators and hygiene factors. Additionally, it discusses McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y about management assumptions regarding employee motivation. Finally, it briefly introduces Ouchi's Theory Z which focuses on employee involvement, trust, and coordination in Japanese management systems. Theories of motivation are important for managers to understand as motivation impacts employee performance, satisfaction, and organizational success.
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This document discusses the neurobiology of emotions. It defines emotions, moods, and affects. The core brain regions involved in emotions are the cerebral cortex, limbic system (particularly the amygdala), and brain stem. The limbic system, including structures like the hippocampus, anterior thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, form circuits important for emotional processing and expression. The amygdala plays a key role in fear and aggression. Other structures like the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and autonomic nervous system are also involved in emotions and physiological arousal. Various neurotransmitters, including monoamines, peptides, GABA, and glutamate mediate emotional processes in the brain.
Emotions
Emotions are characterized by physiological changes, facial expressions, gestures, and subjective feelings. Emotions like fear, anger, and joy motivate people to take action. Bodily reactions like increased heart rate, stomach issues, sweating, and nervousness are caused by emotions and are initiated by hormones like adrenaline produced by the adrenal glands. Emotional expressions are also visible signs of what a person is feeling.
Psychology of Emotion
This document discusses different theories of emotion including:
- Common sense theory which links physiological arousal to conscious feelings
- James-Lange theory which links environmental stimuli to physiological responses then emotional experience
- Cannon-Bard theory which links stimuli to simultaneous physiological responses and emotional experiences
- Cognitive appraisal theory which links emotions to cognitive interpretations of situations
It also discusses research on the expression of emotions through nonverbal communication like facial expressions and cultural differences in emotion expression.
Emotion ppt
Emotion is a complex psycho-physiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences.
James-Lange Theory:
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.
Cannon-Bard Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.
Schachter-Singer Theory:
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
Facial Feedback Theory
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.
Positive Emotions:
Love is a very basic and necessary emotion. If a child is nurtured in a loving family where all members respect and love each other, he or she will develop into an adult who behaves in a manner similar to the behavioral patterns that he or she learned as a child.
Negative Emotions:
If the child is raised in an atmosphere of anger and hostility, that child will develop into a very troubled adult who thinks that angry and hostile feelings are normal.
Emotions
This document discusses emotions from several perspectives. It defines emotions as complex psychological phenomena involving feelings, expressions, and physiological arousal. Emotions are divided into primary emotions like love, joy, and fear, and secondary emotions like passion and irritation. Positive emotions include hope and confidence, while negative emotions include exhaustion and panic. Theories of emotion like the Cannon-Bard theory and James-Lange theory describe the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience. Emotional intelligence involves perceiving, reasoning with, understanding, and managing emotions.
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This document discusses various topics related to motivation, emotion, and stress. It covers what motivates human behavior including biological needs, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and different psychological perspectives on motivation. It also examines the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of emotions. Several theories of emotion are outlined. Finally, it defines stress and explores how stress physically and psychologically impacts health.
Psychology: Motivation And Emotion
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
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The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory, arousal theory, and humanistic theories. It also discusses theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory, Cannon's challenge, the two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory. Motivation is influenced by both internal drives and external incentives and is aimed at maintaining homeostasis or an optimal level of arousal. Emotions involve physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and are expressed through facial expressions.
Motivation and Emotion
This document discusses various types of human motivation beyond basic drives like hunger and thirst. It describes the motivation for affiliation, or the need to be with others, and explains that this motive is strongest when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory. The document also covers achievement motivation, defining it as the desire to meet internal standards of excellence. Research on achievement motivation is discussed, including traits of high achievers and situational factors that influence motivation.
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This document provides an overview of emotions, including:
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2) It defines emotions as intense feelings directed at something that involve physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components.
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Chap 12.-Emotions, Stress, and Health, sem 232.pptx
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The document discusses motivation and its key aspects. It defines motivation as states that drive behavior towards goals, with three components: the driving state, aroused behavior, and the goal. Motivation can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Key theories on motivation are also summarized, including behavioral views focusing on conditioning, Freud's instinct theory, Adler's social motivation theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Different types of motives, drives, needs, and methods to measure motivation are also outlined.
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The document discusses theories of emotion. It describes three major theories:
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