1) Emotions are subjective sensations that arise from an interaction of perception, neural responses, cognitive appraisal, and expression.
2) Major theories of emotion include James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. Lazarus theory emphasizes cognitive appraisal.
3) Emotions can be measured through physiological responses, thoughts, and behaviors. The limbic system and amygdala are strongly associated with emotion processing in the brain.
4) Basic emotions include those universally expressed through facial expressions like anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Display rules are cultural norms that govern emotional expression.
Cognitive Level of Analysis: Cognition and EmotionMackenzie
Section 3.2 of my IB HL Psychology text book all about cognition and emotion at the Cognitive Level of Analysis. Discusses the biology behind emotions and how this affects stress and memory. Short section!
Sigmund Freud argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the source of instinctive and primitive behaviors governed by the pleasure principle. The ego develops to balance the id with reality. The superego incorporates societal morals and ideals which emerge around age five to influence judgment. These structures dynamically interact in complex ways to shape an individual's unique personality and behavior.
This document defines emotion and discusses its key elements and characteristics. It can be summarized as:
1. Emotion is defined as a complex state involving feelings, physiological arousal, and behaviors that are influenced by thoughts and culture. It results from internal or external stimuli.
2. The brain and autonomic nervous system play a role in physiological responses to emotions like increased heart rate and hormone release. Structures like the limbic system are involved in emotional expression.
3. Emotions have universal facial expressions and are communicated through various channels like eye contact, body language, and tone of voice. They motivate behaviors like fighting or fleeing dangerous situations.
Emotions are subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes that help prepare us for action, shape future behavior, and aid interaction. There are basic emotions like fear, anger, joy, disgust, acceptance, sadness, surprise, and anticipation. Emotions vary in intensity, similarity, and polarity. Theories on emotions include James-Lange which proposes physiological arousal leads to emotional experience, Cannon-Bard which says arousal and experience occur simultaneously, Schachter-Singer which emphasizes environmental cues and arousal, and Lazarus' cognitive mediational theory where appraisal mediates arousal and experience.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality proposes that personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic urges and instincts. The ego acts as a mediator between the id and the demands of reality. The superego incorporates societal morals and ideals which are learned from parents and influences behavior. Freud also believed personality develops through psychosexual stages in early childhood, and that early experiences shape personality.
This document discusses several key points about emotions:
1) Emotions cause physiological changes in the body and are accompanied by feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness.
2) Emotions are subjective and individual - the same situation can evoke different emotions in different people.
3) Emotions occur across all ages from children to adults, can transition between each other, and are often triggered by difficult situations or unmet needs.
4) Children's emotions tend to be more intense, frequent, and openly expressed than adults' emotions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology including perception, cognition, emotion, behavior, different areas of psychology (e.g. social, clinical), and concepts related to the mind, consciousness, and body-mind relationships. It discusses topics like the levels of mind, altered states of consciousness, the relationship between genetics and environment, the role of the brain and neurotransmitters in behavior, and the psychology of sensations and the role of glands and muscles. The document is authored by Mr. Johny Kutty Joseph and appears to be lecture notes or material for students.
An emotion involves a subjective experience, physiological response, and expressive response. Emotions elicit physiological changes like increased heart rate and sweating through the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral responses to emotions include facial expressions and body language, which are important for emotional intelligence and communication. Theories of emotion examine the relationship between physiological, cognitive, and emotional components and whether emotions cause thoughts or physiological responses, or vice versa. Emotions provoke changes in the body like increased respiration and blood flow that prepare the body for action.
Cognitive Level of Analysis: Cognition and EmotionMackenzie
Section 3.2 of my IB HL Psychology text book all about cognition and emotion at the Cognitive Level of Analysis. Discusses the biology behind emotions and how this affects stress and memory. Short section!
Sigmund Freud argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the source of instinctive and primitive behaviors governed by the pleasure principle. The ego develops to balance the id with reality. The superego incorporates societal morals and ideals which emerge around age five to influence judgment. These structures dynamically interact in complex ways to shape an individual's unique personality and behavior.
This document defines emotion and discusses its key elements and characteristics. It can be summarized as:
1. Emotion is defined as a complex state involving feelings, physiological arousal, and behaviors that are influenced by thoughts and culture. It results from internal or external stimuli.
2. The brain and autonomic nervous system play a role in physiological responses to emotions like increased heart rate and hormone release. Structures like the limbic system are involved in emotional expression.
3. Emotions have universal facial expressions and are communicated through various channels like eye contact, body language, and tone of voice. They motivate behaviors like fighting or fleeing dangerous situations.
Emotions are subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes that help prepare us for action, shape future behavior, and aid interaction. There are basic emotions like fear, anger, joy, disgust, acceptance, sadness, surprise, and anticipation. Emotions vary in intensity, similarity, and polarity. Theories on emotions include James-Lange which proposes physiological arousal leads to emotional experience, Cannon-Bard which says arousal and experience occur simultaneously, Schachter-Singer which emphasizes environmental cues and arousal, and Lazarus' cognitive mediational theory where appraisal mediates arousal and experience.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality proposes that personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic urges and instincts. The ego acts as a mediator between the id and the demands of reality. The superego incorporates societal morals and ideals which are learned from parents and influences behavior. Freud also believed personality develops through psychosexual stages in early childhood, and that early experiences shape personality.
This document discusses several key points about emotions:
1) Emotions cause physiological changes in the body and are accompanied by feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness.
2) Emotions are subjective and individual - the same situation can evoke different emotions in different people.
3) Emotions occur across all ages from children to adults, can transition between each other, and are often triggered by difficult situations or unmet needs.
4) Children's emotions tend to be more intense, frequent, and openly expressed than adults' emotions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology including perception, cognition, emotion, behavior, different areas of psychology (e.g. social, clinical), and concepts related to the mind, consciousness, and body-mind relationships. It discusses topics like the levels of mind, altered states of consciousness, the relationship between genetics and environment, the role of the brain and neurotransmitters in behavior, and the psychology of sensations and the role of glands and muscles. The document is authored by Mr. Johny Kutty Joseph and appears to be lecture notes or material for students.
An emotion involves a subjective experience, physiological response, and expressive response. Emotions elicit physiological changes like increased heart rate and sweating through the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral responses to emotions include facial expressions and body language, which are important for emotional intelligence and communication. Theories of emotion examine the relationship between physiological, cognitive, and emotional components and whether emotions cause thoughts or physiological responses, or vice versa. Emotions provoke changes in the body like increased respiration and blood flow that prepare the body for action.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
This document summarizes four theories of motivation:
1) Instinct theory proposes innate tendencies determine behavior.
2) Drive reduction theory states needs motivate behavior to reach homeostasis.
3) Incentive theory says external rewards like social approval motivate behavior.
4) Cognitive theory posits thinking influences behavior through extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
It also outlines biological needs like hunger and social motives like bonding. Emotions involve feelings, arousal, and expressions, with theories arguing they are biologically based or cognitive reactions to stimuli.
This document discusses the elements of emotion from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining emotion and outlining its key components: the body, mind, and culture. It then examines the body aspects of primary and secondary emotions, facial expressions, the brain regions involved, and how hormones influence emotions. Next, it explores the cognitive aspects of emotion including how thoughts create emotions and the role of attributions. Finally, it analyzes how culture shapes emotional expression, regulation, and gender differences in various elements of emotion.
1) Instinct theory states that motivation stems from biological programming and instincts, suggesting humans and other species are hardwired to act in certain ways.
2) William McDougal was an influential early theorist who viewed instincts as behavior patterns, though theorists disagree on a definitive list of instincts.
3) Modern instinct theory takes a more biological perspective for specific motives but not all, and plays a strong role in animal behavior studies. The core idea is that survival is biologically programmed.
Personality development and mental health (Psychology 1)Alyssa Natano
The document discusses theories of personality development and mental health. It covers several theories:
1) Type theories that classify people into types based on physique (like endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) or behavior (extrovert/introvert).
2) Trait theories that identify common and unique personality traits.
3) Developmental theories including Freud's psychosexual stages from oral to genital and how fixation can occur if development is arrested.
The document provides details on founders of these theories like Sheldon, Jung, Allport, Cattell, and Freud and their concepts of personality structure, traits, and development.
The document discusses various theories of motivation and emotion. It describes motivation as factors that energize and direct behavior toward goals. Emotion is defined as subjective feelings that include arousal, cognitions, and expressive behaviors. Several theories of motivation are outlined, including instinct/evolution theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, cognitive theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Theories of emotion discussed include James-Lange theory, facial feedback hypothesis, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schacter-Singer theory. Biological drives like hunger, thirst, and sex are also summarized.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It states that the body and mind cannot act independently, as they influence each other in an integrated response. A healthy mind exists in a healthy body and vice versa. The body is composed of organs and organ systems that have specific functions, while the mind refers to mental processes like thinking and reasoning, rather than the brain itself. The mind functions at different levels including conscious and unconscious levels. Both the mind and body can act upon each other - negative emotions produced by the mind can cause illness, while malfunctions of the body can affect mental functioning.
This document provides an overview of concepts relating to the mind. It discusses historical perspectives on the mind and soul from ancient Greece and India. It examines why defining the mind is difficult and provides several definitions. It outlines key mental functions like thought, cognition, conation, affect, memory, imagination, perception, and judgement. It explores the concepts of consciousness, psyche, psychic apparatus, and Freud's topographical and structural models of the mind. The document presents information on these topics in a comprehensive but concise manner.
This is a paper I wrote on the subject of Motivation and Emotions as part of my Term 1 submission for Micro-OB. Students of Organization Behavior and HR may find it useful. In case you find it useful please drop some feedback so that I can improve my skills. Thanks!
Hans Eysenck was a psychologist who developed a theory of personality consisting of three types: introversion/extraversion, stability/neuroticism, and impulse control/psychoticism. He believed these types were biologically based and could be measured using statistical analyses of personality data. Eysenck proposed that extraverts have weaker inhibitory processes, making them more stimulation-seeking, while introverts have stronger processes, causing them to prefer more solitary activities. He also advocated for behavior therapy techniques like systematic desensitization to treat neurotic behaviors and disorders.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It begins by defining personality and listing the group members. It then discusses both biological and environmental determinants of personality, including genes, hormones, culture, and social roles. It profiles both Type A and Type B personalities. Later, it summarizes Adlerian, psychoanalytic, and Jungian theories of personality. Characteristics of healthy personalities are outlined as strong ego, high self-esteem, independence, adaptability, self-control, freedom, learning ability, and capacity for love.
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality proposes that personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, while the superego acts as our moral conscience based on internalized social standards. The ego mediates between the two, balancing realistic needs and moral demands. Freud believed unconscious drives and early childhood experiences strongly influence personality development and behavior. Later theorists like Jung emphasized archetypes from the collective unconscious and object relations theory focused on early infant relationships. While psychodynamic theories are difficult to test, modern research continues to support some of their core concepts around unconscious processes.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
- The study investigated personality profiles of 50 drug addicts and 50 non-addicts from Mizoram, India using the 16PF personality test.
- Significant differences were found between the groups on several personality factors, with drug addicts scoring higher on traits like concrete thinking, emotionality, and experimentation and lower on traits like abstract thinking, emotional stability, and conformity.
- Drug addicts tended to have traits associated with inferiority, shyness, apprehension, undisciplined behavior, and self-sufficiency compared to non-addicts who tended to be bold, self-assured, conservative, group-oriented and self-disciplined.
Approaches - A Level AQA Revision NotesElla Warwick
This document summarizes several major approaches in psychology:
1) Learning approaches including behaviorism, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Behaviorism views humans as responding to environmental stimuli while social learning theory emphasizes observational learning.
2) The cognitive approach studies internal mental processes like memory, perception, and thinking using theoretical models and cognitive neuroscience.
3) The biological approach sees behavior as influenced by genes, biology, and evolution and uses family and twin studies to examine nature vs nurture influences.
4) The psychodynamic approach views unconscious forces as influencing behavior and personality, and uses concepts like the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
5) Humanistic psychology
The document discusses different theories of motivation from a psychological perspective. It describes instinct theories proposed by William McDougall and William James, as well as drive-reduction theory which posits that physiological needs create arousal states that motivate behavior. The document also discusses incentive theory and cognitive theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A number of biological motives are explored like homeostasis, hunger, and eating disorders. Motivation in work settings is examined along with theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Men are capable of emotions and emotional intelligence. A study tested the emotional intelligence of 30 individuals (15 men, 15 women) using an online survey. The average emotional intelligence scores were similar between men (2.98) and women (3.01), contradicting the stereotype that men are less emotional. While culture emphasizes emotion expression differences between genders, this data suggests that both men and women can acknowledge feelings in others and themselves.
This document provides an overview of personality psychology. It discusses several major theories and perspectives on personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, social cognitive theory, and trait theories. Key aspects of Freud's psychoanalytic theory are outlined such as the id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. Other major theorists discussed include Jung, Adler, Maslow, Rogers, and Bandura. Common personality assessments like projective tests, self-reports, and the MMPI are also summarized.
This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.
The document discusses theories of emotion and how they are measured and influenced. It describes four main theories: James-Lange theory states that physiological arousal produces emotional feelings; Cannon-Bard theory says cognition, arousal, and expression occur simultaneously; the facial feedback hypothesis is that facial expressions produce emotions; and Schachter's two-factor theory is that emotion results from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. The document also discusses measuring emotion through body, thoughts, and behavior and how culture influences emotional expression. It summarizes an experiment showing that facial expressions influence humor ratings.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
This document summarizes four theories of motivation:
1) Instinct theory proposes innate tendencies determine behavior.
2) Drive reduction theory states needs motivate behavior to reach homeostasis.
3) Incentive theory says external rewards like social approval motivate behavior.
4) Cognitive theory posits thinking influences behavior through extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
It also outlines biological needs like hunger and social motives like bonding. Emotions involve feelings, arousal, and expressions, with theories arguing they are biologically based or cognitive reactions to stimuli.
This document discusses the elements of emotion from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining emotion and outlining its key components: the body, mind, and culture. It then examines the body aspects of primary and secondary emotions, facial expressions, the brain regions involved, and how hormones influence emotions. Next, it explores the cognitive aspects of emotion including how thoughts create emotions and the role of attributions. Finally, it analyzes how culture shapes emotional expression, regulation, and gender differences in various elements of emotion.
1) Instinct theory states that motivation stems from biological programming and instincts, suggesting humans and other species are hardwired to act in certain ways.
2) William McDougal was an influential early theorist who viewed instincts as behavior patterns, though theorists disagree on a definitive list of instincts.
3) Modern instinct theory takes a more biological perspective for specific motives but not all, and plays a strong role in animal behavior studies. The core idea is that survival is biologically programmed.
Personality development and mental health (Psychology 1)Alyssa Natano
The document discusses theories of personality development and mental health. It covers several theories:
1) Type theories that classify people into types based on physique (like endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) or behavior (extrovert/introvert).
2) Trait theories that identify common and unique personality traits.
3) Developmental theories including Freud's psychosexual stages from oral to genital and how fixation can occur if development is arrested.
The document provides details on founders of these theories like Sheldon, Jung, Allport, Cattell, and Freud and their concepts of personality structure, traits, and development.
The document discusses various theories of motivation and emotion. It describes motivation as factors that energize and direct behavior toward goals. Emotion is defined as subjective feelings that include arousal, cognitions, and expressive behaviors. Several theories of motivation are outlined, including instinct/evolution theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, cognitive theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Theories of emotion discussed include James-Lange theory, facial feedback hypothesis, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schacter-Singer theory. Biological drives like hunger, thirst, and sex are also summarized.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It states that the body and mind cannot act independently, as they influence each other in an integrated response. A healthy mind exists in a healthy body and vice versa. The body is composed of organs and organ systems that have specific functions, while the mind refers to mental processes like thinking and reasoning, rather than the brain itself. The mind functions at different levels including conscious and unconscious levels. Both the mind and body can act upon each other - negative emotions produced by the mind can cause illness, while malfunctions of the body can affect mental functioning.
This document provides an overview of concepts relating to the mind. It discusses historical perspectives on the mind and soul from ancient Greece and India. It examines why defining the mind is difficult and provides several definitions. It outlines key mental functions like thought, cognition, conation, affect, memory, imagination, perception, and judgement. It explores the concepts of consciousness, psyche, psychic apparatus, and Freud's topographical and structural models of the mind. The document presents information on these topics in a comprehensive but concise manner.
This is a paper I wrote on the subject of Motivation and Emotions as part of my Term 1 submission for Micro-OB. Students of Organization Behavior and HR may find it useful. In case you find it useful please drop some feedback so that I can improve my skills. Thanks!
Hans Eysenck was a psychologist who developed a theory of personality consisting of three types: introversion/extraversion, stability/neuroticism, and impulse control/psychoticism. He believed these types were biologically based and could be measured using statistical analyses of personality data. Eysenck proposed that extraverts have weaker inhibitory processes, making them more stimulation-seeking, while introverts have stronger processes, causing them to prefer more solitary activities. He also advocated for behavior therapy techniques like systematic desensitization to treat neurotic behaviors and disorders.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It begins by defining personality and listing the group members. It then discusses both biological and environmental determinants of personality, including genes, hormones, culture, and social roles. It profiles both Type A and Type B personalities. Later, it summarizes Adlerian, psychoanalytic, and Jungian theories of personality. Characteristics of healthy personalities are outlined as strong ego, high self-esteem, independence, adaptability, self-control, freedom, learning ability, and capacity for love.
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality proposes that personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, while the superego acts as our moral conscience based on internalized social standards. The ego mediates between the two, balancing realistic needs and moral demands. Freud believed unconscious drives and early childhood experiences strongly influence personality development and behavior. Later theorists like Jung emphasized archetypes from the collective unconscious and object relations theory focused on early infant relationships. While psychodynamic theories are difficult to test, modern research continues to support some of their core concepts around unconscious processes.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Some key points:
1. Freud believed personality is determined by unconscious drives and develops through psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood. Fixation in a stage can result in neurosis.
2. The psyche is divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, ego on reality, and superego on morality.
3. Defense mechanisms like repression and rationalization protect the ego from anxiety by distorting unconscious urges brought up from the id.
4. Psychoanalytic therapy uses techniques like free association and dream analysis to make the unconscious conscious, interpret transference
- The study investigated personality profiles of 50 drug addicts and 50 non-addicts from Mizoram, India using the 16PF personality test.
- Significant differences were found between the groups on several personality factors, with drug addicts scoring higher on traits like concrete thinking, emotionality, and experimentation and lower on traits like abstract thinking, emotional stability, and conformity.
- Drug addicts tended to have traits associated with inferiority, shyness, apprehension, undisciplined behavior, and self-sufficiency compared to non-addicts who tended to be bold, self-assured, conservative, group-oriented and self-disciplined.
Approaches - A Level AQA Revision NotesElla Warwick
This document summarizes several major approaches in psychology:
1) Learning approaches including behaviorism, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Behaviorism views humans as responding to environmental stimuli while social learning theory emphasizes observational learning.
2) The cognitive approach studies internal mental processes like memory, perception, and thinking using theoretical models and cognitive neuroscience.
3) The biological approach sees behavior as influenced by genes, biology, and evolution and uses family and twin studies to examine nature vs nurture influences.
4) The psychodynamic approach views unconscious forces as influencing behavior and personality, and uses concepts like the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
5) Humanistic psychology
The document discusses different theories of motivation from a psychological perspective. It describes instinct theories proposed by William McDougall and William James, as well as drive-reduction theory which posits that physiological needs create arousal states that motivate behavior. The document also discusses incentive theory and cognitive theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A number of biological motives are explored like homeostasis, hunger, and eating disorders. Motivation in work settings is examined along with theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Men are capable of emotions and emotional intelligence. A study tested the emotional intelligence of 30 individuals (15 men, 15 women) using an online survey. The average emotional intelligence scores were similar between men (2.98) and women (3.01), contradicting the stereotype that men are less emotional. While culture emphasizes emotion expression differences between genders, this data suggests that both men and women can acknowledge feelings in others and themselves.
This document provides an overview of personality psychology. It discusses several major theories and perspectives on personality including psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, social cognitive theory, and trait theories. Key aspects of Freud's psychoanalytic theory are outlined such as the id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. Other major theorists discussed include Jung, Adler, Maslow, Rogers, and Bandura. Common personality assessments like projective tests, self-reports, and the MMPI are also summarized.
This document discusses theories and definitions of emotions. It defines emotions as agitated states of mind and body that lead to behavioral responses. Emotions have cognitive, feeling, and behavioral components and involve physiological arousal and social expression. They are influenced by factors like personality, culture, age, gender, environment and relationships. Theories discussed include evolutionary theory, which views emotions as adaptive; James-Lange theory, which claims emotions arise from physiological responses; Cannon-Bard theory, which says emotions and physiology occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, which is that arousal followed by cognitive labeling creates distinct emotions.
The document discusses theories of emotion and how they are measured and influenced. It describes four main theories: James-Lange theory states that physiological arousal produces emotional feelings; Cannon-Bard theory says cognition, arousal, and expression occur simultaneously; the facial feedback hypothesis is that facial expressions produce emotions; and Schachter's two-factor theory is that emotion results from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. The document also discusses measuring emotion through body, thoughts, and behavior and how culture influences emotional expression. It summarizes an experiment showing that facial expressions influence humor ratings.
This document discusses theories and research related to human emotions. It covers topics such as what emotions are, how they are experienced and expressed, how they are measured and influenced by culture and gender, and their relationship to cognition and the brain. Theories of emotion discussed include the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories. The document also discusses basic emotions, facial feedback research, and ways to foster healthy emotional functioning.
Emotion is a complex phenomenon influenced by physiological and cognitive factors. It arises from both physical reactions in the body as well as conscious experiences. The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience arises from physiological arousal.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests emotion results from physiological arousal combined with cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
4. Cognitive theories like Lazarus' emphasize that appraisal and evaluation of situations determine emotional responses.
No single theory comprehensively explains emotions, but most agree both biological and environmental factors interact to
This document discusses emotion, including its meaning, nature, types, theories of emotion, and purposes. It defines emotion as a complex response involving physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and affective changes in response to a significant situation. Emotions can be positive or negative. Theories discussed include the James-Lange theory that physiological arousal precedes emotion, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously, and cognitive theories like Schachter-Singer and cognitive appraisal that cognitive interpretation is also involved. Emotions serve purposes like motivation, survival, decision-making, and thriving.
This document provides an overview of emotions, including definitions, components, theories, and factors that influence emotions. It discusses how emotions are agitated states that lead to behaviors and involve physiological changes. The four main components of an emotion are feelings, social expression, a sense of purpose, and bodily arousal. Major theories covered include evolutionary theory, which proposes emotions evolved for survival; James-Lange theory, that emotions arise from physiological reactions; Cannon-Bard theory, that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously; and Schachter-Singer theory, that arousal leads to cognitive interpretation of emotions. Personality, culture, stress, age, and other factors can influence a person's emotions. Emotions also impact physical and
Emotion is a complex psychological state with three components - subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. There are six basic universal emotions - fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness. Emotions are intense but short-lived feelings in response to specific stimuli or events, while moods are milder and longer-lasting without a clear cause. Three major theories on the origins of emotions are the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory, which involve physiological responses and cognitive interpretations. Emotions serve functions like learning lessons, directing behavior, and providing energy.
This document provides an introduction to the major perspectives in psychology. It discusses 7 perspectives: evolutionary, behaviorism, psychoanalytic, humanistic, sociocultural, cognitive, and biological. The goals of psychology are to understand abnormal behavior by studying normal behavior, and to help people gain control over their environments. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and the mind.
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality as being divided into the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, the ego balances the demands of the id and reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards.
- Freud also proposed psychosexual stages of development from infancy through young adulthood and the concepts of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
- Sullivan's interpersonal theory emphasizes that personality develops through relationships and interactions with others. It focuses on reducing anxiety and achieving interpersonal security.
1) Emotions consist of physiological responses, feelings, and behaviors that work together. They help mobilize energy for dealing with important situations.
2) The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and other emotions. It detects emotionally arousing stimuli and coordinates behavioral and physiological responses.
3) Serotonin and prefrontal cortex activity help regulate aggression levels. Low serotonin is associated with more aggression.
This document defines emotions and feelings, discusses their components and differences, and how they develop across the lifespan. It also outlines factors that affect emotions and their impact on health. Emotions are physical responses to stimuli while feelings are mental reactions to emotions. Both involve physiological, behavioral, cognitive and subjective changes. Culture, age, gender and environment all shape emotional experiences. Positive emotions benefit health while negative emotions can cause illness or worsen existing conditions.
The document discusses several theories of emotion, including James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter's Two-Factor theory, and LeDoux's dual-pathway model of fear. It also discusses theories of sexual motivation, including Masters and Johnson's research on the human sexual response cycle and factors that influence sexual orientation and desire. Finally, it covers achievement motivation theories and their implications for management, including McClelland's work measuring achievement motivation and its relationship to fear of failure.
This document provides an overview of a session on domestic violence that includes understanding gender roles and emotions. It discusses how gender roles and stereotypes are learned from a young age and influence behaviors. Emotions help guide actions in important situations and each emotion provides a readiness to act. Emotional intelligence involves self-awareness of emotions and managing them appropriately. Children learn emotional skills from their family environment and parenting styles can influence a child's long-term emotional well-being. Unresolved trauma can lead to emotional addictions as the brain's limbic system dominates and unhealthy behaviors are used to cope with emotions.
This document defines emotions and their components. Emotions have four components - feeling, cognitive, physiological arousal, and behavioral. There are primary emotions like happiness and sadness, and secondary emotions like love and guilt. Emotions are also categorized as positive or negative. Factors like personality, culture, age and environment can affect emotions. Theories on emotions include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal must be cognitively interpreted to experience an emotion.
The field of personality psychology studies the nature and definition of personality as well as its development, structure and trait constructs, dynamic processes, variations (with emphasis on enduring and stable individual differences), and maladaptive forms.
There are several theories on the nature of emotions. The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience. The Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotional experience and physiological arousal occur simultaneously. The two-factor theory suggests that both biological and cognitive factors interact to influence the intensity of emotional experience. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust.
This document discusses emotion, defining it as an affective experience that accompanies inner adjustment and physiological arousal, showing itself in overt behavior. It has three main components: subjective feelings, emotional expression/behavior, and physiological changes mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Major theories of emotion include James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer. Emotional adjustment involves maintaining equilibrium despite stressors through acceptance and adaptation. Intense, prolonged emotions can disturb the individual and potentially cause or exacerbate illnesses like peptic ulcers, heart disease, and asthma.
Emotions. EI. Management of Emotions.pptxMagicWaves
This document discusses soft skills in medicine, specifically emotional intelligence. It defines emotions, outlines the physiological, behavioral and psychological components of emotions, and explains how emotions are governed by the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. It then defines emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive, understand, manage and handle emotions. Various methods are presented for identifying one's own and other's emotions, as well as managing emotions through physical relaxation techniques like breathing exercises, mental techniques like reframing thoughts, and managing other people's emotions through active listening and nonverbal communication. Over half of communication is nonverbal, followed by paraverbal and verbal components.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 sociology of emotionsJohn Bradford
This document discusses sociological perspectives on emotions. It covers topics such as facial expressions communicating emotions, cultural differences in nonverbal communication like eye contact and gestures, attribution theory, theories of primary and secondary emotions, and how emotions relate to basic problems of life. The document analyzes emotions like love, anger, fear, anticipation, and surprise in depth.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. Summary
• A human being is inherently
– biological.
– conditioned by the environment.
– gathering data about the world through the
senses and organizing that data
3. What and Why of Emotions
• A subjective sensation experienced as a
type of psycho-physiological arousal
• Result from the interaction of
– perception of environmental stimuli
– neural & hormonal responses to perceptions
(feelings)
– a cognitive appraisal of the situation
arousing the state
– an outward expression of the state
4. What is the Value of Emotion?
Emotions
– determine personal viability
– prepare us for action
– shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing)
– regulate social interaction
– facilitate communication nonverbally
– facilitate adult-child relations and thus development
– make life worth living by adding value to experience
– allow us to respond flexibly to our environment
(approaching good, avoiding bad)
5. What is the Value of Emotion?
Emotions
– largely a conscious phenomena
– involve more bodily manifestations than other
conscious states
– vary along a number of dimensions: intensity, type,
origin, arousal, value, self-regulation, etc.
– are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”
– have a central place in moral education and moral
life through conscience, empathy, and many
specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and
remorse; inextrictably linked to moral virtues
See de Sousa, R. (2003). Emotion. The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/
6. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– James-Lange theory of emotion
• The theory that emotional feelings result when
an individual becomes aware of a physiological
response to an emotion-provoking stimulus
8. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– James-Lange theory of emotion
• The theory that emotional feelings result when
an individual becomes aware of a physiological
response to an emotion-provoking stimulus
• Requires separate and distinct physiological
activity for each emotion
9. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
• The theory that an emotion-provoking
stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the
cortex, providing the feeling of emotion, and
to the sympathetic nervous system, causing
the physiological arousal
11. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
• The theory that an emotion-provoking
stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the
cortex, providing the feeling of emotion, and
to the sympathetic nervous system, causing
the physiological arousal
• Cognitive labeling and action would follow
consciousness of feeling and physiological
arousal
12. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
• A two-stage theory stating that for an emotion to
occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal
and (2) an explanation for the arousal
14. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
• A two-stage theory stating that for an emotion to
occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal
and (2) an explanation for the arousal
• Accounts for subjective interpretation
• Does not account for specific physiological states
associated with some emotions
15. Theories of Emotions
• Theories of emotion
– Lazarus theory of emotion
• The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus
triggers a cognitive appraisal, which is followed
by the emotion and the physiological arousal
• Three aspects of appraisal
– Primary (relevance)
– Secondary (options)
– Reappraisal (anything changed)
16. Three Ways to Measure Emotion
• Body/Physical
– blood pressure
– heart rate
– adrenaline levels
– muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.
– neural images
– posture
– tears,
– perspiration
– lie detector readings
17. Three Ways to Measure Emotion
• Thoughts (observed indirectly through)
– spoken and written words on rating scales
– answers to open-ended questions on surveys and
during interviews
– responses to projective instruments, sentence
stems, etc.
– self-assessments or perceptions regarding the
behavior and intentions of others
– other cognitive operations such as rational/logical
thinking
19. Emotion and the Brain
• Emotion associated with
the limbic system
• The brain structure most
closely associated with
fear is the amygdala
• When the emotion of fear
first materializes, much of
the brain’s processing is
nonconscious
20. • Researchers using electro-
encephalographs to track mood changes
have found that reductions in both
anxiety and depression are associated
with a shift in electrical activity from the
left to the right side of the brain
Emotion and the Brain
21. Basic Emotions
• Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard
– Insist that there are a limited number of basic emotions
• Basic emotions
– Emotions that are found in all cultures, that are reflected in the
same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in
children according to their biological timetable
• Ekman
– Suggested considering emotions as families
– The anger family might range from annoyed to irritated, angry,
livid, and, finally, enraged
– If perceived as a family, anger should also include various
forms of its expression
24. Expression of Emotion
• Range of emotion
– Ekman and Friesen
• Claim there are subtle distinctions in the facial expression
of a single emotion that convey its intensity
• Development of facial expressions
– Like the motor skills of crawling and walking, facial
expressions of emotions develop according to a
biological timetable of maturation
– Consistency of emotional development across
individual infants and across cultures supports the
idea that emotional expression is inborn
25. Expression of Emotion
• Universality of facial expressions
– Charles Darwin
• First to study the relationship between emotions and facial
expressions
• Believed that the facial expression of emotion was an aid
to survival because it enabled people to communicate their
internal states and react to emergencies before they
developed language
• Maintained that most emotions, and the facial expressions
that convey them, are genetically inherited and
characteristic of the entire human species
• Concluded that facial expressions were similar across
cultures
26. Expression of Emotion
• Universality of facial expressions
– Scherer and Wallbott
• Found very extensive overlap in the patterns of emotional
experiences reported across cultures in 37 different
counties on 5 continents
• Also found important cultural differences in the ways
emotions are elicited and regulated and in how they are
shared socially
27. Expression of Emotion
• Cultural rules for displaying emotion
– Display rule
• Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should be
expressed and when and where their expression is
appropriate
– Often, a society’s display rules require people to
give evidence of certain emotions that they may not
actually feel or to disguise their true feelings
– Cole
• Found that 3-year-old girls, when given an unattractive gift,
smiled nevertheless
• They had already learned a display rule and signaled an
emotion they very likely did not feel
28. Expression of Emotion
• Cultural rules for displaying emotion
– Davis
• Found that among first to third graders, girls were better
able to hide disappointment than boys were
– Not only can emotions be displayed but not felt, they
can also be felt but not displayed
– Most of us learn display rules very early and abide
by them most of the time
29. Experiencing Emotion
• Facial-feedback hypothesis
– Sylvan Tomkins
• Claimed that the facial expression itself – that is, the
movement of the facial muscles producing the expression
– triggers both the physiological arousal and the conscious
feeling associated with the emotion
– Facial-feedback hypothesis
• The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain
facial expressions trigger the corresponding emotions
30. Experiencing Emotion
• Facial-feedback hypothesis
– Ekman and colleagues
• Documented the effects of facial expressions on
physiological indicators of emotion using 16 participants
• Reported that a distinctive physiological response pattern
emerged for the emotions of fear, sadness, anger, and
disgust, whether the participants relived one of their
emotional experiences or simply made the corresponding
facial expression
• Researcher found that both anger and fear accelerate
heart rate, but fear produces colder fingers than does
anger
31. Experiencing Emotion
• Facial-feedback hypothesis
– Izard
• Believes that learning to self-regulate emotional expression
can help in controlling emotions
• Proposes that this approach to the regulation of emotion
might be a useful adjunct to psychotherapy
• Gender differences in experiencing emotion
– David Buss
• Has reported that women are far more likely to feel anger
when their partner is sexually aggressive
• Men experience greater anger than women when their
partner withholds sex
32. Experiencing Emotion
• Gender differences in experiencing emotion
– Research by evolutionary psychologists also
suggests clear and consistent differences between
the sexes concerning feelings of jealousy
• Men, more than women, experience jealousy over
evidence or suspicions of sexual infidelity
• A women is more likely than a man to be jealous of her
partner’s emotional attachment and commitment to another
and over the attention, time, and resources diverted from
the relationship
33. Experiencing Emotion
• Emotion and cognition
– Emotion allows us to detect risk more quickly than
we could with rational thought alone
– It is possible that the anger-optimism link arises
from confidence, whether justified or not, in concrete
measures directed towards people who are
perceived as potentially threatening
34. Fostering Emotional Functioning
• Emotional understanding
– discern one’s own emotional states
– discern other’s emotional states
– properly use emotional vocabulary.
35. Fostering Emotional Functioning
• Emotional expression
– use of gestures to display emotional
messages nonverbally
– demonstrate empathy by connecting one’s
emotions to those of others
– display both self-conscious as well as
complex social emotions
– Distinguishing between experiencing an
emotion and action
36. Fostering Emotional Functioning
• Emotional regulation and management
– coping with both pleasurable and
aversive/distressing emotions
– regulation of those situations that elicit
emotions
– ability to use an experience to strategically
organize the experience in terms of setting
goals and learning to motivate oneself and
others
37. Triangular Theory of Love
• Robert Sternberg’s theory that three
components – intimacy, passion, and
decision/commitment – singly and in various
combinations produce seven different kinds of
love:
1. Liking (I)
2. Infatuated love (P)
3. Empty love (C)
4. Romantic love (I, P)
5. Fatuous love (C, P)
6. Companionate love (C, I)
7. Consummate love (I, C, P)