Information on types of emotions and its importance in team and organization.

1. Why Emotions
Are Necessary

2. Emotions
Responses of the whole organism,
involving...
 physiological arousal (autonomic/hormonal)
 expressive behaviors (behavioral)
 conscious experience (cognitive)

3. Evolutionary Advantage to
Emotion
 For example:
 Fight or flight response
 but can basic emotions
help or overwhelm
rational thinking?

4. A Biological Purpose for Emotion?
 Signaling function (that we might take action)
 Provide strong impulse to take action
 Promote unique, stereotypical patterns of
physiological change and behavior

5. Emotions
 Negative
 Fear
 Anger
 Grief
 Hate
 Positive
 Love
 Empathy
 Caring
 Joy
useful as motivation for
moving away from what
one doesn't want
useful as motivation for
moving towards what
one does want

6. Psychological Reasons for
Experiencing Emotion
 Catharsis
 energy release
 catharsis hypothesis
 “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or
fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
 Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
 people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a
good mood

7. Psychological Reasons for
Experiencing Emotion
 Subjective State of Well-Being
 self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
life
 used along with measures of objective well-
being
 physical and economic indicators to
evaluate people’s quality of life

8. Basic Emotions--presumed to be hard wired and
physiologically distinctive
 Joy
 Surprise
 Sadness
 Anger
 Disgust
 Fear
Are Emotions Universal?

9. Expressing Emotion
 Culturally universal expressions

10. Expressing Emotion
Smiles can show
different
emotions:
a) Mask anger
b) Overly polite
c) Soften criticism
d) Reluctant
compliance
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

11. Expressing Emotion
 Gender and expressiveness
Men Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Number
of
expressions

12. Experiencing Emotion
 Does money buy happiness?
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

13. Theories of Emotion
Appraisal
Event
Emotional
response
Physiological
activation
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience

14. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

15. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
 Emotion-arousing
stimuli
simultaneously
trigger:
 physiological
responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

16. Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory of
Emotion
 To experience
emotion one
must:
 be physically
aroused
 cognitively
label the
arousal
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)

17. Physical Arousal
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stress
hormones
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils contract
Increases
Dries
Decreases
Slows
Activates
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENAL
GLANDS

18. Arousal and Performance
 Performance
peaks at lower
levels of arousal
for difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for easy or
well-learned tasks
Performance
level
Low Arousal High
Difficult tasks Easy tasks

19. Cognition Drives Emotion
Cognition
Emotion

20. Cognition-Emotion Relationship
Cognition: “I’ve
been treated less
than my worth”
Emotion:
Anger

21. Behavior Drives Emotion
Behavior
Emotion

22. Behavior Drives Emotions
 Facial Feedback
Hypothesis
 Activation of “sad
face” muscles
makes subject feel
sadder (from
Larsen, et al., 1992)