This document discusses emotions, stress, and health. It covers theories of emotion, embodied emotion, expressed emotion through facial expressions and body language, experienced emotions like anger and happiness, and the relationship between stress and health issues. Stress can be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on whether it is short-term or chronic. Chronic stress is associated with increased risk of health problems like heart disease, susceptibility to illness, and cancer progression. The document also discusses ways to cope with stress through problem-focused coping, social support, exercise, relaxation, and meditation.
This document discusses various theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. It also covers topics like physiological responses to specific emotions, the role of cognition in emotion, nonverbal communication of emotion, and cultural differences in emotional expression. Key emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are examined in terms of their causes, expressions, and adaptive functions. Factors influencing subjective well-being and happiness are also explored.
ASAS PSIKOLOGI emotions, health and stressAmin Upsi
This chapter discusses emotions, health, and stress. It describes how emotions are difficult to define and measure, but are crucial to our decisions and experiences. It examines theories about the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experiences, such as the James-Lange theory which posits that physiological responses determine our felt emotions. The chapter also explores facial expressions of emotion and debates around defining basic emotions.
The document summarizes key concepts about emotions, stress, and health from Chapter 12 of the 9th Edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory and two-factor theory. Specific emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are explored in terms of their physiological responses and expression. The document also examines the relationship between stress and health conditions, as well as ways of coping with and managing stress.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of Myers' Psychology textbook regarding emotion. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter's two-factor theory. It also covers topics like expressed emotion, experienced emotion, moods, subjective well-being, and factors related to happiness. The document provides an overview of the physiological, cognitive, and social aspects of emotion.
Emotions involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. There are various theories about the relationship between these factors, such as whether physiological changes precede or follow emotional experiences. Cognition, or thinking, also influences emotions in complex ways. For example, appraisal of situations helps define emotions, but emotions can also occur unconsciously through physiological arousal before conscious thought. Nonverbal communication of emotions through facial expressions and body language may be universal to some degree. Factors like wealth, social relationships, values, and life experiences all impact levels of happiness and well-being.
lecture 26 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, basic emotions, Walter Canon
This document provides an introduction to psychology and the topic of emotion. It defines emotion as an evaluative response involving cognition, physiology, and behavior. It discusses the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, which posits that emotion involves physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The document also addresses facial expressions and emotion, culture and emotion expression, gender differences in emotional expression, basic emotions, and additional emotions beyond the basic emotions.
1. The document discusses three central aspects of emotion: biological, cognitive, and social-cultural.
2. Biologically, emotions are influenced by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, neural circuits, facial feedback, and rate of neural firing. Cognitively, emotions involve appraisals, knowledge, attributions, and socialization history.
3. Socially and culturally, emotions are shaped by how other people and cultures instruct us about the causes of emotions, how emotions should be expressed, and when emotions should be controlled.
This document discusses various theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. It also covers topics like physiological responses to specific emotions, the role of cognition in emotion, nonverbal communication of emotion, and cultural differences in emotional expression. Key emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are examined in terms of their causes, expressions, and adaptive functions. Factors influencing subjective well-being and happiness are also explored.
ASAS PSIKOLOGI emotions, health and stressAmin Upsi
This chapter discusses emotions, health, and stress. It describes how emotions are difficult to define and measure, but are crucial to our decisions and experiences. It examines theories about the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experiences, such as the James-Lange theory which posits that physiological responses determine our felt emotions. The chapter also explores facial expressions of emotion and debates around defining basic emotions.
The document summarizes key concepts about emotions, stress, and health from Chapter 12 of the 9th Edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory and two-factor theory. Specific emotions like fear, anger, and happiness are explored in terms of their physiological responses and expression. The document also examines the relationship between stress and health conditions, as well as ways of coping with and managing stress.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of Myers' Psychology textbook regarding emotion. It discusses theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter's two-factor theory. It also covers topics like expressed emotion, experienced emotion, moods, subjective well-being, and factors related to happiness. The document provides an overview of the physiological, cognitive, and social aspects of emotion.
Emotions involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. There are various theories about the relationship between these factors, such as whether physiological changes precede or follow emotional experiences. Cognition, or thinking, also influences emotions in complex ways. For example, appraisal of situations helps define emotions, but emotions can also occur unconsciously through physiological arousal before conscious thought. Nonverbal communication of emotions through facial expressions and body language may be universal to some degree. Factors like wealth, social relationships, values, and life experiences all impact levels of happiness and well-being.
lecture 26 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, basic emotions, Walter Canon
This document provides an introduction to psychology and the topic of emotion. It defines emotion as an evaluative response involving cognition, physiology, and behavior. It discusses the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, which posits that emotion involves physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The document also addresses facial expressions and emotion, culture and emotion expression, gender differences in emotional expression, basic emotions, and additional emotions beyond the basic emotions.
1. The document discusses three central aspects of emotion: biological, cognitive, and social-cultural.
2. Biologically, emotions are influenced by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, neural circuits, facial feedback, and rate of neural firing. Cognitively, emotions involve appraisals, knowledge, attributions, and socialization history.
3. Socially and culturally, emotions are shaped by how other people and cultures instruct us about the causes of emotions, how emotions should be expressed, and when emotions should be controlled.
1. The document discusses several theories of emotion that propose different relationships between bodily arousal, thoughts/awareness, and emotional experience.
2. It also explores factors that influence emotions like gender, social relationships, exercise, and stress. Chronic stress can increase disease risk by suppressing the immune system through stress hormone release.
3. Maintaining social support networks and regular exercise are presented as ways to help counter the negative effects of stress and promote health and well-being.
The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1) The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience, opposing the commonsense view that consciousness comes first.
2) The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests emotion-triggering stimuli and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.
3) The Two-Factor Theory argues that physiology and cognition together create emotions.
It also explores topics like how emotions are expressed physically, the role of cognition in emotion, cultural differences in emotional expression, and scales used to measure concepts like fear, anger, and happiness.
The document discusses motivation and work. It provides an overview of four perspectives on motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of motives. It then discusses specific topics related to motivation including hunger, sexual motivation, and motivation in the workplace.
Emotions involve psychological arousal, expression of feelings, and behavior influenced by conscious experiences. They motivate individuals and involve changes in heart rate, breathing, gland activity and more. Emotions have cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components and are expressed through facial expressions and vocal tones. The autonomic nervous system regulates emotional experiences through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control internal organs and arousal levels. Key areas of the brain involved in emotions include the cerebral cortex, sub-cortical structures, and autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses emotions and positive emotions from a scientific perspective. It begins by defining emotions and exploring their biological basis in the brain and body. Specific brain regions involved in emotional processing are described, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatum. The biology of emotions and how hormones like oxytocin and neurotransmitters impact positive emotions are covered. Positive emotions are shown to have evolutionary advantages and impact health by strengthening the immune system and aiding coping. Further research opportunities are noted in exploring the brain mechanisms linking positive psychological states to behavior using techniques like MRI.
This document discusses theories and research related to human emotions. It covers topics such as what emotions are, how they are experienced and expressed, how they are measured and influenced by culture and gender, and their relationship to cognition and the brain. Theories of emotion discussed include the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories. The document also discusses basic emotions, facial feedback research, and ways to foster healthy emotional functioning.
This document defines feelings and emotions and differentiates between them. It states that feelings serve to express one's identity and reveal how they have been taught to respond to life events, while emotions are purely physical reactions to events. The document also discusses research finding that there are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised, and angry/disgusted. It provides examples of physiological responses associated with strong emotions and reflects on how feelings ensure long-term survival while emotions ensure immediate survival.
This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
This document discusses how stress affects our emotional balance and provides tips to manage stress. It defines stress as anything interfering with our smooth relationship with life. When faced with uncomfortable situations we doubt we can handle, we create stress. Our reaction, not the situation, creates the stress. Emotions are also explained as energy in motion that drive feelings like love, hate, and sorrow. The document lists common stressors like family, jobs, relationships and life changes. It describes physical signs of stress like tight muscles and discusses how stress impacts our thinking and spirituality. Simple ways to reduce stress mentioned are breathing, pampering oneself, spending time in nature, and listening to our heart over mental chatter. The key is becoming aware of our stress
Emotions, Components of emotions, Islamic perspective of Emotions.Shujaat Ali
This presentation contains the basic concept of emotions and how we experience emotions and what their theories prove emotions to be. Along with the above-mentioned topics it comprises the Islamic essence of emotions and their application.
Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that involve physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. They evolved to help humans and animals respond to important events. There are several theories about the relationship between the cognitive, physiological, and experiential aspects of emotions. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions. The brain regions involved in emotional processing and regulation include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Emotions are influenced by factors such as genetics, cognition, memory, external stimuli, health, circadian rhythms, and meditation practices. People can control their emotions through techniques like controlled breathing, reframing thoughts,
Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that occur as people live their lives and involve feelings, expressions visible to others, and physiological arousal. Emotions are divided into primary emotions like love, joy, anger, sadness, surprise and fear, and secondary emotions like passion, optimism, irritation, disgust, and shame. Emotions are influenced by factors like personality, culture, weather, stress, age, gender, and environment. The document discusses categories of emotions and provides examples of both positive emotions like hope and confidence, and negative emotions like exhaustion and panic.
Detailed description about the types, nature, impact of negative and positive emotions on human being which relates to their buying behavior is explained well in this presentation.
Hope you all will get benefited by my work.
An emotion involves a subjective experience, physiological response, and expressive response. Emotions elicit physiological changes like increased heart rate and sweating through the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral responses to emotions include facial expressions and body language, which are important for emotional intelligence and communication. Theories of emotion examine the relationship between physiological, cognitive, and emotional components and whether emotions cause thoughts or physiological responses, or vice versa. Emotions provoke changes in the body like increased respiration and blood flow that prepare the body for action.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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This document discusses the importance of emotional regulation and provides strategies for improving it. It begins by defining emotional regulation as the ability to control one's emotions. It then explains that emotional regulation is very important for success and mental well-being. The document provides eight facts about emotions and feelings and describes exercises people can practice to better regulate their emotions and cope with negative feelings. It emphasizes developing self-soothing skills, maintaining emotional awareness, and finding support.
This document provides an overview of the psychology of emotions. It is divided into three sections: general background on emotions, functions and processes of emotions, and specific emotions and emotion management. Some key topics covered include Darwin's taxonomy of emotions linking expressions to underlying physiology, James-Lange theory proposing that emotions arise from bodily responses, Freud's case study linking a patient's vomiting fits to repressed memories, and the historical neglect and rediscovery of emotions as a field of study in psychology.
Emotion involves both physiological and cognitive processes. Physiological changes in the face, brain and body accompany emotions. The brain, particularly structures like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, play a key role in emotional experiences. Cultural influences also shape how emotions are experienced and expressed. Theories like the James-Lange theory and cognitive labeling theory view emotions as arising from the interpretation of physiological arousal. Effectively managing emotions and the stress they can cause is important for health and well-being.
In this scientific talk I shall address a marginal topic in Luhmann’s work: that of emotions. Several authors have criticised not only the secondary role emotions play in Luhmann’s theory, but also his out of date (and flawed) description of emotions, since they are undifferentiated visceral activations of the organic system and processed latter by the psychic system (and latter by the social system), or they are collapsed in the symbiotic mechanisms that coordinate the relation between human bodies and social systems. My aim here is to review some elements established in the scientific literature of emotions, so we can go beyond the vague and narrow description of emotions present in Luhmann’s account, although I shall be faithful to his broader theoretical commitments. My proposal is that emotions can be understood as an instance of structural coupling among organic, psychic and social systems. Specifically, I maintain that emotions represent a threshold domain in which the normative expectations of social systems are bundled together with states of consciousness, in the form of beliefs that affirm individuals are entitled to have the right emotion in some interaction system, and the consequent bodily processes. To advance my proposal, I will focus on some of emotions and their relation to moral and legal norms. I will also tackle one of the most important body substrata of emotions: the human face.
This PowerPoint contains the 3 Theories of Emotion explained in a simplified way. The 3 theories were given by:
1. James-Lange;
2. Cannon-Bard; and
3. Schacter-Singer's Two Factor Theory
This document discusses individual differences and variability. It defines individual differences as variations among individuals in regards to characteristics. There are many types of individual differences, including physical, mental, motor/psychomotor, achievement, emotional, interests, attitudes, aptitudes, values, self-concept, learning styles, and study habits. Individual differences are influenced by heredity and environment. Most individuals fall within the average range, with about 15-16% being above or below average based on a bell curve distribution of traits. A teacher should be sensitive to these differences among students.
Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge through experience which causes relatively permanent changes in behavior. It is a continuous process affected by factors related to the learner, teaching methods, and environment. There are different types of learning including verbal, motor, conceptual, and problem-solving. Learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs, such as through trial-and-error, observation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning.
1. The document discusses several theories of emotion that propose different relationships between bodily arousal, thoughts/awareness, and emotional experience.
2. It also explores factors that influence emotions like gender, social relationships, exercise, and stress. Chronic stress can increase disease risk by suppressing the immune system through stress hormone release.
3. Maintaining social support networks and regular exercise are presented as ways to help counter the negative effects of stress and promote health and well-being.
The document discusses several theories of emotion:
1) The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience, opposing the commonsense view that consciousness comes first.
2) The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests emotion-triggering stimuli and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.
3) The Two-Factor Theory argues that physiology and cognition together create emotions.
It also explores topics like how emotions are expressed physically, the role of cognition in emotion, cultural differences in emotional expression, and scales used to measure concepts like fear, anger, and happiness.
The document discusses motivation and work. It provides an overview of four perspectives on motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of motives. It then discusses specific topics related to motivation including hunger, sexual motivation, and motivation in the workplace.
Emotions involve psychological arousal, expression of feelings, and behavior influenced by conscious experiences. They motivate individuals and involve changes in heart rate, breathing, gland activity and more. Emotions have cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components and are expressed through facial expressions and vocal tones. The autonomic nervous system regulates emotional experiences through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control internal organs and arousal levels. Key areas of the brain involved in emotions include the cerebral cortex, sub-cortical structures, and autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses emotions and positive emotions from a scientific perspective. It begins by defining emotions and exploring their biological basis in the brain and body. Specific brain regions involved in emotional processing are described, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatum. The biology of emotions and how hormones like oxytocin and neurotransmitters impact positive emotions are covered. Positive emotions are shown to have evolutionary advantages and impact health by strengthening the immune system and aiding coping. Further research opportunities are noted in exploring the brain mechanisms linking positive psychological states to behavior using techniques like MRI.
This document discusses theories and research related to human emotions. It covers topics such as what emotions are, how they are experienced and expressed, how they are measured and influenced by culture and gender, and their relationship to cognition and the brain. Theories of emotion discussed include the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories. The document also discusses basic emotions, facial feedback research, and ways to foster healthy emotional functioning.
This document defines feelings and emotions and differentiates between them. It states that feelings serve to express one's identity and reveal how they have been taught to respond to life events, while emotions are purely physical reactions to events. The document also discusses research finding that there are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised, and angry/disgusted. It provides examples of physiological responses associated with strong emotions and reflects on how feelings ensure long-term survival while emotions ensure immediate survival.
This document defines emotions and discusses several theories of emotion. It begins by defining emotions as subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes. It then lists seven basic emotions and their functions. The document discusses the physiological components and types of emotional reactions. It explains several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory that emotions result from physiological arousal, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the cognitive-mediational theory that appraisal mediates between stimuli and emotional response.
This document discusses how stress affects our emotional balance and provides tips to manage stress. It defines stress as anything interfering with our smooth relationship with life. When faced with uncomfortable situations we doubt we can handle, we create stress. Our reaction, not the situation, creates the stress. Emotions are also explained as energy in motion that drive feelings like love, hate, and sorrow. The document lists common stressors like family, jobs, relationships and life changes. It describes physical signs of stress like tight muscles and discusses how stress impacts our thinking and spirituality. Simple ways to reduce stress mentioned are breathing, pampering oneself, spending time in nature, and listening to our heart over mental chatter. The key is becoming aware of our stress
Emotions, Components of emotions, Islamic perspective of Emotions.Shujaat Ali
This presentation contains the basic concept of emotions and how we experience emotions and what their theories prove emotions to be. Along with the above-mentioned topics it comprises the Islamic essence of emotions and their application.
Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that involve physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. They evolved to help humans and animals respond to important events. There are several theories about the relationship between the cognitive, physiological, and experiential aspects of emotions. Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions. The brain regions involved in emotional processing and regulation include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Emotions are influenced by factors such as genetics, cognition, memory, external stimuli, health, circadian rhythms, and meditation practices. People can control their emotions through techniques like controlled breathing, reframing thoughts,
Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that occur as people live their lives and involve feelings, expressions visible to others, and physiological arousal. Emotions are divided into primary emotions like love, joy, anger, sadness, surprise and fear, and secondary emotions like passion, optimism, irritation, disgust, and shame. Emotions are influenced by factors like personality, culture, weather, stress, age, gender, and environment. The document discusses categories of emotions and provides examples of both positive emotions like hope and confidence, and negative emotions like exhaustion and panic.
Detailed description about the types, nature, impact of negative and positive emotions on human being which relates to their buying behavior is explained well in this presentation.
Hope you all will get benefited by my work.
An emotion involves a subjective experience, physiological response, and expressive response. Emotions elicit physiological changes like increased heart rate and sweating through the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral responses to emotions include facial expressions and body language, which are important for emotional intelligence and communication. Theories of emotion examine the relationship between physiological, cognitive, and emotional components and whether emotions cause thoughts or physiological responses, or vice versa. Emotions provoke changes in the body like increased respiration and blood flow that prepare the body for action.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
This document discusses the importance of emotional regulation and provides strategies for improving it. It begins by defining emotional regulation as the ability to control one's emotions. It then explains that emotional regulation is very important for success and mental well-being. The document provides eight facts about emotions and feelings and describes exercises people can practice to better regulate their emotions and cope with negative feelings. It emphasizes developing self-soothing skills, maintaining emotional awareness, and finding support.
This document provides an overview of the psychology of emotions. It is divided into three sections: general background on emotions, functions and processes of emotions, and specific emotions and emotion management. Some key topics covered include Darwin's taxonomy of emotions linking expressions to underlying physiology, James-Lange theory proposing that emotions arise from bodily responses, Freud's case study linking a patient's vomiting fits to repressed memories, and the historical neglect and rediscovery of emotions as a field of study in psychology.
Emotion involves both physiological and cognitive processes. Physiological changes in the face, brain and body accompany emotions. The brain, particularly structures like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, play a key role in emotional experiences. Cultural influences also shape how emotions are experienced and expressed. Theories like the James-Lange theory and cognitive labeling theory view emotions as arising from the interpretation of physiological arousal. Effectively managing emotions and the stress they can cause is important for health and well-being.
In this scientific talk I shall address a marginal topic in Luhmann’s work: that of emotions. Several authors have criticised not only the secondary role emotions play in Luhmann’s theory, but also his out of date (and flawed) description of emotions, since they are undifferentiated visceral activations of the organic system and processed latter by the psychic system (and latter by the social system), or they are collapsed in the symbiotic mechanisms that coordinate the relation between human bodies and social systems. My aim here is to review some elements established in the scientific literature of emotions, so we can go beyond the vague and narrow description of emotions present in Luhmann’s account, although I shall be faithful to his broader theoretical commitments. My proposal is that emotions can be understood as an instance of structural coupling among organic, psychic and social systems. Specifically, I maintain that emotions represent a threshold domain in which the normative expectations of social systems are bundled together with states of consciousness, in the form of beliefs that affirm individuals are entitled to have the right emotion in some interaction system, and the consequent bodily processes. To advance my proposal, I will focus on some of emotions and their relation to moral and legal norms. I will also tackle one of the most important body substrata of emotions: the human face.
This PowerPoint contains the 3 Theories of Emotion explained in a simplified way. The 3 theories were given by:
1. James-Lange;
2. Cannon-Bard; and
3. Schacter-Singer's Two Factor Theory
This document discusses individual differences and variability. It defines individual differences as variations among individuals in regards to characteristics. There are many types of individual differences, including physical, mental, motor/psychomotor, achievement, emotional, interests, attitudes, aptitudes, values, self-concept, learning styles, and study habits. Individual differences are influenced by heredity and environment. Most individuals fall within the average range, with about 15-16% being above or below average based on a bell curve distribution of traits. A teacher should be sensitive to these differences among students.
Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge through experience which causes relatively permanent changes in behavior. It is a continuous process affected by factors related to the learner, teaching methods, and environment. There are different types of learning including verbal, motor, conceptual, and problem-solving. Learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs, such as through trial-and-error, observation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning.
This document discusses theories of intelligence and how it is assessed. It describes the idea of general intelligence (g) proposed by Spearman and alternative theories by Gardner and Sternberg that propose multiple types of intelligence. Emotional intelligence and creativity are also discussed. Intelligence tests developed by Binet, Terman, and Wechsler are described. The document examines genetic and environmental influences on intelligence as well as group differences in test scores and possible reasons for those differences. Gender similarities and differences in various abilities are also summarized.
The document provides information on the structure of the human cell. It defines cells as the fundamental living units that make up organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells, which make up human cells, have a nucleus enclosed within a membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. The key components of the human cell are described as the cell membrane, cytoplasm and organelles. The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and leaves it. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum play important roles within the cell.
This document defines aptitude and discusses different types of aptitudes. It states that aptitude refers to innate qualities that indicate how well a person can learn new skills for a given task. The document outlines several types of aptitudes, including sensory, mechanical, artistic, professional, and scholastic aptitudes. It also discusses how aptitudes are measured using various tests and how aptitude tests can be used for educational and vocational guidance.
The document summarizes information about aptitude tests, including their meaning, history, differences from intelligence tests, types, importance, usage, future scope, test blueprints, data analysis, and conclusions. Aptitude tests attempt to measure a person's ability to acquire specific skills through future training and assume people differ in their special abilities. They were first developed during World War I and began being used widely for college admissions starting in the 1920s.
This document discusses conflict management and resolution. It defines conflict as a disagreement, struggle or fight between incompatible views. While a lack of conflict can indicate over conformity, conflict also has both positive and negative consequences. The main sources of conflict are listed as aggressive behavior, competition for resources, frustration, clashes between values and interests, cultural influences, and misinformation. The document outlines strategies for managing conflict successfully, including active listening, empathy, and aiming for a win-win resolution where all parties achieve their desired outcome through collaboration and problem solving.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of David Myers' 8th Edition Psychology textbook on the topic of emotion. It discusses several theories of emotion including embodied emotion, the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. It also covers expressed emotion, culture and emotion, physiological responses to specific emotions like fear, anger and happiness, and factors that influence subjective well-being and happiness like wealth, values, and social comparisons.
This document provides an overview of emotions, including:
1) It discusses the history of how emotions have been viewed from Aristotle saying they should be overcome to Rousseau saying they make us human.
2) It defines emotions as intense feelings directed at something that involve physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components.
3) Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions.
4) Theories of emotion are discussed, such as the James-Lange theory that physiological changes precede emotions and the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously.
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts related to motivation and emotion. It begins by defining motivation and discussing different theories of motivation, including biological, psychological, and cognitive approaches. It then focuses on specific motivations like hunger, regulating weight, and taste preferences. It also examines theories of sexual motivation and levels of analysis. For emotions, it explains theories like the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, two-factor, and views proposing emotions without cognition. It discusses cultural differences in emotional expression and the role of the autonomic nervous system in embodied emotion.
This document discusses emotions, motivations, drive states, and motivation theories. It defines affect, emotions, and motivations, and describes the experience and communication of emotions. It discusses primary and secondary emotions, as well as theories of emotion. Drive states like hunger and sexual arousal are explored. Motivation is defined and different types of motivation including intrinsic, extrinsic, positive, and negative motivation are discussed. Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is also summarized.
This document discusses emotions, stress, and health. It begins by explaining the components of emotions including bodily arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. It then discusses various theories about the relationship between cognition and emotion. The document also covers detecting and communicating emotions as well as cultural and gender differences. Specific emotions like anger and happiness are examined. The second half discusses stress and its relationship to health. It defines stress and explores how people can cope with and reduce stress to promote health.
This document provides an overview and discussion of emotions and stress from a Psychology 101 course. It discusses various theories of emotion, including how emotions involve bodily arousal, behavior, and cognition. It examines the relationship between thoughts and emotions, and debates whether emotions or thoughts come first. The document also explores the communication and experience of different emotions like anger, guilt and happiness. Additionally, it covers topics like gender differences in emotional expression and detection, the link between facial expressions and felt emotions, and theories of stress and its relationship to health. Finally, the document looks more closely at specific emotions like anger and happiness, and examines factors that influence happiness such as wealth, adaptation, and social comparison.
This document discusses emotions and methods of managing them. It defines emotions and identifies their physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components. It describes primary emotions like love, joy, anger, sadness, surprise and fear, as well as secondary emotions. Factors that influence emotions and their importance are outlined. Methods for eradicating undesirable emotions include disuse, ridicule, social imitation, and reconditioning. Indirect adjustments to frustration include sublimation, displacement, and intellectualization.
Emotions are subjective reactions associated with physiological and behavioral changes that help prepare us for action, shape future behavior, and aid interaction. There are basic emotions like fear, anger, joy, disgust, acceptance, sadness, surprise, and anticipation. Emotions vary in intensity, similarity, and polarity. Theories on emotions include James-Lange which proposes physiological arousal leads to emotional experience, Cannon-Bard which says arousal and experience occur simultaneously, Schachter-Singer which emphasizes environmental cues and arousal, and Lazarus' cognitive mediational theory where appraisal mediates arousal and experience.
This document provides an overview of emotions presented in a PowerPoint for a psychology class. It defines emotions and discusses their components, classification systems including Plutchik's wheel of emotions, primary and secondary emotions, functions of emotions, and theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, two-factor theory, Lazarus cognitive-mediational theory, and opponent-process theory. It also briefly mentions Freud's perspective on the role of repressed emotions in mental illness. The document serves to educate students on the key concepts, models, and theories regarding the topic of emotions.
This document discusses the elements of emotion from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining emotion and outlining its key components: the body, mind, and culture. It then examines the body aspects of primary and secondary emotions, facial expressions, the brain regions involved, and how hormones influence emotions. Next, it explores the cognitive aspects of emotion including how thoughts create emotions and the role of attributions. Finally, it analyzes how culture shapes emotional expression, regulation, and gender differences in various elements of emotion.
The document discusses emotions from several perspectives:
1. Emotions involve physiological, neural and glandular changes in response to stimuli and can not be experienced at the same time.
2. Emotional intelligence involves understanding the reasons behind people's behaviors rather than judging them. Common behaviors stem from deeper needs like affection, confidence or insecurity.
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2. 2
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Theories of Emotion
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and The Autonomic
Nervous System
Physiological Similarities Among
Specific Emotions
Physiological Differences Among
Specific Emotions
Cognition And Emotion
3. 3
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Culture and Emotional
Expression
The Effects of Facial Expressions
4. 4
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Experienced Emotion
Anger
Happiness
Stress and Health
Stress and Stressors
Stress and the Heart
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
5. 5
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Promoting Health
Coping With Stress
Managing Stress Effects
7. 7
Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological
activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
8. 8
Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow
your emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion
(feeling)?
9. 9
Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts
beating faster. First comes conscious
awareness, then comes physiological activity.
BobSacha
10. 10
James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl
Lange proposed an
idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
11. 11
Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the James-
Lange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
12. 12
Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
13. 13
Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily
responses. Some of these responses are very
noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear
arises), but others are more difficult to discern
(neurons activated in the brain).
14. 14
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic
nervous system mobilizes energy in the body
that arouses us.
15. 15
Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We
perform better under moderate arousal, but
optimal performance varies with task
difficulty.
17. 17
Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and
movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage,
and joy.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during
the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left
hemisphere (happy) is different from the right
(depressed) for emotions.
18. 18
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think
(cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our
thinking?
19. 19
Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into
our response to the next event.
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which
may lead to rioting.
APPhoto/NatiHarnik
Reuters/Corbis
20. 20
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage
subjects to drink more than when presented with an
angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a)
or through the cortex (b) for analysis.
21. 21
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to
subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of
activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
CourtesyofPaulJ.Whalen,PhD,Dartmouth
College,www.whalenlab.info
22. 22
Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux emphasize that some emotions are
immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus,
Schachter, and Singer emphasize that appraisal also
determines emotions.
23. 23
Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body,
and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal
language of emotion universal?
24. 24
Detecting Emotion
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions
through nonverbal communication. In a crowd of
faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster
than a single happy face (Fox et al, 2000).
25. 25
Detecting Emotion
Hard-to-control facial muscles reveal signs of
emotions you may be trying to conceal. A feigned
smile may continue for more than 4-5 seconds
while a genuine smile will have faded by then.
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
Dr.PaulElkman,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco
26. 26
Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to
effectively convey 10 different emotions.
NetworkPhotographers/Alamy
27. 27
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal
emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and
scary film clips women expressed more emotions
than men.
28. 28
Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic
facial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them (Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989).
Elkman&Matsumoto,Japaneseand
CaucasianFacialExpressionofEmotion
29. 29
Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated
that our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language. Nonverbal
facial expressions led
to our ancestor’s
survival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
31. 31
The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips
touch causes the brow to furrow.
CourtesyofLouisSchake/MichaelKausman/
TheNewYorkTimesPictures
32. 32
Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt.LewMerrim/PhotoResearchers,Inc.
NancyBrown/TheImageBankTomMcCarthy/Rainbow
PatrickDonehue/PhotoResearchers,Inc.MarcGrimberg/TheImageBank
BobDaemmrich/TheImageWorksMichaelNewman/PhotoEdit
33. 33
Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19
B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-
149 B.C.).
34. 34
Causes of Anger
1. People generally become angry with friends
and loved ones who commit wrongdoings,
especially if they are willful, unjustified, and
avoidable.
2. People are also angered by foul odors, high
temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and
pains.
35. 35
Catharsis Hypothesis
Theory: Venting anger through action or fantasy
achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Reality: Expressing anger breeds more anger, and
through reinforcement it is habit-forming.
36. 36
Cultural & Gender Differences
1. Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to
music.
2. Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an
intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
3. The expression of anger is more encouraged in
cultures that do not promote group behavior than in
cultures that do promote group behavior.
WolfgangKaehler
37. 37
Happiness
People who are happy
perceive the world as
being safer. They are
able to make decisions
easily, are more
cooperative, rate job
applicants more
favorably, and live
healthier, energized,
and more satisfied
lives.
39. 39
Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling
of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on
new positive psychology is on the rise.
http://web.fineliving.com
40. 40
Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7
hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more
or less the same throughout the day.
41. 41
Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs
tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring
individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
CourtesyofAnnaPutt
42. 42
Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were
wealthier, they would be happier. However, data
suggests that they would only be happy
temporarily.
43. 43
Wealth and Well-being
1. In affluent societies, people with more money
are happier than people who struggle for
their basic needs.
2. People in rich countries are happier than
people in poor countries.
3. A sudden rise in financial conditions makes
people happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are
also satisfied with their life.
44. 44
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health:
Its utter absence can
breed misery, yet
having it is no
guarantee of happiness.
45. 45
Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction)
measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.
46. 46
Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report
higher life satisfaction.
47. 47
Happiness & Prior Experience
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the
adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch,
people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a
short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
48. 48
Happiness is not only relative to our past, but
also to our comparisons with others. Relative
Deprivation is the perception that we are
relatively worse off than those we compare
ourselves with.
Happiness & Others’ Attainments
50. 50
Stress and Health
Psychological states cause physical illness. Stress
is any circumstance (real or perceived) that
threatens a person’s well-being.
When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is
impaired. LeeStone/Corbis
51. 51
Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress-
causing situation, we can run away and save our
lives.
Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged
(chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and
health problems.
Stress and Health
52. 52
Stress and Stressors
Stress is a slippery concept. At times it is the
stimulus (missing an appointment) and at other
times it is a response (sweating while taking a
test).
53. 53
Stress and Stressors
Stress is not merely a stimulus or a response. It is
a process by which we appraise and cope with
environmental threats and challenges.
When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may
have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or
prolonged, it can be harmful.
BobDaemmrich/TheImageWorks
54. 54
The Stress Response System
Cannon proposed that
the stress response
(fast) was a fight-or-
flight response marked
by the outpouring of
epinephrine and
norepinephrine from the
inner adrenal glands,
increasing heart and
respiration rates,
mobilizing sugar and
fat, and dulling pain.
55. 55
General Adaptation Syndrome
According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of
stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes
through three phases.
EPA/YuriKochetkov/Landov
56. 56
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events: Catastrophic events like
earthquakes, combat stress, and floods lead
individuals to become depressed, sleepless, and
anxious.
57. 57
Significant Life Changes
The death of a loved one, a divorce, a loss of job,
or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable
to disease.
58. 58
Daily Hassles
Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, and
becoming burnt-out are the most significant
sources of stress and can damage health.
59. 59
Stress and the Heart
Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may
result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the
vessels that nourish the heart muscle.
Plaque in
coronary artery
Artery
clogged
60. 60
Personality Types
Type A is a term used for competitive, hard-
driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and
anger-prone people. Type B refers to easygoing,
relaxed people (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974).
Type A personalities are more likely to develop
coronary heart disease.
61. 61
Pessimism and Heart Disease
Pessimistic adult men are twice as likely to
develop heart disease over a 10-year period
(Kubzansky et al., 2001).
62. 62
Stress & Susceptibility to Disease
A psychophysiological illness is any stress-related
physical illness such as hypertension and some
headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a developing
field in which the health effects of psychological,
neural, and endocrine processes on the immune
system are studied.
63. 63
Psychoneuroimmunology
B lymphocytes fight bacterial infections, T
lymphocytes attack cancer cells and viruses, and
microphages ingest foreign substances. During
stress, energy is mobilized away from the
immune system making it vulnerable.
LennartNilsson/BoehringerIngelheinInternationalGmbH
64. 64
Stress and Colds
People with the highest life stress scores were also
the most vulnerable when exposed to an
experimental cold virus.
65. 65
Stress and AIDS
Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the
progression from human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
UNAIDS/G.Pirozzi
66. 66
Stress and Cancer
Stress does not create cancer cells. Researchers
disagree on whether stress influences the
progression of cancer. However, they do agree
that avoiding stress and having a hopeful attitude
cannot reverse advanced cancer.
68. 68
Behavioral Medicine
Psychologists and physicians have developed an
interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine
that integrates behavioral knowledge with
medical knowledge.
Mind and body interact; everything psychological is
simultaneously physiological.
69. 69
Promoting Health
Promoting health is generally defined as the
absence of disease. We only think of health
when we are diseased. However, health
psychologists say that promoting health begins
by preventing illness and enhancing well-being,
which is a constant endeavor.
70. 70
Coping with Stress
Reducing stress by changing events that cause
stress or by changing how we react to stress is
called problem-focused coping.
Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot
change a stressful situation, and we respond by
attending to our own emotional needs.
71. 71
Perceived Control
Research with rats and humans indicates that
the absence of control over stressors is a
predictor of health problems.
72. 72
Explanatory Style
People with an optimistic (instead of
pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more
control over stressors, cope better with stressful
events, have better moods, and have a stronger
immune system.
73. 73
Social Support
Supportive family members, marriage partners,
and close friends help people cope with stress.
Their immune functioning calms the
cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.
BobDaemmrich/Stock,Boston
74. 74
Managing Stress Effects
Having a sense of control, an optimistic
explanatory style, and social support can reduce
stress and improve health.
75. 75
Aerobic Exercise
Can aerobic exercise
boost spirits? Many
studies suggest that
aerobic exercise can
elevate mood and well-
being because aerobic
exercise raises energy,
increases self-
confidence, and lowers
tension, depression, and
anxiety.
76. 76
Biofeedback, Relaxation, and
Meditation
Biofeedback systems use
electronic devices to
inform people about their
physiological responses
and gives them the chance
to bring their response to a
healthier range. Relaxation
and meditation have
similar effects in reducing
tension and anxiety.
Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of?
Preview Question 1: What are the components of an emotion?
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.
Preview Question 2: What physiological changes accompany emotions?
Preview Question 3: Do different emotions activate different physiological responses?
Preview Question 4: To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?
Preview Question 5: How do we communicate nonverbally?
Preview Question 6: Are nonverbal expressions of emotion universally understood?
Preview Question 7: Do our facial expressions influence our feelings?
Preview Question 8: What are the causes and consequences of anger?
Preview Question 9: What are the causes and consequences of happiness?
Preview Question 10: What is stress?
Preview Question 11: What events provoke stress response?
Preview Question 12: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
Preview Question 13: How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?
Preview Question 14: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?
Preview Question 15: What tactics can we use to manage stress and reduce stress-related ailments?