Emotions involve psychological arousal, expression of feelings, and behavior influenced by conscious experiences. They motivate individuals and involve changes in heart rate, breathing, gland activity and more. Emotions have cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components and are expressed through facial expressions and vocal tones. The autonomic nervous system regulates emotional experiences through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control internal organs and arousal levels. Key areas of the brain involved in emotions include the cerebral cortex, sub-cortical structures, and autonomic nervous system.

1. EMOTIONS:
 Emotionmeans “to excite,stiruporagitate”.
 It isderivedfroma Latinword“Emovere”.
A responsethatincludesfeelingssuch ashappiness,fear,sadness,grief,sorrow etc.it is the mixtureof :
i. Psychologicalarousal.
ii. Expression of conscious.
iii. The consciousexperienceof the situation thatinfluencebehavior.
 In psychology,emotionisconsideredaresponse tostimuli thatinvolvescharacteristics
psychological changessuchas:
 Increase inpulse rate.
 Rise inbodytemperature.
 Greateror lessactivityof glands.
 Change inrate f breathing.
It tendsitself tomotivate the individual towardfurtheractivities.
OUTCOMES OF EMOTION EXPERIENCES
Emotionsare feelings,highlysubjective personal tendenciestorespondtoexternalandinternal
variables.
Componentsof emotionexperiences:
Emotionshave cognitive thinking,psychological arousal andbehavioralcomponents.
 Our cognitive thinkingandevolutionof eventsinourlivesare keydeterminantstoour
emotional responses.
 Emotionsare accompaniedbypsychological arousal of the automaticnervoussystemthatleads
to physical symptomssuchas:increase inrespirationandheartrate.
 The behavioral componentof emotions isexpressedinournonverbal bodylanguageincluding
facial expressions.
Mc Dougall divisionofemotions:
Mc Dougall dividesemotionsintothree parts;
1. Primary:
It Include simpleemotionssuchas:fear,happiness,anger,disgust,etc.
2. Secondary:
It Include mixture of variousinstinctssuchas:curiosity,escape etc

2. 3. Derived:
Learn throughexperiencessuchas:sadness,boredom.
Somebodily changesmay be manifestin differentemotionalexperiences.
ACCESSING EMOTIONS
To explainthe meaningof emotion,the importantthingsare;
o Acquaintance
o Association
o Derivingcluesfromownemotional experiences
Expressionsinemotions:
Vocal or verbal andfacial expressionsplayavital role indeterminingemotionsaswell asourinteraction
withthe physical world.
Facial expressions
Facial expressions clearlyreflectthe intensityof emotional experiencessuchas;happiness,sadness,
angeretc: all can be understoodfromemotional expressions. Howevertheyvaryfrompersontoperson.
Vocal expression
An adult’svoice patternclearlyreflectstheiremotions.Variationsinpitchorloudnessexpressdifferent
typesof emotions.
EMOTIONS AND COGNITIONS:
Understandingemotions:
Some psychologistsbelieve thatmemoryandcognitionsare entirelyseparate systemsthatfunctions
independently;
 Some arguesthat we emotionallyrespondtothe situation andthenunderstandit
cognitively.
 On the otherhand,otherbelievedthatwe firstcognitivelyunderstandthe situationand
thenrespondsit.
Both pointsof viewsare somehowsupportedbythe studiesandthe debate isstill unresolved.
Role of emotionin everydaylife:
Emotionsmake ourlife brightandenlightened,because withoutthe expressionof emotions,ourlife
wouldbe dull,uninteresting,andwithoutanypurpose.

3. Psychologistsidentified numberof functionsof emotionsthathavea vitalrole in our daily life. They are;
Stirred up for the fight or flightaction:
Afterseeingasnake or; the bodyispreparedto stirred upto face and deal the situation.
Modifyingthe future responsesandbehavior:
Learningtakesplace afteremotional state thatpreparesustomanifestappropriate behaviorsinfuture
i.e.strategiesshouldbe adoptedtominimize the aftermathtoface the snake.
Social interactionsare enhanced:
Emotionsare both verbal andnon-verbal sotheyhelppeopletobetterunderstandthe responses
whethertheyare beingexpressedornot.
COMMONEMOTIONS
Range of emotions:
There are numberof basicemotionsthathave beenidentifiedbypeople ininstance.Theyare;
 Happy
 Anger
 Fear
 Disgust
 Surprise
 Sadness
J.B.Watson:
He talkedaboutthree main emotions
 Anger
 Love
 Fear
He provedinhisexperimentsthatinfantsare capable of these three primaryemotions.
 Psychologistshave alsoidentifiedotheremotionsorrelatedexpressionssuchas;contempt,
shame,startle.
Robert Pultchik(1984):
RobertPultchik(1984) became able todetermine the basicemotionsandtheirrelationshipsthroughhis
studies.

4. He identifiedeightfundamental emotions.Theyare joy,anger,sadness,surprise,fear, acceptance,
disgustand anticipation. He namedit as a Plutchik’semotional wheel.
Plutchik’semotional wheel
 The emotionsnearertoone anotherare closelyrelated,whilethose thatare opposite toeach
otherare conceptuallyopposite.
 The existence of onlythese emotionsis the majorshortcomingof this model;believedthat
emotionscanbetterbe understoodbybreakingthemintocomponents/elements.
PSYCHOLOGICALCOMPONENTOF EMOTIONS
Many psychological changestake place inanemotional state,inthe formof changesin:
 Heart rate
 Pulse rate
 Respiration
 Bloodpressure
 Digestionandappetite

5.  Muscular activity
 Bodytemperature
 Perspiration
 Endocrine andneurotransmittersecretions
 Bloodsugar
 Salivaryglandactivity
 Pupil dilation
ROLE OF NERVOUSSYSTEM IN EMOTIONS:
All the emotional experiencesandtheir expressionsare controlledandregulatedbythe autonomicor
visceral nervoussystem.
Autonomic nervous system(A.N.S):
 Consideredasa“self-governingandself-regulatorymechanism”because of ourinvoluntary
control overit.
 Controlsthe glandsandmusclesof our internal organssuchas heart(heartbeat),stomach
(digestion),andglandularactivities.
 A.N.Shasa dual function;i.e.arousingandcalming.
Sympatheticnervous system Parasympathetic nervoussystem
Whenthe stressful situation appears, S.N.S starts
its activities.
 Thispart of A.N.Sarousesusfordefensive
action.
 If somethingalarmsorinflamessomeone,
S.N.Sstartsits activities.
Whenthe stressful situation disappears,P.N.S
starts its activities.
 Thispart of A.N.Scalmsus.
 It producesopposite effecttothatof
S.N.S.

6.  Its activitiesare;
1) acceleratesheartbeat
2) increasesbloodpressure
3) slowdigestion
4) raisesbloodsugar
5) dilatesthe arteries
6) cool the perspiration
7) makingone alertand readyto action
 Its activitiesare;
1) Decreasesheartbeat
2) Decreasesbloodpressure
3) Normalizesdigestion
4) Loweringbloodsugar
5) Compressesthe arteries
6) Reducesthe perspiration
7) Making one to come out fromaction
AREAS FOR EMOTIONS IN THE BRAIN:
 A.N.Sisthe onlycenterof emotionsinP.N.S.
 Cortical and Sub-cortical structuresare involvedinemotions.
 Cerebral cortex isinvolvedinrelatingthe presentandpastemotional experiences;other
involvedinspeedupthe heartbeatand inlearningemotional experiences.
 Whereassub-cortical regions are involvedinorganizingthe emotional expressions.