The document provides an outline for a presentation on elements of city planning. It discusses key topics such as circulation, zoning, land use, housing, urban patterns, landscape architecture, and public utility services. It defines these concepts and provides visual examples. For each topic, it summarizes important classifications, principles, objectives, and considerations for city planning.
Architecture and town planning _Unit 3_SPPU_Town planning and various levels ...Shrikant Kate
• Goals and Objectives of planning; components of planning; benefits of planning.
• Levels of planning: Regional plan, Development Plan, Town Planning Scheme.
• Neighborhood plan; Types of Development plans: Master Plan, City Development Plan,
Structure Plan.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
Architecture and town planning _Unit 3_SPPU_Town planning and various levels ...Shrikant Kate
• Goals and Objectives of planning; components of planning; benefits of planning.
• Levels of planning: Regional plan, Development Plan, Town Planning Scheme.
• Neighborhood plan; Types of Development plans: Master Plan, City Development Plan,
Structure Plan.
History of Town Planning_Building and Town PlanningA Makwana
The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
Importance of evolution of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1.Origin of civilization,
2.Effects of civilization on Human settlements,
3.Determinants of Human settlements,
4.Ancients towns in India.
1. INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT ITP
2. DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING ITP
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
a. ELOBRATIONS
4. TERMS USED IN PLANNING AND THEIR DEFINITION
5. RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER FIELDS
a. RELATIONSHIP WITH ARCHITECHTURE
b. RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
c. RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
d. RELATIONSHIP WITH SURVYING
e. RELATIONSHIP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECHTURE
f. RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY
g. RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMICS
6. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING
7. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNER
8. NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING
9. GEOGRPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO PLANNING
10. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING
11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
12. LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
13. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES
14. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR EBNEZIR HOWARD
15. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LE COUBISER
16. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
17. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LEWIS MUMFORD
18. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF C.A DOXIADIS
Every one in the world wants to live in a compact environment. like in olden days the peoples they were used telephone, telegram, etc. for communication. but in the current scenario every one have smart phones for better communication. Because smartphones are compact and convenient to them.This presentation about Compact City planning and also it dealt how various compact cities in the developed and developing countries manage themselves. This presentation just gives an outline of the compact city planning.
DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY
Chennai the fourth largest metropolis in India. Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) extends over 1189 sq.km.and comprises of
Chennai Corporation,
16 Municipalities,
20 Town Panchayats and
214 villages covered in 10 Panchayats Unions
It encompasses the Chennai District (176 sq.km.), part of Thiruvallur District (637 sq.km.) and a part of Kancheepuram District (376 sq.km.).
Importance of evolution of human settlementsVijesh Kumar V
IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1.Origin of civilization,
2.Effects of civilization on Human settlements,
3.Determinants of Human settlements,
4.Ancients towns in India.
1. INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT ITP
2. DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING ITP
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
a. ELOBRATIONS
4. TERMS USED IN PLANNING AND THEIR DEFINITION
5. RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER FIELDS
a. RELATIONSHIP WITH ARCHITECHTURE
b. RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
c. RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
d. RELATIONSHIP WITH SURVYING
e. RELATIONSHIP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECHTURE
f. RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY
g. RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMICS
6. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING
7. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNER
8. NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING
9. GEOGRPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO PLANNING
10. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING
11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
12. LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
13. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES
14. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR EBNEZIR HOWARD
15. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LE COUBISER
16. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
17. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LEWIS MUMFORD
18. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF C.A DOXIADIS
Every one in the world wants to live in a compact environment. like in olden days the peoples they were used telephone, telegram, etc. for communication. but in the current scenario every one have smart phones for better communication. Because smartphones are compact and convenient to them.This presentation about Compact City planning and also it dealt how various compact cities in the developed and developing countries manage themselves. This presentation just gives an outline of the compact city planning.
Informal notes from Urban Planning 3_13-14 (1).pdfkayfiakrmmawlan
This document compiles in an
informal manner, some of the
theoretical teaching content
considered for the Urban
Planning 3, course 2013- 2014.
It also includes the outline and
hand-in instructions of the two
practical exercises developed
during the course.
The purpose of this
compilation of teaching notes
is to serve as reference and
basis for future courses taught
in English, as this was the
first experience for the subject
Urban Planning 3.EXERCISE 1:
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF A RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
(ECO-NEIGHBOURHOOD)
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the Urban Planning 3 course is to have a first approach to the city planning
and construction.
The first half of the academic year (Urban Planning 2) the student was able to:
• Study the city from the public space perspective.
• Identify what the fundamental criteria are that public spaces should have in order to
promote sociability and public life.
• Recognise how existing urban spaces are perceived by the citizens and what physical
characteristics contribute to their success.
• Analyse and develop an unsuccessful public space transformation proposal, applying
the theoretical and practical strategies learned throughout the course and recognise its
relation to other spaces and functions of the existing city.The objective of Urban Planning 3 is to work on new (barely built) territory areas, where
an integrated residential sector will be developed. The aim of this exercise is to achieve
urban settings (eco-neighbourhoods) where Environmental Sustainability Indicators are
implemented in order to guarantee a sustainable city growth.
Two areas of the city of Cartagena have been selected:
• The West area (composed by Zones 1, 2 and 3) is bordered by the consolidated city on
the Northeast side, and by peripheral small residential urban centres on the Southeast
side.
• The East area (composed by Zones 4, 5 and 6) is bordered by agricultural plots —farmlands—
and an industrial complex on the North side, by the A-30 motorway on the
East side, and by the consolidated city on the Southwest side. The A-30 motorway is the
main access road to Cartagena.
These areas integrate aspects in both environmental and building processes, taking into
account:
• Land-parcelling
• Landscape
• Vegetation
• Existing road networks
• Existing building developments: residential, urban facilities and infrastructure…All the above elements are crucial in considering new urban developments based on
sustainability and efficiency criteria.
The proposals must consider the site’s existing characteristics, the urban border treatment,
the public spaces configuration, the construction of private environments, the
spatial and functional relation to the rest of the city and, most importantly guarantee
Cartagena’s sustainable growth.
2. GENERAL APPROACH
• Apply the Environmental Sustainability Indicators addressed during the course.
• Develop open public spaces network integrated through green belts, allowing for smaller
spaces to stay, plazas and
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING WITH THE MODELS PROPOSED FOR TOWN PLANNING VIZ CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY, SECTOR MODEL THEORY AND MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL. ADDITIONALLY THE URBAN FORMS OD THE CITIES.
This presentation gives you a brief on town planning with emphasis on:
1. Objectives of Town Planning
2. Principles of Town Planning
3. Zoning
4. Green Belt
5. Road Systems
6. Master Plan
7. Redevelopment of Buildings
8. Slum Rehabilitation
Master Plan Amritsar - 2031 (Accessibility in Peri-Urban areas)liquorstud
Presented in NOSPLAN - 2014 (Smavesh)
“City for All- Proposals and the experiences towards the right to the city”.
Charlotte Mathivete.
But the increasing variety of the urban–rural relationships in the peri- urban areas challenges the policy makers to deal with the complexity of providing access to these areas.
The city Amritsar engulfs the tourist influx worldwide into its magnetic field due to its religious and the historical importance. The proposals in the master plan include the heritage walk, industrial, educational hub etc. Therefore “Master Plan Amritsar - 2031” focusing on the theme accessibility in the peri-urban areas is activity oriented approach at the macro level of the areas in the urbanisable limit of the city Amritsar. The population of the peri urban area is 4.18 lakhs and covering the area of 51426 hectares. The proposed land use in the planning area is residential 43%, circulation 15%, commercial 5%, public-semi public 11%, industrial 11% and recreational 15%. The study has the approach covering accessibility from the major proposed nodes and along the roads in the planning area and the MC limits.
In the lieu of the above the accessibility is analyzed by taking the distance of the radius 5km, 10km and 15km from the center as per the guidelines of the G.O.I and further supported by the demarcation of the four zones along the within the major roads. The accessibility along the roads is identified taking into account the travel characteristic that is the real journey time taken by the commuters.The accessibility to the peri –urban areas is also related with the different aspects then taking account of the commercial centers the shopping areas are sufficient, college need to be proposed to fulfill the requirement, in the terms of the transportation the peri- urban is linked through the outer ring roads; due to the proposal of the sports complex the recreational facilities are also well accessed; but on the darker side the health facilities are least accessible to the peri-urban areas.
So analyzing the access to peri- urban area and concluding as a whole the proposals are located taking the parameters such as directional growth of the city, location of the major roads such as NH, existing activity nodes. Therefore the proposed commercial centers are located in Manawala, Verka and Bal Kalan; recreational centers along the ring road and the NH; educational facilities i.e. two colleges along the Batala road and the Ajnala road; hospitals along the NH and ring road.
cities remain complex, inhumane, serving rich, ignoring poor, ignoring poor, caring rich, promoting exclusion. depriving majority from basic human essentials, ignoring misery, promoting poverty and leveraging prosperity. Cities remain studded with dualities and contradictions, always evolving, changing and chasing opportunities and making people miserable .
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Elements of city plan
• Circulation
– Classification of Urban Roads
– Urban road systems
• Zoning
• Classification of zoning (Aspect of zoning)
• Land use
– Land use structure
2Prof. Ashish Makwana
3. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Housing
– The housing issue
– Types of housing
• Urban patterns
• Landscape Architecture
• Master Plan
• Town centre
• Town planning scheme
• Central business district (CBD)
• Public utility services
3Prof. Ashish Makwana
4. Elements of city plan
• All the individual objects that are included in an urban
area are the elements of city plan. These objects include
residential building, public buildings, parks, factories,
roads etc.
Land
Built up lands
Open lands
• Town generally consists of the following:
– Town centre
– Suburbs
– Industrial areas
– Road network
– Open spaces 4Prof. Ashish Makwana
5. • The main elements of city plan are:
• Built up areas
• Communication
• Open areas
• Public utility services
• Public amenities
Elements of city plan (continued)
5Prof. Ashish Makwana
6. Circulation
• Requirements of ideal city road:
– Sufficient width to accommodate good traffic
without congestion of traffic
– Straight alignment
– Easy gradient
– Impervious and smooth wearing surface
– Rest on unyielding soil
– Smooth curves and properly designed junctions
– Good plantations on either side, parking spaces,
footpath etc.
• Circulation may be defined as the movement of traffic
within a city area. For a rapid growth of city, a good
network of roads is essential. The city roads are the
‘arteries’ of the city.
6Prof. Ashish Makwana
7. • Classification of Urban roads:
– Arterial roads (main roads)
– Sub-arterial roads
– Local roads
– Other roads
• Urban road systems:
– Rectangular or grid iron street system
– Concentric and radial street system
– Rectangular combined with diagonal street system
– Rectangular combined with radial street system
– Organic street system
Circulation (continued)
7Prof. Ashish Makwana
12. Zoning
• Zoning is defined as the creation by law, of the sections
or zones such as residential, industrial, commercial,
civic, institutional and recreational in which the
regulations prevent misuse of lands and buildings and
limit their height and densities of population differing in
different zones.
12Prof. Ashish Makwana
13. Zoning (continued)
• Importance of zoning (Advantages):
– Zoning sets apart different areas in the town for
specific purposes. It prevent encroachment of one
zone upon another adjacent to it.
– Business or commercial areas are also separately
located with their garages and service stations at a
distance from the residential areas.
– The population is distributed throughout the town by
zoning regulation so that there is no concentration of
population in any one particular zone.
– Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings.
Hence, high rise buildings will not be allowed to
construct near small houses. 13Prof. Ashish Makwana
14. Zoning (continued)
• Importance of zoning (Advantages):
– A land in the form of recreational area is also set
aside for parks, play grounds, stadiums, theatres etc.
– Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public
amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity,
transport etc.
– Zoning secures orderly growth of the town, promotes
health, safety and order.
– It increases utility, beauty, efficiency of the town.
– Chances of fire and consequent damages are almost
eliminated.
14Prof. Ashish Makwana
15. Zoning (continued)
• Objects of zoning:
– Zoning serves as a main tool to the town planner to
maintain future growth of the town as it was
envisaged originally.
– Zoning affords proper co-ordination of various public
amenities.
– Zoning makes T.P. scheme effective and successful.
15Prof. Ashish Makwana
16. Zoning (continued)
• Principles of zoning:
– Arrangement of zones
– Boundaries of each zone
– Flexibility
– New town
– Existing towns
16Prof. Ashish Makwana
17. Classification of zoning
(Aspect of zoning)
• Use zoning
– Residential zone
– Commercial zone
– Industrial zone
– Civic zone
– Institutional zone
– Recreational zone
• Height zoning
– Cubical contents of the building
– Width of streets and other marginal open spaces of buildings
• Density zoning
– Gross density
– Net density
17Prof. Ashish Makwana
18. Definition: Land Use
• Land use refers to “man’s activities on land, which are directly
related to the land”. Land cover denotes “the vegetation and
artificial constructions covering the land surface”.
• The Canadian Institute of Planners offers a definition that:
“Land use planning means the scientific, aesthetic, and
orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services
with a view to securing the physical, economic and social
efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural
communities”.
18Prof. Ashish Makwana
19. LAND USE
• Land use pattern in India represents the physical
characteristics of land, the institutional and other
resources framework like labour, capital available.
• India-Total land area - 328 million hectares
• land utilisation statistics - 93 % (around 306 million
hectares)
19Prof. Ashish Makwana
20. LAND USE
Reporting Land and Non-Reporting Land
• The land, for which the data on classification of land-
use is available, is regarded as reporting land.
Cultivable Land and Uncultivable Land
• According to the available land use statistics, there has
been a slight increase in the net sown area. Almost 28
million hectares have been added over the passing few
decades. Nearly 5 percent of the land falls in the
category of uncultivated land.
20Prof. Ashish Makwana
21. Housing
• Housing is one of the three basic necessities (food, cloth,
home) of life and is thus primary unit of human habitation.
• Demand of houses (factors)
– Growth of population
– Increased urbanisation
– Town planning and environmental conditions
– Availability of cheap finances
– Availability of good construction materials
– Availability of skilled labour
– Availability of good transport facilities
– Availability of well developed plots at reasonable prices
– Rate of interest on investment
– Government policy to finance housing schemes on easy loans
– Climatic conditions
21Prof. Ashish Makwana
22. Urban Patterns
• Urban pattern may be defined as the two dimensional
geometrical shape of a city in which the city has grown in
the past.
• Major urban patterns
– Satellite pattern
– Radiocentric pattern
– Linear pattern
– Star pattern
– Ring pattern
– Sheet pattern
22Prof. Ashish Makwana
29. Landscape Architecture
• Landscaping is an art of planning the drives, walks,
lawns, shrubs, flowerbed, trees, etc. so as to form a
beautiful setting for a building.
29Prof. Ashish Makwana
31. Purposes of Landscape Architecture
• In over crowded town with high densities of population, the
landscape architecture decorates the town with parks, gardens,
recreational open spaces, tree-lined avenues and streets.
• The proper landscaping imparts beauty and it results into a good
setting of the buildings.
• The provision of trees in a town results into many practical
advantages like
– The trees relieve eye strain
– Reduce glare on paving surfaces
– Lowers street temperatures
– Absorbs carbon dioxide and give oxygen
– Act as wind breaker
– Provide shade during summer, etc.
• The urban landscaping is intended for developing an agreeable,
cheerful, pleasant and attractive environment. 31Prof. Ashish Makwana
32. Continuous
park system
Selection of trees Size of trees
Standard of living Street trees
Salient features of landscape architecture
32Prof. Ashish Makwana
33. Master Plan
• A master plan may be defined as a general plan for the future
layout of a city. It shows both existing and proposed streets,
open spaces, public buildings etc.
Objects of Master plan:
• It serves as an overall picture and programme for the future
development of the town.
• It helps in intelligent use of public funds for achieving good
amenities, convenience and health of the inhabitants.
• It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth of
town.
• It places various functions which a town has to perform in
physical relationship of each other so as to avoid the chances of
mutual conflict.
33Prof. Ashish Makwana
34. Necessity of master plan:
• To control the growth of various industries in a systematic
way.
• To discourage the growth of town in an unplanned and
unscientific way.
• To give a perspective picture of a fully developed town.
• To limit to a certain extent the unprecedented flow of rural
population to the urban area.
• To show the evils which may crop up due to over crowding of
the population.
34Prof. Ashish Makwana
35. Data to be collected:
• Geological condition of the site
• Land values and land use pattern
• Meteorological details such as rainfall, temperature, intensity and
direction of wind.
• Local mineral resources
• Places of historical, cultural and scientific importance
• Places of natural picnic spots and landscape features
• Location of features like river, sea, lake, hillocks, etc.
• Economic conditions of the people and authority
• Transport facilities
• Trade and communication
• Water supply and drainage arrangement
• Political awareness of the area
• Total population to be served
35Prof. Ashish Makwana
36. Maps to be prepared:
• Present and proposed communication
• Present and proposed open areas
• Residential areas
• Important public buildings, civic centre
• Public amenities
• Public utility services
• Contour map of the town
• Open spaces, parks and playgrounds
• Position of rivers, lakes
• Landscaped features
• Types of land such as residential, agricultural and industrial
etc.
36Prof. Ashish Makwana
37. Features of master plan
Population
• Based on present population and the rate of population
growth, the population after next thirty to fifty years is
calculated.
Density
• After population forecast density of population is decided for
various areas like town centre, suburb, peripheral area etc. as
per the required standards.
Land requirement
• In the next step, the total land required for the anticipated
population is worked out.
Land distribution
• The total available land has to be distributed for the different
land uses. 37Prof. Ashish Makwana
38. Town centre
• A town centre is a central place of a town where people meet
for various purposes like business, civic activities, shopping, etc.
It should be near to the central bus station, railway station, etc.
Types:
• Business centres
– Demand stores
– Conveniences stores
– Impulse stores
• Civic centres
• Light shopping centres
– Departmental store
– Shopping street
– Market 38Prof. Ashish Makwana
39. Town Planning Scheme
• In Gujarat first town planning act was implemented in 1915.
This provided for planning of small areas around the city,
which is growing for growth through town planning schemes.
This act was modified in 1954, providing preparation of
master plan for the entire city.
• Urban Planning process in Gujarat is a two step process and is
described in the GTPUDA and its rules. The first step is to
prepare a ‘Development Plan for the entire city. The second
step is to prepare ‘Town Panning Schemes’ for smaller
portions of the development area for which the DP is
prepared.
39Prof. Ashish Makwana
40. Central Business District
• The Central Business District is the town centre where most
business and commerce is located.
• Characteristics of CBD
– Land values are very high
– Tallest buildings
– Shortage of car parking space
– High density of day time pedestrians
– Dominated by business office space and retail
– Limited horizontal development
40Prof. Ashish Makwana
41. Public Utility Services
• Hospitals
• Fire stations
• Parks and play grounds
• Electricity
• Public buildings
• Public transport system – roads, streets
• Markets and shopping centre
• Gas supply
• Water supply
• Sewerage
• Refuse disposal
41Prof. Ashish Makwana
