TOWN AND URBAN PLANNING [Autosaved].pdf

TOWN AND URBAN
PLANNING
MODULE 1

Course outcomes
Outcomes: Upon completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand town and Urban planning and their essential attributes.
2. Identify elements of planning and regulations of the same.
3. Implement guidelines provided by standard authorities.

Course Contents- Module 1
Necessity and scope of Town Planning, Brief history, Greek and Roman Towns,
Planning in ancient India-Indus Valley Civilization. Vedic Period, Buddhist
Period, Medieval Period, Mogul Period, British Period, Post-Independence
Period, Theories in urban and regional planning

Town Planners in Modern Era such as Sir Patrick Geddes, Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein, Sir Patrick Abercrombie, Le Corbusier, Present Status of Town
Planning in India, Efficiency Measures, Planners skills, Integrated Area
Planning in India. Distribution and sizes of Settlements

Layout of Residential Units, Neighborhood Unit Planning, Radburn Plan, Grid
Iron Pattern, Shoe String Development, Growth Pattern of Towns, Concentric
Satellite, Ribbon Development, Scattered growth.

Course Contents- Module-4
Elements of Town, Various Zones, Development Control Rules and Building
Bye Laws, Urban Roads: Objective. Classification, Road Networks, Data
Collection Surveys, Analysis of data,
Town aesthetics, Landscape Architecture, Suitability of Trees, Treatment of
Traffic Islands, Open Spaces Walkways Public Sit-outs, Continuous Park
System, Green ways , Town planning works with reference to M.R.T.P. Act,
Land acquisition act, Necessity and procedure of acquisition.

Course Contents- Module-5
Village planning, Multilevel Planning, Decentralization concepts, Rural
developments, Planning methodology, Growth center approach, Area
development approach, Integrated Rural development approach.

EVOLUTION OF PLANNING
• The works of an archaeologist show how the ancient cities were planned.
• The primitive men used to stay in tribes and they formed groups for
mutual protection for carrying out business activities and for maintaining
a social life.
• The location of towns was also selected by giving some consideration
such as ease of defence. climatic conditions, business facilities, etc.
• NOTE: Rest of the part of evolution of Planning will be covered further.

Principles of town planning
(1)Green belt,
(2) Housing,
(3) Public buildings,
(4) Recreation centres,
(5) Road systems,
(6) Transport facilities,
(7) Zoning.

Green Belt:
The provision of a green belt on the periphery of town results in the
limitation of its size and hence, the final size of the town can well be
anticipated.
Housing:
Extreme care should be taken to provide housing accommodation to
various categories of people.
It should be observed that there is no development of slums and further,
if slums are existing, they are cleared by the provision of some
alternative arrangement.

Public buildings:
There should be a well-balanced grouping and distribution of various
public buildings throughout the town.
The unnecessary concentration of public buildings at certain spots of the
town should be avoided.
Recreation centres:
Depending upon the size of town, enough space should be reserved for
the development as recreation centres for the general public.

Road systems:
The efficiency of any town is measured by the layout of its roads.
A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds
of people, especially the visitors to the town.
The provision of a faulty road system in the initial stages of town formation
proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to re-arrange in future.
Transport facilities:
The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is
minimum loss of time from place of work to the place of residence.

Zoning:
The town should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zone,
industrial zone, residential zone, etc. and suitable rules and regulations
should be formed for the development of each zone.

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Necessity of Town planning:
• To minimise or avoid defective road system resulting in the formation of
narrow streets and lanes.
• To reduce or avoid development of slums and squatter settlements.
• For avoiding haphazard location of industries.
• For avoiding heavy traffic congestion during the working hours of the day.
• To avoid unhealthy living conditions induced due to inadequate open spaces
for parks and playgrounds.
• To avoid lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage.

• For avoiding noisy atmosphere for the residents living in the town.
• To avoid uncontrolled growth of the town.

SCOPE OF PLANNING
• Planning provides for adequate housing, employment, schools, parks and
play grounds.
• Sets priorities and defines path to be taken to accomplish tasks.
• Protects what is good about the city while attempting to plan for growth
and change.
• Physical aspects of planning deal with buildings, roads, parks which give
a form to the city.

SCOPE OF PLANNING
• Economic aspects deal with how the system is running with finances,
political aspect of planning deals with how the system is governed or
ordered and Social aspects deal with how the system has meaning.
• Equal opportunities to use of facilities, protecting the environment are
some of the aspects involved under planning.

Objects of Town Planning
1. Object of beauty.
2. Object of convenience.
3. Object of environment.
4. Object of health.
• Object of beauty: It is assured by taking most possible advantages of the
natural conditions surrounding the town and also by giving architectural
finishes to the various components of the town.
• Object of convenience: It is understood in the form of various economic,
social, and recreational amenities to be given to the public.

Objects of Town Planning
• Object of environment: Environment must be moulded in such a way
that man can perform his normal activities with the least amount of strain.
• Object of health: It can be achieved by zoning the city like into
residential,commercial zone etc. And by avoiding the encroachment of
one zone with the other.

Greek and Roman towns
• Greeks and Romans made significant contributions to society in terms of
architecture, government and towns.
• Greeks built small towns in which the parts of the town were planned
according to geometrical patterns and others according to defensive
measures, Democracy, buildings of poor and rich, public baths.
• Agora was a central public place in ancient Greek city states. It is basically
a assembly place for public event.

Greek and Roman towns
Greek Towns Acropolis
• Acropolis is an ancient Greek settlement, built upon an area of elevated
ground. Acropolis had a religious significance.
• Acropolis became the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity, such as
ancient Athens.
• It consists of elevated temple district, and also contained various temples.

Roman Towns
• Romans were very practical but they also carried remnants of an older,
mystical view of the city.
• Augury ( an animal was cut open in order to examine its entrails for signs
that it was a good or bad place for a city.)
• At founding of a city, a priest would mark it off from the surrounding
wilderness.
• The city was divided into quarters by the creation of two perpendicular
streets: The Cardo and The Decamanus.

Town planning in ancient India
• Following are stages of town planning development in India:
1. Ancient India- Vedic period
2. Indus valley civilization
3. Buddhist period
4. Medieval period (14th century)
5. Moghul period (1526 to 1707 A.D.)
6. Pre-independence or British period (till 1947)
7. Post-independence period

Ancient India-Vedic period
• Ancient period is considered to be between 3000-5000 BC.
• According to shape and purpose ancient towns are divided into eight
types:
1. Dandaka
2. Sarvatobhadra
3. Nandyavarta
4. Padmaka
5. Swastika
6. Prastara
7. Karmuka
8. Chaturmukha

Dandaka
 Rectangular or square in shape.
 Streets bisect each other at right angles.
 Generally used for small town and villages.
 Two entrance gates.
 Offices and panchayats located in the East direction.
• This pattern of town considered auspicious for Brahmins and hence may
contain 12, 24, 50, 108 or 300 families.

Sarvatobhadra
• The meaning translates to “blissful for all”.
 Dominant feature of the village isTemple (placed in centre).
• All the houses to be fully occupied by people of various castes.
• Jaipur is laid in Sarvathobhadra pattern.

Sarvatobhadra type of settlements

Nandyavarta
 Name derived from the name of a flower.
 Meant for planning and construction of towns.
 Accommodates minimum of 1000 houses and maximum of 4000
houses.
 Circular/oblong or square shape site.
• Temple in the centre of town.

Nandyavarta type of
settlement

Padmaka
• Pattern is similar to lotus flower.
• Towns had fortified wall all around.
• City was surrounding by water.
• No scope for future expansion.
Padmaka plan

SWASTIKA
 Site may be of any shape.
 Triangular plots.
 Eight gates.
 Temple at centre
 Diagonal streets.
 Town surrounded by water body, foot filled with water.
• Streets bisect each other at centre (south to north and west to east).
SWASTIKA type of plan.

Prastara
 Site had to be rectangular or square and not circular or triangular.
 Sites divided according to the economic status of the people.
• Wider roads.
Prastara plan

KARMUKA
 Applied to the towns on the sea shore or river banks.
 Bow, semi-circular or parabolic site shape.
 Temple may or may not be at centre.
• Road runs at right angles.
KARMUKA PLAN

CHATURMUKHA
• Used for small towns as well aslarge towns.
• Site had four sides (rectangular or square).
 Town east to west lengthwise.
• Four main streets.
• Temple at the centre of town.
CHATURMUKHA PLAN

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Location of Cities in Indus Valley

• Indus valley civilization existed in 2500BC
• Harrapa and Mohenjodaro cities are considered as well planned in Indus
valley civilization.
• People had knowledge of cardinal directions.
• Grid iron street pattern of Mohenjodaro shows that people at that time
had knowledge of geometry.

Plan of houses and streets at Mohenjo- Daro

CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS:
1. Small villages/hamlets : 0 to 10 hectares.
2. Large towns: 10-50 hectares.
3. Cities: 50 hectares.

SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
1. Mohenjo-daro
2. Harappa
3. Kalibangam
4. Rakhigarhi
5. Dolavira
6. Lothal
7. Surkotada

BUDDHIST PERIOD
• It lasted upto 320 A.D.
• Arthshastra, meaning a formal writing on town planning was written in this
period.
• It stated that regulation of zoning was dependent on communities, highways
were parallel to cardinal directions that is grid iron pattern.
• Width of Rajmarg not to be less than 30ft.
• Excavations at Patliputra show evidence of advance knowledge of town
planning.

BUDDHIST PERIOD
• Patliputra was laid on grid iron pattern consisting of 16 sectors.
• Houses had gardens with wells and ponds.
• Wastewater was carried out by means of underground drainage.
• City was as long as 6km and 3.5km wide, and was surrounded by a deep
moat 180m wide and further it was protected by ramparts stretching more
than 40km long studded with 64 gates and 570 towers.
• Four main gates were oriented to the cardinal points, and were wide enough
for the elephants to pass through easily.

BUDDHIST PERIOD
• Taksa-sila and Nalanda were founded in this Buddhist period.
• Nalanda became a renowned place of learning.
• Nalanda was about 487m long and 244m wide and contained essentials of
stupas, temples and hostels for monks.
• 300 halls were there which accommodated more than 10000 pupils.
• Libraries were as high as nine storeys.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD (350-1500AD)
• Medieval period lasted from 4th to 15th century.
• Trade and commerce developed in this period.
• Dhaka of Bangladesh became famous for Malmal and developed as a
port.
• Krishnanagar became famous for clay models.
• Agra for marble and perfumery.
• Murshidabad for silk.
• Jaipur for palatial buildings.

City planning concepts of Mughals
(1500-1700 AD)
• Mughal period, started from 16th century and lasted for 300 years.
• In this period not only capitals but also defense outposts, trading
establishments, ports and military cantonments developed.
Various cities planned by Mughals

Mughal period
• A separate department existed for the construction and development
work during the reign of Akbar and Shahjahan.
• Although the planning and architecture of Mughals was influenced
by central Asian traditions, though in India development of new
spatial forms and architectural language was innovated which was
very specific and unique to India.
• Example of the city built during Mughals in India is Fatehpur Sikri
near Agra .
• Although built in the 16th century, the architectural glory speaks in
volumes about the monumentality and the splendid architecture
form created byMughals.

Mughal period
Characteristics of planning of
Fatehpur Sikri.

Mughal period
Characteristics of
planning of
Fatehpur Sikri.

Pre independence period or British period
• Britishers found the conditions of Indian towns as unhealthy, so they started
their colonies in the outskirts of the existing towns.
• These extensions were known as ‘Cantonments and Barracks’ for the
military occupied area and ‘Civil lines’ for the residence of civilians and
well to do people.
• Their colonies at :
1. Delhi cantonment.
2. Agra cantonment.
3. Bangalore cantonment.
4. Ahmadabad cantonment.

Classification of Towns
and their functions

Classification of Towns and their
functions

POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (AFTER 1947)
• After independence, Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime minister of India
invited Le Corbusier to visit India and develop cities.
• Chandigarh, Rourkela, Jamshedpur were the cities developed by Le
Corbusier.
• Towns developed during this period were:
Steel towns-
Durgapur- West Bengal.
Bhilai- Madhya Pradesh, present day it is in Chhatisgarh.
Rourkela- Orissa.

POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (AFTER 1947)
Industrial towns
Bhadravati- Karnataka
Chittaranjan- West Bengal
Capitals
Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Chandigarh-Punjab

Chandigarh
• Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the
20th century.
• It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le Corbusier to
have actually been executed.
• It is also the site of some of his greatest architectural creations.
• The city has had a far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of
architecture and city planning all over India.
• It has become a symbol of planned urbanism.

Chandigarh
• It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience.
• Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided
with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail.

Theories in Urban and Regional planning
1. Sector theory:
• Also known as Hoyt model.
• Its about urban land use.
• It was proposed in 1939.
• Modification of concentric zone model of city development.
• The benefit being that it allows for an outward progression of growth.

1. Sector theory continued:
• Model of internal structure of cities.
• Social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, which radiate outwards
from the central business district, and on major transportation lines.
• Low income households to be near railroad lines, and commercial
establishments to be along business thoroughfares.

2. Multiple Nuclei theory:
• It is an ecological model, and was created by Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman in the 1945.
• City growth is from independent points, rather than from one central business
district.
• After expansion they merge to form a single urban area.
• Ports, Universities, Air ports and parks act as nodes.

• Certain activities require highly specialized facilities.
• There are large areas of open land for a housing transition.
• Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association. That is
they are dependent on each other.
• Similarly some activities repel each other and hence they will not be found in
the same area.

• Certain activities could not make profit as they pay high rent for the most
desirable locations.

Diagram of Multiple
Nuclei theory

3. Central Space theory
• It explains number, size and location of human settlements in a residential
system.
• It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of cities across the
landscape.
• After analysis Walter Christaller concluded that settlements simply functioned
as ‘central places’ providing services to surrounding areas.
• Examples are Polders of the Netherlands, the Fens of East Anglia in the UK.

• This theory was tested in Southern Germany and conclusion was drawn that
people gather together in cities to share goods and ideas.
Assumptions:
• Humans will always purchase goods from the closest place.
• Surface is unbounded, flat, homogeneous and limitless.
• Population is evenly distributed.

Assumptions continued:
• Settlements are equidistant and exist in a triangular lattice pattern.
• Resources are evenly distributed.

• 4. Broadacre city theory:
• It is urban or suburban development concept.
• Proposed by Frank Lloyd.
• He gave a hypothetical model which comprised of twelve by twelve foot (3.7
x 3.7m) community.
• He performed enormous architectural works and also community planning.

4.Broadacre city theory:
• It is a model of four square miles of a typical countryside developed on the
acre as unit and it accommodate around 1400 families.
• It included social services in the forms of schools, trains, and museums.
• Employment in the forms of markets, offices, nearby farms, and industrial
areas.

• 5. Concentric Zone Theory:
• Also known as Bull’s Eye Model or Burgess Model.
• It is one of the earliest theoritical models to explain urban social structures.
• Explains how the social groups of the cities is spatially arranged in a series of
rings.

1. Central business district
2. Zone of transition
3. Zone of independent worker’s
homes
4. Zone of better residences
5. Commuter’s zone

• 5. Concentric Zone Theory:
1. Central Business District (CBD):
This area is a non-residential area and it’s where the businesses are. In this area
there are a lot of sky scrapers, government institutions, businesses, stadiums and
restaurants.
2. Zone of Transition:
Contains industry and has poorer quality housing available.

• 5.Concentric Zone Theory:
3. Zone of working class:
Working class or workers are present in this zone. A large percentage of persons
in this area live by paying rent.
4. Zone of better residence:
This zone contains newer and more spacious houses. Middle-class families live
in this zone.
5. Commuter’s zone/ Suburbs:
Upper class residents live in this area.

Question Bank
1. Explain necessity and scope of town and urban planning.
2. What are the objectives of town and urban planning?
3. What are the principles of town and urban planning?
4. Describe about the town and urban in ancient India. Enlist different
periods and explain them in brief.
5. Write a short note on planning of Indus valley civilization.
6. Explain planning during Vedic period, with neat and labelled sketches.

Question Bank
7. Write a short note on Greek and Roman towns.
8. State and explain different theories in urban regional planning with
appropriate and neat sketches.
Note: These are some of the questions. It is suggested that an individual
must prepare each and every point as mentioned in syllabus.

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