In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour why mainly focus of this area is taken into consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected factors of modular construction.

1. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
December, 2017 at A D Patel Institute of Technology, Karamsad
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING
IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
ADOPTION A CASE STUDY
Ashish Makwana1
*, Mayur Vekariya2
, Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda3
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation,
Rajkot, India
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pacific School of Engineering,
Surat, India
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya
Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Email: *ashish.makwana123@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
Keywords: Modular construction, Modular units, large volumetric components, Approach
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Modular Construction
Modular construction is a construction process to
produce a building component or modules with the
same design and standard in a manufacturing facility.
A mass production can be achieved then to be
transported and installed to become a building of its
choice.
Modular construction techniques are analogous to
assembly line car manufacturing and are readily
observable on numerous videos on the internet and
modular manufacturer web sites.
Typically, four stages make up a modular construction
project. First, design development by the developer
and plan approval by any regulating authorities;
second, assembly of module components in a factory;
third, transportation of modules to the project site; and
fourth, erection of modular units to form the building.
Modular contractors manufacture buildings at off-site
locations. They may also operate as general
contractors on projects, coordinating the delivery,
installation, site work and finish of the building or the
modular contractor will be responsible for
construction, delivery and installation of only the
modules and an overall general contractor will be
responsible for the entire project. Construction
primarily occurs indoors away from harsh weather
conditions preventing damage to building materials
and allowing builders to work in comfortable
conditions. [17]
B. Modular Coordination
Modular coordination is a concept of dimension and
space, in which building components are dimensioned
and positioned in a term of basic unit or module. The
full benefit of industrialization can be achieved only
by standardization. No effective standardization again
is possible in a building trade without dimensional
coordination. Dimensional coordination is possible if
the coordinating dimensions of all parts, as well as the
dimensions of the building to be erected are in
multiples of one basic dimensional unit - the basic
module. Such dimensional coordination is called
modular coordination. [7]
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2. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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C. History [7]
Figure 1 Figure 2
In 1896, Modular
Construction was first
introduced in Malaysia
but had not been widely
implemented in the
Construction Industry.
Modular bricks and blocks
were introduced in 1983.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Actual sears & roebuck in
Circa 1910 in Portsmouth
Modular coordination
was first studied in
Singapore in the early
seventies. The Housing
and development board
implemented the
concept in 1973 in the
generation flats.
Factory built housing dates
backs to 1900s. Between
1908-1940 more than
75000 Sears s homes were
built. The prices of these
built houses is ranged from
$600 ( 38,436.00) to
$6000 ( 3,84368.00).
Figure 5 Figure 6
After world war II
wartime, factory
production was quickly
changed over to
providing consumer
products to a post war
time economy. Some of
these manufacturing
industries were
converted into the
housing industry.
The 1960s and early 1970s
saw an adaptation of the
manufactured process for
homes to create a
Figure 7 Figure 8
This was basically a site
built or stick built home
completed in two units
or more, transported to
the building site on flat
bed frames and erected
onto a permanent
foundation.
Designs of modular homes
moved from typical ranch
style to more complex and
grew substantially in the
1980s and 1990s.
D. Basics of Modular Coordination [7]
The main purpose of Modular Coordination is to
achieve the Dimensional Compatibility between the
Building Dimensions, Span or Spaces and the Size of
Components and Equipment by using related Modular
Dimensions.
Modular Coordination generally provides the easy
grasped layout of the positioning of the building
components in relation to each other and to the
building and facilitates collaboration between
planners, manufactures, distributors and contractors.
E. Principles of Modular Coordination [7]
 Basic Module
 Modular Dimension
 Planning Module
 Placing of Components
 Modular Grid
 Basic Modular Grid
 Square Grid
 Rectangular Grid
 Multi-Modular Planning Grid
 Preferred Dimensions
 Tolerance
1. Basic Module
The basic module is a fundamental unit of size in
modular coordination.
[1 basic module (M) = 100 mm]
Multi-module: multi-modules are selected in multiples
of the basic module. Different multi-modules will suit
particular application. Using multi-modules, it is
possible to achieve a substantial reduction in the
number of coordinating sizes.
2. Tolerance
Three types of tolerance are generally considered in
modular coordination in the building.
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3. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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 Manufacturing tolerance, which limits the
dimensional deviation in the manufacture of
components.
 Positional tolerances, which limit the deviation of
position for erected components from their
designated position.
 Joint tolerances or gaps, which limit the
variations of joint thickness.
5 mm Rule This rule is applied to all structural parts
of building and components. The wall, slab and
elements which are the structural part of the vertical
and horizontal division are placed on joint proportion
on the boundaries of a modular plane that is the actual
dimension as a rule for the structural elements. This
rule is called as the 5 mm rule for all horizontal &
vertical dimensions.
If size of grid, n1 M x n2 M
Component size = (n1-10 mm) M x (n2 -10 mm) M
The 5 mm rule is given by IS code, it is due to
tolerance because tolerance is required to fit the
component into available grid space.
3. The Structural Grid
The recommended structural grid is 3M or multiples
of 1M. 3M is chosen as most material like the precast
floor slab is in multiple of this dimension. Structural
Grid is used to locate structural component such as a
beam and column.
4. Modular Grids
Plans, sections and elevation are expressed in two
dimensions. These are horizontal and vertical
projections of the modular space grid. Different grids
can be superimposed on the same plan and elevation
for different purpose. The advantage of using grids is
that they provide a continuous reference system in a
project.
5. Planning Grid
Planning Grid is based on any convenient modular
which is multiple for regulating space requirements
such as rooms.
6. Controlling Grid
Controlling Grid is based on any convenient modular
which is multiple for the location of the internal walls,
partition walls etc.
7. Basic Module Grid
This is the smallest planning grid used as a basis for
developing other grids. The basic modular grid is
shown only on a small scale drawing to show the
relationship between the components. Each square is
1M x 1M. These Drawings are in scale of 1:10 and
1:20. Figure 9 to 11 shows various basic modular
grids.
Figure 9
Basic Modular
Grid
Figure 10
Square
Multimodular
Grid
Figure 11
Rectangular
Multimodular
Source: http://www.bca.gov.sg/
8. Tartan Grid
Tartan grid is interrupted modular planning grids in
which the interval or bands of interruption are
regularly spaced in both directions. Figure 12 shows
the tartan grid.
This pattern may be used in very regular plans like
those with columns at constant intervals throughout
the floor. Figure 13 shows the grid for regular column
pattern.
Figure 12
Tartan Grid
Figure 13
Grid for Regular
Column Pattern
Source: http://www.bca.gov.sg/
9. Coordination of the Non-Modular Sizes
The full use of the modular coordination may not be
economical or possible. Sometimes in the components
like slab the thickness of the components may be non-
modular. Such thickness is determined by economic
and functional consideration. In such cases the
determination of sizes shall be based on multi-
modules and sub modules.
10. Reference System
The reference system is a system of points, line and
plane within which a building and its components are
located. A reference system should be used during the
design stage and also during the drawing stage
through which the measurements are taken on the site.
11. Modular Space Grid
The modular space grid is a three dimensional system
within which a building and its components laid. The
distance between each plane in the system is equal to
the basic module.
12. Dimensional Grids
The modular grid network defines the space into
which dimensionally coordinated components must
fit. An important factor is that the component must
always be undersized to allow for the joint which is
sized by the obtainable degree of tolerance and site
assembly.
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4. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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13. Planning Approaches in Modular
Construction
The plan in the modular coordination consists of the
horizontal and vertical planning. There are two basic
approaches to planning in Modular construction is
shown in Figure 14 and symbols of Modular
construction is shown in Table I.
Axial planning Boundary planning
Figure 14
Types of Planning Approaches
[Source: IS 13613:1992 Recommendations for
modular coordination in building industry]
Table I
Symbols of Modular Construction
No Element Symbol
1. Modular Line
2. Modular Space
3. Modular Line (Planning)
4. Modular Reference Line
5.
Centre Line of walls,
Column and Beam
6.
Façade Corner
/ Wall surface
7. Dimension Line
8. Reference Plane
F. Advantages - Modular Construction
 Lightweight
 Easy workability
 Single product solution
 Easy transportation
 Thermal insulation
 Shorter project duration
 Sound insulation
 Modernizing the look with energy efficiency
 Zero waste
 Reliable schedule
 Fast construction work
 Faster return on investment
 Ability to service for remote locations
 Environmentally friendly construction
 Flexibility
G. Disadvantages - Modular Construction
 Limited customization
 Limited service area
 Zoning rules
H. Application of Modular Construction
 Hospital
 Industrial
 Cold Storage
 Single Family Homes
 Hotels, Motels and Restaurants
 Retail and Warehouses
 Auditorium and Theatres
 Education Institute s Construction
 Medical, Clinics and Offices
II. NEED OF STUDY
The study aims at finding the factors which affect the
rising importance of modular construction adoption in
Rajkot city by the perceptions of two different
stakeholders including the Consultants and
Contractors. The work aims at ranking the top 5
factors which most affect the rising importance of
Modular construction adoption.
III. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
I. To identify the factors contributing to the
rising importance of Modular construction
adoption.
II. To rank the factors by RII (Relative
Importance Index) technique.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
E.M. Generalovaa, V.P. Generalova and A.A.
Kuznetsovaa[10]
explain that, the construction of
modular housing is analyzed from overseas nations.
The utilization of modular housing is cost efficient,
safe and ecofriendly. Modular Housing in Russia
based on 3D Reinforced concrete module blocks
which help to achieve quality of building life.
D. Lopeza and T.M. Froesea [12]
, the authors addressed
the research question, concluding that the modular
housing method is a little bit more cost effective than
the panelized construction method. It also provides a
workflow chart of the implications of both
construction methods and a discussion of the
compromise things when choosing the modular
housing method over the panelled method.
J. Molavi and D.L. Barral [11]
, suggested that modular
housing guaranties more control over the safety and
quality of materials. However, some other problems
such as design involvement and coordination of the
factory and plant activities may be easily eroded if an
appropriate procurement technique is not selected.
During precast concrete construction for that period of
time, it requires high skilled labour, complex design
and complex method. To include this managerial task
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Environmental Development on 30th
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suggests a construction procurement method based on
the project type to achieve sustainable modular
construction.
The main aim of T.U. Ganiron and M. Almarwae [9]
,
was to give information about modular housing and it
is one of the affordable housing for living because it is
much cheaper than conventional housing.
M. Kamali and K. Hewage [13]
, aimed to assess the
factors associated with modular housing performance
throughout its life and also, to find out the comparison
of advantage and constraints from conventional
construction techniques. Consequently, such a
workflow can help the owner to choose the best
methods for the construction without environment
effect and also, to achieve the objective with a suitable
time period.
V. FACTORS
The various factors contributing to the rising
importance of Modular construction adoption are
determined by viewing various literatures.
From that 35 factors considered for this study are
1) Modular Construction on the Rise, 2) Technology,
3) Integrated Planning Approach, 4) Logistics and
Transportation Strategy, 5) Requires lesser time to
build, 6) Cost/schedule risk analysis, 7) Increases
savings, 8) Environmental Benefits, 9) Quicker return
on investment, 10) Increased cost-savings, 11) No
weather-related construction issues, 12) Solution for
difficult sites, 13) Limited site disruption, 14) Lesser
pollution, 15) Lesser waste, 16) Easier quality control,
17) Total delivered cost management, 18) Global
logistics process automation, 19) End-to-end
visibility, 20) Supplier portals, 21) Advance Ship
notice capability, 22) Total product identification and
regulatory compliance, 23) Dynamic routing, 24)
Variability management, 25) Integrated international
and domestic workflow, 26) Integrated Planning and
Execution Platform, 27) Financial supply chain
management, 28) Aspects of logistics planning, 29)
Implementing procurement plans and processes, 30)
Schedule for material and equipment and engineering
deliveries, 31) Integrating and resource loading and
leveling individual schedules, 32) Permits &
Approvals, 33) Site Development, 34) Plant
Fabrication, 35) Installation
VI. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Questionnaire was prepared by using above
considered factors for questionnaire survey. The
purpose of questionnaire survey is to gain response by
Consultants and Contractors for ranking the factors
which contributing to the rising importance of
Modular Construction adoption. The Relative
Importance Index (RII) technique is used to rank the
factors.
VII. DATA COLLECTION
First of all, the list of the stakeholders was generated
from local survey and internet through their websites
and accordingly questionnaires were distributed to
various stakeholders by going personally or through
email, personal interview and mail back techniques
where respondents had a clear opportunity to take part
or not; therefore, the voluntary participation in
research was ensured. The telephone number, e-mail
contacts and address of researcher were given in the
questionnaire for contact regarding any query as well
as for sending back the response. The questionnaire
was distributed to various stakeholders by informing
them regarding the purpose of the research and asking
them about their willingness to participate in the
research. Once the initial willingness was shown by
them, a questionnaire was given to them. Total 90
questionnaires were distributed to different
respondents in Rajkot city of Gujarat. They were sent
the reminder for sending their feedback after 7 to 15
days of sending the questionnaire. This study received
38 responses, so the response rate in this research is
62.29 %.
Figure 15
Number of respondents
To obtain a statistically representative sample of the
population, the formula shown in Eq. (1) was used
(Hogg and Tannis, 2009) [16]
... (1)
Where, n, m, and N = the sample size of the limited,
unlimited, and available population, respectively. M is
estimated by Eq. (2)
Where, z = the statistic value for the confidence level
used, i.e., 2.575, 1.96, and 1.645, for 99 %, 95 %, and
90 % confidence levels, respectively; p = the value of
the population proportion that is being estimated; and
the value of p is unknown, Sincich et al. (2002) [1]
suggest a conservative value of 0.50. By using a 90%
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6. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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confidence level, i.e., 10 % significance level, the
unlimited sample size of the population, m is
approximated as follows
m = 67.65
Here, the confidence level is taken as 90 %.
The representative sample size of the population is
determined as shown below
n = 60.51 (say 61)
VIII. DATA ANALYSIS APPROACH
A. Relative Importance Index
Technique
Kometa et al. [15]
It is used determine the relative
importance of the rising importance of Modular
construction adoption. So, this method is adopted in
this study within various groups (i.e. Consultant and
Contractor). The six-point scale [1) No Impact, 2)
Very Low Impact, 3) Low Impact, 4) Moderate
Impact, 5) Moderate Impact, 6) Very high Impact] is
adopted and transformed to relative importance
indices (RII) for each factor as follows
.

... (3)
Where, W is the weightage given to each factor by the
respondents (ranging from 1 to 6), A is the highest
weight (i.e. 6 in this case), and N is the total number
of respondents. Higher the value of RII, more
important is the rising importance of Modular
construction adoption.
The RII was used to rank the different rising
importance of Modular construction adoption. These
rankings made it possible to cross-compare the
relative importance of the factors as perceived by the
two groups of respondents (Consultant and
all respondents should be used to assess the general
and overall rankings in order to give an overall picture
of the rising importance of Modular construction
adoption.
IX. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
As per selected approach,
contributing to the importance of Modular
construction adoption are mentioned in Table II, III &
IV
Table II
Ranking of factors as per C Response
Sr.
No.
Factors
Consultant
RII Rank
1.
Modular Construction on the
Rise
0.46032 30
2. Technology 0.42857 34
3.
Integrated Planning
Approach
0.42857 35
4.
Logistics and Transportation
Strategy
0.61111 6
5. Requires lesser time to build 0.57937 11
6. Cost/schedule risk analysis 0.44444 32
7. Increases savings 0.64286 3
8. Environmental Benefits 0.53175 19
9. Quicker return on investment 0.52381 21
10. Increased cost-savings 0.57937 12
11.
No weather-related
construction issues
0.53175 20
12. Solution for difficult sites 0.48413 28
13. Limited site disruption 0.52381 22
14. Lesser pollution 0.50000 24
15. Lesser waste material 0.53968 18
16. Easier quality control 0.58730 9
17.
Total delivered cost
management
0.57143 15
18.
Global logistics process
automation
0.66667 2
19. End-to-end visibility 0.50000 25
20. Supplier portals 0.64286 4
21.
Advance Ship notice
capability
0.50000 26
22.
Total product identification
and regulatory compliance
0.61905 5
23. Dynamic routing 0.54762 16
24. Variability management 0.46032 31
25.
Integrated international and
domestic workflow
0.48413 29
26.
Integrated Planning and
Execution Platform
0.57937 13
27.
Financial supply chain
management
0.44444 33
28. Aspects of logistics planning 0.69841 1
29.
Implementing procurement
plans and processes
0.58730 10
30.
Schedule for material and
equipment and engineering
deliveries
0.52381 23
31.
Integrating and resource
loading and levelling
individual schedules
0.54762 17
32. Permits & Approvals 0.61111 7
33. Site Development 0.59524 8
34. Plant Fabrication 0.57937 14
35. Installation 0.50000 27
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7. 22nd
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Figure 19
Ranking of factors as per C Response
Table III
Ranking of factors as per C Response
Sr.
No.
Factors
Contractor
RII Rank
1.
Modular Construction on the
Rise
0.59804 7
2. Technology 0.49020 31
3.
Integrated Planning
Approach
0.38235 35
4.
Logistics and Transportation
Strategy
0.60784 4
5. Requires lesser time to build 0.44118 34
6. Cost/schedule risk analysis 0.55882 21
7. Increases savings 0.60784 5
8. Environmental Benefits 0.50000 29
9. Quicker return on investment 0.52941 25
10. Increased cost-savings 0.51961 27
11.
No weather-related
construction issues
0.58824 10
12. Solution for difficult sites 0.58824 11
13. Limited site disruption 0.57843 15
14. Lesser pollution 0.60784 6
15. Lesser waste material 0.56863 17
16. Easier quality control 0.52941 26
17.
Total delivered cost
management
0.55882 22
18.
Global logistics process
automation
0.56863 18
19. End-to-end visibility 0.55882 23
20. Supplier portals 0.58824 12
21.
Advance Ship notice
capability
0.58824 13
22.
Total product identification
and regulatory compliance
0.46078 33
23. Dynamic routing 0.61765 2
24. Variability management 0.61765 3
25.
Integrated international and
domestic workflow
0.54902 24
26.
Integrated Planning and
Execution Platform
0.65686 1
27.
Financial supply chain
management
0.49020 32
28. Aspects of logistics planning 0.56863 19
29.
Implementing procurement
plans and processes
0.59804 8
30.
Schedule for material and
equipment and engineering
deliveries
0.56863 20
31.
Integrating and resource
loading and levelling
individual schedules
0.59804 9
32. Permits & Approvals 0.50980 28
33. Site Development 0.57843 16
34. Plant Fabrication 0.58824 14
35. Installation 0.50000 30
30
34
35
6
11
32
3
19
21
12
20
28
22
24
18
9
15
2
25
4
26
5
16
31
29
13
33
1
10
23
17
7
8
14
27
Technology
Increases savings
Environmental Benefits
Increased cost-savings
Limited site disruption
Lesser pollution
Lesser waste material
Easier quality control
End-to-end visibility
Supplier portals
Dynamic routing
Variability management
Permits & Approvals
Site Development
Plant Fabrication
Installation
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8. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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Figure 20
Ranking of factors as per
Table IV
Ranking of factors as per
Sr.
No.
Factors
Overall
RII Rank
1.
Modular Construction on the
Rise
0.52193 27
2. Technology 0.45614 34
3.
Integrated Planning
Approach
0.40789 35
4.
Logistics and Transportation
Strategy
0.60965 6
5. Requires lesser time to build 0.51754 28
6. Cost/schedule risk analysis 0.49561 32
7. Increases savings 0.62719 2
8. Environmental Benefits 0.51754 29
9. Quicker return on investment 0.52632 25
10. Increased cost-savings 0.55263 16
11.
No weather-related
construction issues
0.55702 15
12. Solution for difficult sites 0.53070 23
13. Limited site disruption 0.54825 18
14. Lesser pollution 0.54825 19
15. Lesser waste material 0.55263 17
16. Easier quality control 0.56140 14
17.
Total delivered cost
management
0.56579 12
18.
Global logistics process
automation
0.62281 3
19. End-to-end visibility 0.52632 26
20. Supplier portals 0.61842 4
21.
Advance Ship notice
capability
0.53947 22
22.
Total product identification
and regulatory compliance
0.54825 20
23. Dynamic routing 0.57895 10
24. Variability management 0.53070 24
25.
Integrated international and
domestic workflow
0.51316 30
26.
Integrated Planning and
Execution Platform
0.61404 5
27.
Financial supply chain
management
0.46491 33
28. Aspects of logistics planning 0.64035 1
29.
Implementing procurement
plans and processes
0.59211 7
30.
Schedule for material and
equipment and engineering
deliveries
0.54386 21
31.
Integrating and resource
loading and leveling
individual schedules
0.57018 11
32. Permits & Approvals 0.56579 13
33. Site Development 0.58772 8
34. Plant Fabrication 0.58333 9
35. Installation 0.50000 31
7
31
35
4
34
21
5
29
25
27
10
11
15
6
17
26
22
18
23
12
13
33
2
3
24
1
32
19
8
20
9
28
16
14
30
0 10 20 30 40
Technology
Increases savings
Increased cost-savings
Limited site disruption
Lesser pollution
Lesser waste material
Easier quality control
End-to-end visibility
Supplier portals
Dynamic routing
Permits & Approvals
Site Development
Plant Fabrication
Installation
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9. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
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Figure 21
Ranking of factors as per
Overall R Response
X. CONCLUSIONS
Total 35 Factors contributing to the rising importance
of Modular construction adoption were identified
through literature study & expert opinion. As per
population of stakeholder in Rajkot city, total 61
numbers of respondents were required. The response
rate is 62%. Respondents were comprised of 21
consultants and 17 contractors. The collected data
were analyzed through Relative Importance Index
technique. The major conclusions of top five factors
are mentioned below.
As per RII technique, top five factors contributing to
the rising importance of Modular construction
adoption, according (refer
Figure 16)
1. Aspects of logistics planning
2. Global logistics process automation
3. Increases savings
4. Supplier portals
5. Total product identification and regulatory
compliance
Figure 16
Top F as per to C
Response
As per RII technique, top five factors contributing to
the rising importance of Modular construction
adoption, according to
Figure 17)
1. Integrated Planning and Execution Platform
2. Dynamic routing
3. Variability management
4. Logistics and Transportation Strategy
5. Increases savings
Figure 17
Top F C
Response
27
34
35
6
28
32
2
29
25
16
15
23
18
19
17
14
12
3
26
4
22
20
10
24
30
5
33
1
7
21
11
13
8
9
31
0 10 20 30 40
Technology
Increases savings
Increased cost-savings
Limited site disruption
Lesser pollution
Lesser waste material
Easier quality control
End-to-end visibility
Supplier portals
Dynamic routing
Permits & Approvals
Site Development
Plant Fabrication
Installation
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10. 22nd
Environmental Development on 30th
December, 2017 at A D Patel Institute of Technology, Karamsad
As per RII technique, top five factors contributing to
the rising importance of Modular construction
adoption, according
(refer Figure 18)
1. Aspects of logistics planning
2. Increases savings
3. Global logistics process automation
4. Supplier portals
5. Integrated Planning and Execution Platform
Figure 18
Top F Overall
R Response
XI. SUGGESTION
Regarding future research, selective study of factors
contributing to the Rising importance of Modular
Construction Adoption would be worthwhile by the
application of Multi Criteria Decision Making
techniques for better educate future scholar with
necessary skills to navigate issues.
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