Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in cyclone Prone AreasPhani Mohan K
National Disaster Management Authority approached CSIR- CRRI to prepare the ‘Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in Cyclone Prone Areas’.
This task was jointly undertaken by a team from Geotechnical Engg Division and Bridges and Structures Division of CSIR-CRRI.
This is the report made by Chaitanya Shimpi on Construction Technologies in 2018. Construction technology means the study of the methods and equipment used to build structures. Students who are introduced to the field are taught skills in engineering and construction, as well as in business and construction management.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in cyclone Prone AreasPhani Mohan K
National Disaster Management Authority approached CSIR- CRRI to prepare the ‘Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in Cyclone Prone Areas’.
This task was jointly undertaken by a team from Geotechnical Engg Division and Bridges and Structures Division of CSIR-CRRI.
This is the report made by Chaitanya Shimpi on Construction Technologies in 2018. Construction technology means the study of the methods and equipment used to build structures. Students who are introduced to the field are taught skills in engineering and construction, as well as in business and construction management.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
This project is to cover the graduation requirements for high Diploma of Higher College Of Technology. The research was on the earthquakes and it effects on the building. After that , designing system that help us to control the effect of earthquakes. This system has structure components that should be under consideration. Also, installing the Tuned Mass Dumper TMD in the structure and superstructure of building. This consisting of mass, spring and viscous dumper. The viscous dumper will absorb the energy of the vibration due to earthquakes. Part of calculations, it’s important to study the Flexibility influence coefficient. It focuses on the behavior in terms of stiffness and flexibility. Another important subject is mass stiffness and matrices. This provides the simplest representation of a building for the purposes of investigating lateral dynamic responses.
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES AND IT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.IT'Smaheshwadibhasme84
This is the presentation of underground structure in which I told that , what kind of difficulties engineer's faced during the construction in earth crust site, and also its adverse effect on the environment.
This article presents a design appraisal for the construction of a water off-take channel following Construction
Design and Management regulations (CDM). Furthermore, a case study to pump water from River Tay near the
village of Luncarty requires the construction of a water off-take channel (abstraction channel). An initial section plan of water abstraction scheme has been conducted. The design will be reviewed by taking into consideration the main concerns regarding Health and Safety concerning Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM) 2007 and its amendments in 2015. Mostly, the greatest attention will be given to the construction stage of the project where these concerns will be questioned in terms if they can be catered for in designing the water take-off channel.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
We know every structure is designed for a life period.
The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .
The building act usually contains provisions that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition.
peope) bom krhamic Mearo(cur CvEepineer rom Vo SolutionRO.pdfarrowcomputers8700
On the planet Strogus, the equivalent of the earth drosophila (fruit fly) has the Morty phenotype,
in which those with the trait love bagels. The wild- type flies do not. In a cross between a Morty
female and wild type male, of the 1000 offspring (F1 generation), 507 are wild-type females and
493 are Morty males. A complementation cross is performed on the parental generation. Which
of the following counts would be most likely in the F1 generation, if there are 1000 offspring?.
751 Morty males, 249 female wild types. 751 male wild types, 249 female wild types. All 1000
F1 files are Morty flies. 512 male wild-types, 488 female wild-types. 512 male wild-types, 488
Morty females.
Solution
Wild type flies do not have the trait.
Let the symbol for wild type be “+”, and that having the trait be “t”. Initially let us consider that
the morty characteristic is autosomal.
Morty female “tt” is crossed with wild type “+t” male. Remember in Drosophila males only one
X-chromosome is there, and crossing over is absent.
Results should be “tt” (morty =50%) and +t (wild type=50%). This result can be with either
males or females. But it is given that out of 1000, 507 are wild type females and 493 are morty
males.
This means that the characteristic was X-linked. And the cross was tt female cross to + male,
resulting in “t (morty)” male and “+t (wild type)” female.
This is same as the expected result. This means that morty characteristic is located on the X-
chromosome. It is autosomal.
Now, a complementation cross is performed. A complementation test is one in which two parents
having homozygous recessive mutation are crossed.
Morty male (t) crossed to morty female (tt)
Results: All will be morty. So, (C) is the correct answer..
The Art of Construction Staging: Design with the public in mind.
Improving mobility upon groundbreaking for major transportation and institutional projects.
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
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Similar to DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACH
This project is to cover the graduation requirements for high Diploma of Higher College Of Technology. The research was on the earthquakes and it effects on the building. After that , designing system that help us to control the effect of earthquakes. This system has structure components that should be under consideration. Also, installing the Tuned Mass Dumper TMD in the structure and superstructure of building. This consisting of mass, spring and viscous dumper. The viscous dumper will absorb the energy of the vibration due to earthquakes. Part of calculations, it’s important to study the Flexibility influence coefficient. It focuses on the behavior in terms of stiffness and flexibility. Another important subject is mass stiffness and matrices. This provides the simplest representation of a building for the purposes of investigating lateral dynamic responses.
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES AND IT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.IT'Smaheshwadibhasme84
This is the presentation of underground structure in which I told that , what kind of difficulties engineer's faced during the construction in earth crust site, and also its adverse effect on the environment.
This article presents a design appraisal for the construction of a water off-take channel following Construction
Design and Management regulations (CDM). Furthermore, a case study to pump water from River Tay near the
village of Luncarty requires the construction of a water off-take channel (abstraction channel). An initial section plan of water abstraction scheme has been conducted. The design will be reviewed by taking into consideration the main concerns regarding Health and Safety concerning Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM) 2007 and its amendments in 2015. Mostly, the greatest attention will be given to the construction stage of the project where these concerns will be questioned in terms if they can be catered for in designing the water take-off channel.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
We know every structure is designed for a life period.
The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .
The building act usually contains provisions that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition.
peope) bom krhamic Mearo(cur CvEepineer rom Vo SolutionRO.pdfarrowcomputers8700
On the planet Strogus, the equivalent of the earth drosophila (fruit fly) has the Morty phenotype,
in which those with the trait love bagels. The wild- type flies do not. In a cross between a Morty
female and wild type male, of the 1000 offspring (F1 generation), 507 are wild-type females and
493 are Morty males. A complementation cross is performed on the parental generation. Which
of the following counts would be most likely in the F1 generation, if there are 1000 offspring?.
751 Morty males, 249 female wild types. 751 male wild types, 249 female wild types. All 1000
F1 files are Morty flies. 512 male wild-types, 488 female wild-types. 512 male wild-types, 488
Morty females.
Solution
Wild type flies do not have the trait.
Let the symbol for wild type be “+”, and that having the trait be “t”. Initially let us consider that
the morty characteristic is autosomal.
Morty female “tt” is crossed with wild type “+t” male. Remember in Drosophila males only one
X-chromosome is there, and crossing over is absent.
Results should be “tt” (morty =50%) and +t (wild type=50%). This result can be with either
males or females. But it is given that out of 1000, 507 are wild type females and 493 are morty
males.
This means that the characteristic was X-linked. And the cross was tt female cross to + male,
resulting in “t (morty)” male and “+t (wild type)” female.
This is same as the expected result. This means that morty characteristic is located on the X-
chromosome. It is autosomal.
Now, a complementation cross is performed. A complementation test is one in which two parents
having homozygous recessive mutation are crossed.
Morty male (t) crossed to morty female (tt)
Results: All will be morty. So, (C) is the correct answer..
The Art of Construction Staging: Design with the public in mind.
Improving mobility upon groundbreaking for major transportation and institutional projects.
Similar to DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACH (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Bricks Selection through Management Approach by AHP, RII, IMP.I.A Makwana
Demand of Bricks is gradually increasing day by day in the metropolitan cities. Brick is the oldest manufactured building material and much of its history is lost in antiquity. The oldest Burnt or fired bricks have been found on the sites of the ancient cities of Babylonia, some of which are Estimated to be about 6000 years old. This research paper presents a response based comparison of fly-ash bricks, clay bricks, human hair fly ash bricks, Sugarcane bassage ash bricks. Data are collected through distributed survey questionnaire to brick manufacture and then analyzed by various techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process, Relative Important Index and Important Index. Such a research study may prove to be beneficial to all the agencies involved in construction and also act as a foundation for future research studies.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS...A Makwana
Human resource is required for an organization to conduct different business activities. Without the support of human resource, the organization cannot exist or operate effectively. The success of any organization depends on the effective use of human resources. Human resource is the major contributory force for any kind of organization in India. Due to this, management of this human resource, i.e. Human Resource Management (HRM) must have more significance in India. Also, human resources are major risky to manage in the construction field, as they are not mostly permanent like other industries. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the Human Resource Management (HRM) in the construction industry. However, studies have shown that research on HRM in the project management context is yet undeveloped and publications are relatively rare and most research simply involves case studies or expert reports. Past research has been done on HRM are mostly qualitative and there is a lack of quantitative research. Due to this lack of quantitative research, there is no good-developed framework for factors affecting HRM in the construction industry. A framework of human resource management has been developed. This framework contains 73 factors and it is divided in 8 Main Criterias as: (a) Job Analysis and HR Planning, (b) Recruitment and Selection, (c) Education and Training, (d) Retaining, Motivation and Performance Appraisal, (e) Compensation and Rewards, (f) Employment Relations, (g) Health and Safety, (h) Other External Factors. Data is collected through questionnaires and personal interviews targeting Engineers, Project Managers, HR Managers and Contractors. All factors affecting HRM have been ranked using RII Method, IMP.I. Method and RIR Method using the response acquired from stakeholders.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACH
1. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
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29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL
APPROACH
Hardik Patel1
, Ashish H. Makwana2
, Jayeshkumar Pitroda3
, Chetna M. Vyas4
Final Year Student, ME C E & M., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 1
Final Year Student, ME C E & M., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., A.D. Patel Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidyanagar,
Gujarat, India 4
Abstract: Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100
years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause
a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper
safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in
an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have
given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected
area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly
sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region
since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local
economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local
expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community
and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be
carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the
work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk
to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of
the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by
certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture
to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need
for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this
must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive
and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of
the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when
introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may
be seen as taking work away from local resources.
Keywords: Consortium, Demolition Work, Rescue phase, Safety measures
2. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
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29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
Demolition of any structure is the process of destroying down or falling down or
collapsing down of large buildings after its useful life period with the help of some
equipment or other method with a legal procedure followed by the consent of the local
authority.
B. Overview of Demolition of Buildings
Demolition work is to be performed safely and with a number of different steps involved
before and during the execution of a demolition process. The various steps involved before
the demolition process includes surveying the site of demolition, removal of hazardous
materials, if any, and preparation of demolition plan with techniques to be implanted, stability
report and the precautionary safety measures to be taken from the workers and the
surrounding. Equipments used for these demolition activities are like sledge hammer or
rammers; excavators, bulldozers, tearing balls, etc. and main explosives used are like
dynamites and RDX. When explosive are used for the demolition, it is known as Implosion,
which is generally preferred for high and tall towers.
Any demolition activity to start with, there are many steps that need to take place
forehand including but not restricted to performing asbestos abatement, removing hazardous
or regulated materials, obtaining necessary permits from the authority, submitting necessary
notifications, disconnecting utilities, and development of site-specific safety and work plans
for the workers as well as the surroundings with a detailed planning of every stage with a
working strategy.
The existence of the structure after the service life period is over is very dangerous to its
occupants and surrounding buildings. The building act usually based on the provisions that
enable in charge authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety
with their belongings and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on
completion of the demolition.
3. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
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Figure 1: Tearing-down of buildings and other structures by pre-planned and controlled methods
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
C. Factors affecting the evaluation of Demolition Methods
II. NEED FOR DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURES
Many structures are being erected nowadays, but the prime locations are hard to find,
therefore setting up these infrastructures are becoming more and more difficult.
Old buildings are demolished, excavated or destroyed to pave the way for a new
architectural structure to be built.
Demands for modernization and improved comfort.
Redevelopment for inner urban areas.
Rapid technological changes within industry require even more efficient plant premises
and this necessitates at least partial demolition.
If a building is being a threat to safety for adjacent buildings, it should be demolished as
early as possible.
Structural Form
• Scale of construction
• Location of building
Range of Demolition
• Condition of building
• Existence of local structures and restrictions
Existing Environmental Requirements
• Specific accident risk
• Permitted noise, vibration, dust
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The consequences of the above will be increased demand for the further technological
development of demolition methods and equipments and their levels of efficiency.
III. PLANNING FOR DEMOLITION
A. Building Appraisal and Demolition Plan
B. Utilities encountered in Building Demolition
Building Survey Structural Survey Demolition Plan Stability Report
including
Calculations
Electricity Water Gas
Telecommunication Drainage
Overhead and
Underground Cables
Railway Tunnel and
its accessories, such
as vent shafts
Sewage Tunnel and
its accessories
Disused Tunnel
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IV.PREPARATION FOR DEMOLITION
Thoroughly inspect the premises, sites, surroundings, neighbouring buildings that could
be affected by the intended demolition work.
Investigate the environmental requirements/restrictions and whether there is any
potential risk to life and property.
Check the stability of framed and roofed structures.
Check the thickness of all walls and identify load bearing walls.
Structural or Geotechnical calculation to support adjoining properties.
V. DEMOLITION SEQUENCE
The demolition contractor should adopt a method of work which:-
Gradually reduces the height of the building; and
Arranges the deliberate, controlled collapse of the building or structure so that work can
be completed at ground level.
Demolition sequence shall be determined according to actual site conditions, restraints, the
building layout, the structural layout and its construction. In general, the following sequence
shall apply:
All cantilevered structures, canopies, verandas and features attached to the external walls
shall first be demolished prior to demolition of main building and its internal structures
on each floor.
When demolishing the roof structure, all lift machine rooms and water tanks at a higher
level shall be demolished.
Demolition of the floor slabs shall begin at mid span and work towards the supporting
beams.
Floor beams shall be demolished in the order as follows: Cantilevered beams, Secondary
beams, Main beams. In the case when structural stability of beams are affected, e.g., due
to loss of restraints, the affected beams shall be propped prior to loss of support or
restraint.
On-load bearing walls shall be removed prior to demolition of load bearing walls.
Columns and load bearing walls shall be demolished after removal of beams on top.
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TABLE I: - LIST OF DEMOLITION METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Method Primary Application Disadvantages Reference
Breaker, hand
held
Crushing of thin walls, brackets and
floor slabs in connection with
repairing and rebuilding, used where
access and working conditions are
poor and strict environmental
standards set.
Limited Cutting thickness and range,
unsuitable where the reinforcement bars
are to be retained. Heavy equipment, best if
supported on tackle or the like. Use of face
mask necessarily
Carlo De Pauw,
Erik K.Lauritzen,
“Disaster Planning,
Structural
Assessment,
Demolition and
Recycling”, Taylor
& Francis, London.
Breaker,
mounted
Demolition of concrete columns,
beams, balcony walls and floor slabs
in connection with environmentally
sensitive projects. Partial demolition
of concrete.
Cutting of reinforcement bars can cause
difficulty, not suitable for work where bars
are to be retained. Use of face mask
necessarily
Hammering,
hand held
Cleaning of demolition boundaries
in connection with partial demolition
and reparation. Exposure and
cleaning of reinforcement. Other
minor concrete demolition tasks.
This method is expensive as it causes much
noise, dust, vibrations and physical damage
to the user. Must use a face mask, ear plugs
and respiratory equipments.
Danish recommendation pr. Day: hour
Hammering,
mounted
The larger machines apt for larger
projects in a suitable range. Smaller
machines more appropriate for
minor tasks in repairing and
rebuilding of concrete structures.
Hammering involves environmentally
damaging aspects including dust and noise;
larger machines also vibrations. Access
must be large enough for the machine.
Remote controlled equipment
recommended to reduce hazards, ear plugs
and face mask necessary
Bursting,
explosives
Demolition of massive non-
reinforced concrete structures and in
environmentally cautious areas.
Requires pre-work with diamond boring
machine. Crack development is difficult to
control.
Blasting,
explosives
Holes in concrete slabs more than 30
cm thick. Demolition of reinforced
concrete in large quantities. Mini-
Blasting for reparation and
rebuilding, and the exposure of
reinforcement bars, where the bars
must be used again for recasting, eg.
Concrete columns and brackets.
This work requires special education and
licenses. Some work to clean fracture
boundaries with handheld hammering or
water jet is necessary after blasting.
Blasting, non-
explosives
Demolition of larger concrete
structures, eg. Non-reinforced
foundations
Considerable reaction time is needed for
agents to expand properly. The chemical
reaction necessitates personal protection
Cutting and
drilling
diamond
Holes in concrete slabs. Demolition
work where clean boundaries are
necessary. In combination with other
methods.
High noise levels and water reuse.
Cutting and
drilling, fuel
oil flame
Cutting and drilling of strong
reinforced concrete.
Requires special education and experience.
Fire risk
Water jet
Surface treatment of reinforced
concrete. Used for the removal of
layers, drilling and cutting
Requires certain safety regulations.
Considerable water reuse. Equipment
should be mounted. High risk and physical
loads if used hand held
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VI.DEMOLITION TECHNIQUES
A. Demolition using hand held tools
This method is usually used for small demolition volumes and often as preparatory work
for another demolition methods. It is highly labour intensive, slow and expensive. The most
common type of hand held equipments used are hand hammer and stone chisels. Hydraulic
hammer or pneumatic hammer is used for breaking away the concrete. It is effective in
localized and narrow space.
Figure 2: Hydraulic Hammer
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
B. Demolition using a wire saw cutting
First developed in the stone quarry industry and they have been used in concrete
demolition work to cut reinforced concrete since the early 1980s. Able to cut concrete of
almost any thickness. This makes them the ideal tool for heavy demolition like bridges, dams
and concrete structures. They create less dust, noise and vibration, making them ideal for
demolition work in or close to residential structures.
Figure 3: Wire Saw Cutting Machine
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
C. Demolition by machine
A common method used in India for demolition of structures. Used in large demolition
volumes structures. When demolition by hand, tool is time consuming and unsafe, this
method is adopted. Demolition of buildings by machine can be done by using wrecking ball
and hydraulic crusher.
1) Wrecking Ball: Wrecking ball generally comprise a drag-line type crawler chassis fitted
with a lattice crane jib. It is suspended from the lifting rope and swung by the drag rope.
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Figure 4: Wrecking Ball
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
Figure 5: Vertical Drop
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
Vertical Drop: Free falling of the wrecking ball onto the structure.
Figure 6: Swing in Line
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
Swing in Line: Winging of the ball in-line with the jib. A second dragline will normally
connect to the ball horizontally to control the ball motion.
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2) Hydraulic Breakers: It is a powerful percussion hammer fitted to an excavator for
demolishing concrete structures or rocks. Powered by an auxiliary hydraulic system from
the excavator, which is fitted with a foot-operated valve for this purpose. Hydraulic
breakers with long arm extension is used for high rise buildings. The crusher attachment
breaks the concrete and the reinforcement by the hydraulic thrust through the long boom
arm system. Debris may be used to build up a platform for the excavator to extend the
range of reach. It is important that the debris is densely compacted to support the
operation of the excavator. The platform must be flat and slope must be stable.
Figure 7: Wrecking Ball
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
3) Methodology:
a. Sequence of Demolition of Slabs and Beams
Step 1: Demolition of Slabs and Beams
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Step 2: An access Ramp of Steel Structural Frame to allow Machine to climb down to the
Next Floor Below.
Step 3: Cutting the Exterior Walls in Sections and Pre-weakening of Columns (Cutting
should be careful to minimize debris falling outside).
Step 4: Machine should be used to brace the wall section while cutting Reinforcing bars
connecting the Wall Section.
Figure 8: Sequence of Demolition of Slabs and Beams
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
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b. Sequence of demolition of Brick in-fill wall and exterior columns
Brick-in-fill wall: The in-fill bricks shall first be manually removed from the top layer down
by pushing it from outside. Work platforms erected outside the building may be used for this
operation. After the in-fill bricks are removed, the reinforced concrete frame may be
demolished by dismantling the framing sections.
Figure 9: Demolition of Brick in-fill wall
Source: Canton Public Library: http://town.canton.ma.us/Library/lbc/Photos/construction/sep02.htm
Exterior Column: The excavator arm with wire or hydraulic crusher attachment shall be used
to brace the column. Pre-weakening shall be performed at the bottom of the columns. After
pre-weakening, the column shall be pulled down in a controlled motion into the building by
the excavator arm.
Figure 10: Demolition of Exterior Columns
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
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4) Limitations:
Only highly skilled and experienced crane operators should be used on ball and crane
demolition projects.
Smoothness in controlling the swing of the ball is important since missing the target may
tip or overload the crane and a mild swing-back may cause the ball to hit the boom.
The size of the building that can be demolished with this method is limited by crane size
and working room, including proximity to power lines.
This form of demolition creates a great deal of dust, vibration and noise.
D. Demolition using implosion
Implosion is the direct opposite of explosion. Explosion - a charge goes off and
something solid is ripped into a lot of little pieces that fly all over the place, making everyone
in the vicinity take cover. An implosion is the strategic placement of explosive charges that
actually destroy the structural integrity of the building causing it to fall not out, but in upon
itself (this is often referred to as falling into its own footprint).
Figure 11: Demolition of Exterior Columns
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
The basic idea of explosive demolition is quite simple: If you remove the support
structure of a building at a certain point, the section of the building above that point will fall
down on the part of the building below that point. If this upper section is heavy enough, it
will collide with the lower part with sufficient force to cause significant damage.
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The explosives are just the trigger for the demolition. It's gravity that brings the building
down.
Imagine wooden blocks stacked on top of each other; pull out a few of the bottom blocks
and the structure falls by gravity. Explosives are used to start the destruction, but gravity
takes over and completes the job.
For concrete columns traditional dynamite is used.
When the chemical is ignited, it burns quickly, producing a large volume of hot gas in a
short amount of time. This gas expands rapidly, applying immense outward pressure (up to
600 tons per square inch) on whatever is around it.
Demolishing steel columns is a bit more difficult, as the dense material is much stronger.
For buildings with a steel support structure, RDX is used as the specialized explosive
material.
E. Demolition using dismantling
By cutting concrete elements and then removing them by crane, the demolition of an
entire concrete structure may be carried out with a minimum of noise, dust and impact on
surrounding structures.
This may be done by the following methods.
1) Water-jetting
-Minimizes and eliminates dust and fire hazards.
-Can be used to cut both, straight lines and contours.
-Requires the use of an abrasive and water-catching system during the cutting process.
2) Thermic Lance
A Thermic lance is a tool that burns iron in the presence of pressurized oxygen to create
very high temperatures for cutting.
Figure 12: Demolition of Exterior Columns
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=demolition+of+buildings+images
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F. Demolition using Mechanical and chemical bursting
Both mechanical and chemical pressure bursting split the concrete, either with a splitting
machine operating on hydraulic pressure provided by a motor in the case of mechanical
bursting, or through the insertion of an expansive slurry into a pre-determined pattern of
boreholes in the case of chemical bursting. The split concrete is then easily removed, either
by hand or by crane.
VII. CHANCES OF ACCIDENTS WHILE DEMOLITION
Accidents have been caused during the demolition by:
1) Persons falling from high, unprotected workplaces and through openings;
2) Persons being struck by falling objects;
3) The building collapses suddenly and unexpectedly;
4) Insecure materials on the structure;
5) The plant being used on elevated slabs without proper precautions being considered.
VIII. SAFETY MEASURES WHILE DEMOLITION
1. Precautions must be taken before and during demolition in accordance with AS2601-2001,
„The Demolition of Structures‟.
2. It is advisable to inform adjoining neighbours prior to the demolition so that they may
close windows or take other measures.
3. Before demolition is commenced, and also during the progress of such work, all electrical
cables or apparatus which is liable to be a source of danger, other than a cable or apparatus
used for the demolition works shall be disconnected.
4. During the progress of demolition, the work shall be under the continuous supervision of
the demolisher or of an experienced foreman.
5. Unless otherwise expressly approved, demolition shall be executed storey by storey
commencing at the roof and working downward.
6. When the demolition site adjoins a street or public walkway, a 2.4 meter high solid
hoarding shall be erected.
7. The demolished material shall not be allowed to remain on any floor or structure if the
weight of the material exceeds the safe carrying capacity of the floor or structure.
8. Dust creating material, unless thoroughly dampened shall not be thrown or dropped from
the building, but shall be lowered by hoisting apparatus or removed by material chutes.
9. Chutes shall be completely enclosed and a danger sign shall be placed at the discharge end
of every chute.