The document discusses expansion joints in civil engineering structures. It defines expansion joints as gaps provided in structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes and prevent cracking. It describes the different types of joints used in concrete and factors that affect the need for expansion joints like material properties and building size. The document outlines best practices for expansion joint design, including proper spacing and installation. It discusses common expansion joint materials like joint fillers, sealing compounds, and water bars used to make the joints watertight. The document also presents a case study on issues with untreated or poorly installed expansion joints like leakage and cracking.
The application of precast concrete structural systems has been attaining vast progress worldwide, and now in India. Real Estate Company are Introducing Precast System. Because of lots of advantage over cast in situ system the precast system is getting attention in India. The advantages are high quality, high strength, speedy construction, economical, requirement of less manpower. During the 1920s reinforced concrete was used in Spring Mills, Mumbai for building flats for mill workers. The engineers were British, who built these structures. In the initial days reinforced concrete was built using steel and cement. The books that were referred for designing precast structures were from UK, that the then engineers took as a guide to carry on construction. The Napier Bridge in Chennai was built near the Fort area between 1939–1943; it was the first pre-stressed concrete bridge in India. The Madras Port is built using precast piles and retaining walls between 1905–1910, which is the first recorded pile foundation with precast. The best architects of that time were involved in designing these structures. The paper deals with the research and the application of precast concrete structural systems in India. The paper also describes the development already achieved to date in the applications of the precast concrete structural systems in the constructions field in India.
It is the presentation based on pre- stressed concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
Study on Causes of Cracks & its Preventive Measures in Concrete StructuresIJERA Editor
The problem of cracking in building is becoming a difficult puzzle for engineers nowadays. Cracking is an unavoidable response of any structure while designers are trying to eliminate many of the causes of cracking and design tolerance for other factors. We all want our building structurally safe but it is not so easy. Some faulty steps during construction and some unavoidable reasons different type of cracks starts to appear on various structural and non- structural parts of the building. So, timely identification of such cracks and adopting preventive measure are essential. The repair materials and repair technique are different depending upon forms of cracks according to their positions in structure. Some types of cracks seriously need attention as they are structurally hazardous. In this paper, we will discuss about the problem engineers are facing i.e. of cracking after construction and what preventive measures should be taken along with the techniques to cure cracks.
The application of precast concrete structural systems has been attaining vast progress worldwide, and now in India. Real Estate Company are Introducing Precast System. Because of lots of advantage over cast in situ system the precast system is getting attention in India. The advantages are high quality, high strength, speedy construction, economical, requirement of less manpower. During the 1920s reinforced concrete was used in Spring Mills, Mumbai for building flats for mill workers. The engineers were British, who built these structures. In the initial days reinforced concrete was built using steel and cement. The books that were referred for designing precast structures were from UK, that the then engineers took as a guide to carry on construction. The Napier Bridge in Chennai was built near the Fort area between 1939–1943; it was the first pre-stressed concrete bridge in India. The Madras Port is built using precast piles and retaining walls between 1905–1910, which is the first recorded pile foundation with precast. The best architects of that time were involved in designing these structures. The paper deals with the research and the application of precast concrete structural systems in India. The paper also describes the development already achieved to date in the applications of the precast concrete structural systems in the constructions field in India.
It is the presentation based on pre- stressed concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
Study on Causes of Cracks & its Preventive Measures in Concrete StructuresIJERA Editor
The problem of cracking in building is becoming a difficult puzzle for engineers nowadays. Cracking is an unavoidable response of any structure while designers are trying to eliminate many of the causes of cracking and design tolerance for other factors. We all want our building structurally safe but it is not so easy. Some faulty steps during construction and some unavoidable reasons different type of cracks starts to appear on various structural and non- structural parts of the building. So, timely identification of such cracks and adopting preventive measure are essential. The repair materials and repair technique are different depending upon forms of cracks according to their positions in structure. Some types of cracks seriously need attention as they are structurally hazardous. In this paper, we will discuss about the problem engineers are facing i.e. of cracking after construction and what preventive measures should be taken along with the techniques to cure cracks.
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
In Addressing the role of architects and the architectural aspects of earthquake performance of buildings, this paper has had three objective: First to show that earthquake construction is not merely an engineering activity for structural engineers, it is an activity to be shared by both engineers and architects; Second to demonstrate the role that non computal or architectural aspects plays in determining the earthquake resistance of building, and third to emphasise the need for engineers to understand characteristics of traditional construction and for architects to understand the problem and nature of earthquake effect on building. Prof. Y. P. Singh"Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of Buildings in Sesmic Zones" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2229.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2229/earthquake-resistance-architecture-a-study-for-the-architectural-design-of-buildings-in-sesmic-zones/prof-y-p-singh
Numerical Optimization of Shoring Towers for Slab Formwork SystemsIJTET Journal
The usage of Shoring Tower for slab formwork is getting increased due to not only because of flexibility in the assemble and
construction over Prop-Supported Slab Formwork but also the capacity to withstand maximum construction working loads. The Shoring Tower is
generally used for the construction of heavy structures like Bridges, Culverts, staging of Retaining walls, etc. However a comprehensive scale down
of the shoring tower design goes well with the large span and increased slab thickness of conventional buildings. This research focuses primarily on
Analysis, Modelling, Design and Adaptability of shoring tower for slab formwork through computer models and optimized. The different models are
made from the combination of diameter of tubes with slab thickness and also with plywood thickness in Solid Works. Periodic analysis is done in
ANSYS for different load combinations with the variations of slab thickness and plywood thickness will gives the optimized results for the slab
formwork systems.
The construction site for the project will be a multi-story commercial dwelling with deep basement car park located in city centre at Smithfield where there is a high level of water content as it is in close proximity to the river Liffey, lack of space due to other buildings, traffic level are high and one way system is the only option. The design team have proposed ‘type C drained cavity’ basement that will consist of ‘secant piling system that has to be delivered in accordance with the project schedule.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experimental study on durability of high strength self compacting concrete...eSAT Journals
Abstract The basic philosophy in the construction of every structure is it should perform its intended functions successfully through the expected and anticipated life time, irrespective of external exposure conditions. The ability of the concrete is to resist and withstand any environmental conditions that may result in early failure or severe damages and it is a major concern to the engineering professional. Out of all the deteriorating agents acid attack is one of the phenomena that plays a vital role in disintegrating concrete structures depending on the type and concentration of the acid. Certain acids are harmless. The present investigation focused on the effect of H2 So4 and HCL on High Strength Self Compacting Concrete. Keywords: Self Compacting Concrete, Durability, deterioration, Compressive strength, viscosity modifying agent, Workability
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison on Repair and Strengthening Techniques for Unreinforced Masonry St...IJERA Editor
Masonry structures are estimated to include more than 70% of the residential unreinforced masonry buildings (URM) in the world. The structures are highly vulnerable to earthquake shaking which leads to unacceptably many losses, even in moderate earthquakes. Most of the losses are gave rise to by failure of masonry structures. As destruction of the masonry structures is usually not possible owing to several factors, this increases the question if the buildings had better to be retrofitted. Therefore, comparative study on repair and retrofitting methods safety of masonry structure has important advantages and drawbacks. This paper aims to investigate into repair and strengthening methods of masonry structures, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we presented most suitable seismic retrofitting methods for unreinforced masonry structures considering efficiency and economic problems. It has been show that surface treatment methods and Re-pointing are more preferable for unreinforced masonry structures owing to their low cost as well as a no requirement for high working capacity.
A Study On Pre-Engineered Building – A Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
Steel industry is growing rapidly in almost all the parts of the world. The use of steel structures is not only economical but also eco friendly at the time when there is a threat of global warming. Time being the most important aspect, steel structures (Pre fabricated) is built in very short period and one such example is Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB).This review from the past experiences presents the results of experimental and analytical studies done on Pre Engineered Building. Results show that these structures are economic, reduces construction cost and time, energy efficient and flexibility of expansion.
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Bricks Selection through Management Approach by AHP, RII, IMP.I.A Makwana
Demand of Bricks is gradually increasing day by day in the metropolitan cities. Brick is the oldest manufactured building material and much of its history is lost in antiquity. The oldest Burnt or fired bricks have been found on the sites of the ancient cities of Babylonia, some of which are Estimated to be about 6000 years old. This research paper presents a response based comparison of fly-ash bricks, clay bricks, human hair fly ash bricks, Sugarcane bassage ash bricks. Data are collected through distributed survey questionnaire to brick manufacture and then analyzed by various techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process, Relative Important Index and Important Index. Such a research study may prove to be beneficial to all the agencies involved in construction and also act as a foundation for future research studies.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUES
1. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
1
29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL &
TECHNIQUES
Farhana M. Saiyed 1
, Ashish H. Makwana2
, Jayeshkumar Pitroda3
, Chetna M. Vyas4
Final Year Student, BE Civil Engineering, BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 1
Final Year Student, ME C E & M., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., A.D. Patel Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidyanagar,
Gujarat, India 4
Abstract: Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
Keywords: Building, Expansion joints, Material, Techniques
2. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
2
29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Defination
The term “expansion joint” as used refers to the isolation joints provided within a Building
to permit the separate segments of the structural frame to expand and contract in response to
Temperature changes without adversely affecting the building's structural integrity or
serviceability.
B. Overview of Expansion Joint
The word „joint‟ is used in building parlance to cover elements which have to perform
quite different functions, e.g. beam-column joints and isolation joints. In the former the joint
has to provide continuity of structural action between the members meeting at the joint. In the
latter the joint has to ensure separation between the adjacent members to allow one member
to move independently of the other.
C. The four basic reasons for requiring joints
The member or structure cannot be constructed as a monolithic unit in one placement of
concrete.
The member has to be of limited size so it can be handled by cranes, etc.
The structure or member on one side of the joint needs to be able to move relative to that
on the other.
The design assumptions for the structure or building need the joint at that point, so the
analysis is simplified.
II. TYPES OF JOINTS IN CONCRETE
i) Construction Joints ii) Isolation Joints
3. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
3
29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
iii) Contraction Joints iv) Expansion Joints
Figure 1: Types of Joints in Concrete
Source: http://www.expertsmind.com & http://www.pavement.com
III. EXPANSION JOINT
A. Details of expansion joint
The normal practice in runways, bridges, buildings and road construction is to provide
expansion joints between cutting slabs of reinforced concrete at designing intervals and at
intersections with other constructions. These joint filers are then covered with sealing
compounds.
Concrete expands slightly when the temperature rises. Similarly, concrete shrinks upon
drying and expands upon subsequent wetting. Provision must cater for the volume change by
way of joint to relieve the stresses produced. An Expansion joint is actually a gap, which
allows space for a building to move in and out of. The movement of the building is caused
most frequently by temperature changes, the amount of expansion and contraction of building
depends upon the type of material it is constructed out of. A steel framed building will move
by a different amount then a concrete framed one. In case of a small building, the magnitude
of expansion is less and therefore, no joint is required either in the floor or roof slab. But in
case of the long building, the expansion is very large and may be as much as 25 mm.
Therefore, buildings longer than 30 m are generally provided with one or more expansion
joints.
Having successful determination the predicted movement along the three principal axis
of the Expansion joint gap, the designer and Specifier are now faced with a more critical
choice, that of choosing of material to seal the joint gap itself from the element. This is a
particular important building envelope design consideration, especially when moisture and
water are present.
4. Conference on: “Trends and Challenges of Civil Engineering in Today’s Transforming World”
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29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
Figure 2: Expansion Joint
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=EXPANSION+JOINT+++++images
Figure 3: Movement at an Expansion Joint
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=movement+at+an+expansion+joints+images
B. Problems due to Expansion Joint
The main problems of expansion joints are –
But the side effects developed by the water leakage and pest attack are very dangerous
and tedious
Leakage of Water Pest attack Poor workmanship
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1) The problem caused by water leakage:
In rainy season water travels from the expansion joints and goes into the walls which
creates discomfort for people
Also the paints of the walls are affected by weather.
The steel members get corroded and results in to risk of structural failure.
The electric lines in expansion joints can be short circuited.
2) Problems due to pest attack:
The pest attack on the wooden pads or the Shalitex board of expansion joints and also
travels from electric pipes and spreads in the whole structure.
3) Problems due to poor workmanship:
The expansion joints provided only on the superstructure can cause failure of foundation.
The expansion joints not provided on the parapet walls can result into uneven cracks on
parapet walls.
C. Need of Expansion Joints
If not provided the structure shall be subjected to internal compressive stresses and these
stresses may be so high that structure may fail.
The amount of expansion as already stated depends upon the extent of change of
temperature, the extent of the structure, and on the coefficient of linear expansion of the
material.
But of these three parameters changes in temperature and coefficient of linear expansion
cannot be controlled.
It is only the extent of the structure which can be reduced to limit the expansion the
structure within specified limits.
Based on these concepts it is seen that the structure 30 meters long when subjected to
temperature change of 50 degrees F expands about 10 mm.
Small buildings usually do not require any expansion joint, but if the continuous length
of the structure exceeds 45 meters expansion joint should be provided.
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D. Factors affecting on Expansion Joints
E. Location of Expansion Joints
Change in Materials: Wood to Steel, Concrete to Steel, flexible to rigid
Material direction change: Steel deck flutes
Building shapes: T, H, O, X, Y, C and others
Building size, typically greater than 30m in any direction, can be larger or smaller areas
Additions, regardless of shape or size
Equipment isolation, Atriums, Skylights
Non load bearing walls or in some cases load bearing
Thermal
•The different materials in buildings expands and contracts
according to their different co-efficient of expansion related to
temperature change so stresses devolved in such conditional can
be minimized by expansion Joints.
Wind
•The stresses developed in storms and hurricanes can be
minimize.
Loads
•Bending moments due to load snow, rain, vibrations, can be
decreased by expansion joints.
Earth quake
•The thrust on the building can be decreased by expansion joints
during earthquake.
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Figure 4: Location of Expansion Joints
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=Location+of+Expansion+Joints+images
F. Construction of Expansion Joint
The expansion joint is to be provided from the foundation to the top floor of the building.
The one side of the expansion joint is first constructed to desired level, then the Fiberboard is
placed where Expansion joint is to be provided then the other side is constructed. The
fiberboard is sealed with sealing compounds. Thus the whole construction of the building is
done.
G. Material & Techniques
The gap of expansion joints is never left open. It is filled with a compressible material so
as to make it water tight. The following materials are required to render the expansion joint
watertight.
1) Joint filler: Bitumen, bitumen containing cellular materials, cork strips, rubber, mineral
fiber, expanded plastic, pith, coconut, etc. are the usual joint filler materials. Joint filler
should be compressible material tightly fitted in the gap. Being compressible, they
Joint filler Sealing compound Water bars
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readily allow free expansion of adjacent parts. It should regain 75% of its original
thickness when external pressure is removed from it. They should be rigid, durable and
resistant to decay.
2) Sealing compound: its function is to seal the joint against passage of moisture and to
prevent the ingress of dust, grit or other foreign matter into the joint. It should be tint
less, non-toxic, insoluble and readily workable. Mastic or Hot-applied bituminous
sealing compound is mostly used for the purpose.
3) Water bars: the function bars are to seal the joints against passage of water. Water bars
may be made of rubber, P.V.C., G.I. sheet, copper, or aluminum sheets. G.I. Water bar
should not be used under corrosive conditions. Width of water bar may be varied from
the 15cm. to 20cm.and thickness should not be less than 0.56 mm. they are given U or V
fold to allow expansion and contraction at the joints.
H. Installation of Expansion joint
Expansion joint installation is a specialty, and project documents should emphasize the
need for a heightened care required to complete the task. The contract documents should
require that the contractor call a pre-construction meeting of parties involved in performing
the work at and around the expansion joints, to educate all involved parties about their
responsibilities in installing the expansion joints and ensure that the following conditions are
met:
1) The expansion joints in the floor should be straight and should align, without offset, with
expansion joints in vertical planes such as double columns and walls.
2) The expansion joint separation should not be used as a place for tolerance build-up from
other construction activities.
3) The expansion joint gap should have a consistent width throughout. If the gap is cast at a
temperature other than the specified mean temperature, and/or post-tensioned concrete is
used, the adjustment in the gap width may be needed to ensure that the specified joint has
the specified movement capability. A design example published in the 2009 PTI Journal
illustrates the design steps needed.
4) Forms should be strong with tight joints so as to allow concrete next to the forms to be
thoroughly vibrated to ensure proper consolidation, to prevent seepage of concrete and
irregularities in joint shape, and to avoid voids within concrete or on concrete surface.
5) The forms should be removed promptly after initial curing of concrete to prevent them
from being squeezed or becoming dislodged due to the joint movement.
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6) Once formed, the expansion joint gaps in the decks and floors need to be protected from
damage by construction traffic throughout their length. At crossing points, joints should
be protected with plates or ramps.
7) Joints in the walls should be free of mortar protrusion, masonry ties, protruding shelf
angles, and other obstructions that might hinder the movement or obstruct installation of
the expansion joint system.
TABLE I: - C/C SPACING OF EXPANSION JOINT IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS
Sr.
No.
Description of elements c/c spacing Reference
1. Walls
i) Load bearing walls one brick
and more in thickness and having
cross-walls at intervals.
30 m
IS 3414-1968: The
spacing of expansion
joints in various elements
of the structure
ii) Load bearing walls without any
cross-walls
30 m
If wall acts as panel walls
between columns spaced not
more than 9 m c/c no joints are
required. Control joints may be
given over the center of openings
at half the spacing of expansion
joint.
2. Roofs
i) Ordinary roof slabs of RCC on
unframed construction protected
by mud phuska.
20 m to 30 m interval and at all
changes of direction points of
structure.
ii) Thin unprotected RCC slabs. 15 m
3. Chhajjas, balconies and parapets.
Copings
6 to 12 m.
Corresponding to joints in the
roof slabs.
4. Framed structures At 30 m intervals and at corners
or change of direction points.
IV.CASE STUDY
A. Site Visit
As we visited the some sites of untreated or poorly constructed expansion joints, we
encountered very major problems in maintaining, installing and treating expansion joints.
i) A part of a whole expansion joint is treated
which is not very durable and not much care
is taken off in treating.
ii) The gap for movement of overlapped slab
is not provided as a result the cracks are
formed in the cover.
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iii) In this picture the joint and the treatment
are at different places.
iv) Here the Shalitex board is not properly
installed so water can penetrate from
cavities.
v) In this joint pest has completely
demolished the Fiberboard as it is not
covered to resist this sort of problem and
weather effects.
vi) A typical failure at an expansion joint
junction.
B. Treatment methods for expansion joints in various elements
1) Walls: The joints in the wall are not left exposed. They are covered with covering sheets
which may be of aluminum, hard board, AC sheet or timber plank. Normally A.C. sheet
is used to cover the joint. The covering sheet is fixed to the wall on one side of the joint
with screws and on the other side by screws through oval shaped slots. The oval slots
permit movement at the joint without causing any damage to the covering sheet.
Expansion joint in the roof shall invariably be provided with joint filler and water bar.
Joint in floor shall be invariably sealed to prevent accumulation of dirt, dust, therein.
The joints in the wall are not left exposed. They are covered with covering sheets
which may be of aluminum, hard board, AC sheet or timber plank. Normally A.C. sheet
is used to cover the joint. The covering sheet is fixed to the wall on one side of the joint
with screws and on the other side by screws through oval shaped slots. The oval slots
permit movement at the joint without causing any damage to the covering sheet.
Expansion joint in the roof shall invariably be provided with joint filler and water bar.
Joint in floor shall be invariably sealed to prevent accumulation of dirt, dust, therein.
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Figure 5: Expansion Joint treatment in walls
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=Material+%26+Techniques+of+Expansion+Joints+images
2) Framed Walls: In case of framed structure, it is necessary to provide two frames, one on
either side of the expansion joint. The treatment of joints is similar to those given to the
masonry wall expansion joint.
Figure 6: Expansion Joint treatment in Framed walls
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=Material+%26+Techniques+of+Expansion+Joints+images
3) Roofing Slab: The gap of the joint should be sealed with a water bar and sealing
compound. In order to prevent cracks in the masonry above or below the expansion joint
R.C.C or plain concrete bed blocks should be provided in the masonry below the
expansion joint in the slab.
Figure 7: Expansion Joint treatment in Roofing Slab
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=Material+%26+Techniques+of+Expansion+Joints+images
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29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
C. Some new methods used for treatment of Expansion joint in present time
1) In this method a combination of fiber tape and adhesive material is used to cover the
expansion joint.
i) In newly constructed building or in treatment of
expansion joint in existing building the cleaning of
expansion joint is required in the first step.
ii) Now the adhesive materials are properly
mixed.
iii) Now water is applied on the surface where the
adhesive is to be placed so moisture in chemicals is
not absorbed by the surface.
Then the first layer of adhesive chemicals is coated.
iv) The fiber tape is instantly placed over the
coating so it can properly cure.
v) The second coat is done over the tape. After the half an hour curing the 3rd
coating of adhesive chemical is
introduced. When flooring is done 15 mm gap is left on treated joint. The provided gap is then filled up with
silicon gel.
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2) Treatment by simple slab construction
Figure 8: Treatment by simple slab construction
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=Expansion+joint+Treatment+by+simple+slab+construction+images
As shown in figure the overhanging slab is constructed on the expansion joint.
3) Treatment using rubber gasket and aluminium sheet:
Figure 9: Treatment using rubber gasket and aluminium sheet
Source: https://www.google.co.in/#q=treatment+using+rubber+gasket+and+aluminium+sheet+images
V. CONCLUSION
It is important that at the design stage the designer recognises the factors that may affect
a building‟s performance and makes provisions to accommodate any likely movement.
Adequate provision shall be made for expansion and contraction appropriate to the
service conditions of the structure.
New methods used with latest materials are more advantageous and provides faster
workmanship as well as long life to expansion joint with water tight provision.
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