HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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EVOLUTION
OF
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
Guided by
A r . G a y a t h r i s e g a r

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CLASS I
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENTHUMAN
EVOLUTIO
N

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SAFETY &
SECURITY
TO PROTECT
THEMSELVES FROM
PREDATORS & ENEMIES
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES
FROM ADVERSE WEATHER
CONDITIONS LIKE
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
,STORMY WINDS AND RAIN
TO SAFEGUARD THEIR FOOD
SUPPLIES & DOMESTIC ANIMALS
WHY HUMAN NEEDS A SHELTER?
VJ

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Settlement is a process of grouping
of people and acquiring of some
territory to build houses as well as for
their economic support.
 It is defined as any form of human
habitation which ranges from a single
dwelling to a large city.
Its a process of opening up and
settling of a previously uninhabited
area by the people.
SETTLEMENT

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GAI3MAMMOTH BONE HUT -
MOLDAVA
PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE LIVE IN CAVES
PALEOLITHIC AGE
NOMADS AND HUNTERS
SHELTER - CAVE,TREES
MESOLITHIC AGE
NOMADS AND HUNTERS
SHELTER – TEMPORARY
Huts were built using mammoth bone
followed by houses of wood, straw &
rock.

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NEOLITHIC AGE
FARMERS AND HERDERS
SHELTER – PERMANENT
- Neolithic houses were rectangular and
made using tree trunks.
-The roof was usually made from timber
beams with a reed thatch covering.
- The houses usually had a hearth which
was used for cooking: unlike the earlier
Mesolithic people, Neolithic people
cooked food indoors

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PRIMITIVE
NON
ORGANIZED
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
PRIMITIVE MAN
(tree tops, branches , tree holes & caves)
PALEOLITHIC - OLD STONE AGE
NOMAD
TEMPORARY SHELTER (ISOLATED DWELLING-HAMLET)
( Huts were built using mammoth bone ,wood , straw & rock)
MESOLITHIC - MIDDLE STONE AGE
FARMERS & HERDERS
PERMANENT SHELTER (FORMATION OF VILLAGE)
(The roof was usually made from timber beams with a reed thatch covering)
NEOLITHIC - NEW STONE AGE
CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN - WINNER BECAME THE KING
NON AGRICULTURAL FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS WERE BUILT WITH
MOATS ALL AROUND (FORMATION OF TOWN)
(people started migrating to this town centre for better wages & employment)
BRONZE AGE
DUE TO EXCESSIVE MIGRATION
DEVELOPMENT CAME OUT OF FORTS TO ACCOMDATE MORE PEOPLE
GIVING RISE TO A BIGGER SETTLEMENTS (FORMATION OF LARGER
TOWNS & CITIES)
IRON AGE
PRIMITIVE
ORGANIZED
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
STATIC URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
OR CITIES
PHASE 1
PHASE2
PHASE 3
DIFFERENT PHASES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT

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DYNAPOLIS
30 MILES IN DIAMETER
17TH CENTURY ONWARDS
METROPOLIS
100 SQKM IN DIAMETER
MEGALOPOLIS
1000 SQKM IN DIAMETER
ECUMENOPOLIS
WHOLE EARTH WILL BE COVERED BY
ONE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
(population explosion will be the decisive
factor)
UPCOMING PHASE
UNIVERSAL
HUMAN
SETTLEMENT
DYNAMIC URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
PHASE 4
PHASE 5

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CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT
 ISOLATED DWELLING
 HAMLET
 VILLAGE
 TOWN
CITY
 CONURBATION

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SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY PATTERN
1 FAMILY
5 0R 6 UNITS OF FAMILIES
UP TO SEVERAL 100 PEOPLE
UP TO 10 TO 20 THOUSAND PEOPLE
UP TO 100,000 PEOPLE
UP TO HALF A MILLION PEOPLE
ONE OR TWO MILLION PEOPLE
SEVERAL MILLION
PEOPLE
PRIMATE

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 ADMINISTRATIVE
New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi Nagar
 INDUSTRIAL
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Salem, Coimbatore,Modinagar, Surat
 TRANSPORT
Kandla, Kochi, Road and Rail Junctions like MughalSarai,
 COMMERCIAL TOWNS
Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai, etc.
 MINING TOWNS
Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Digboi, Ankaleswar
 CANTONMENT
Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Pathankot,
 EDUCATIONAL
Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc.
 RELIGIOUS
Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar,
 TOURIST
Nainital, Mussorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CITIES

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EKISTICS
▪The term Ekistics was first coined by the renowned planner
▪DOXIADIS (1903-75)
▪ It is defined as the SCIENCE OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS drawing on the research and experience of
diverse disciplines
▪Including urban, regional, city and community planning and
architecture
as well as behavioral science including human psychology,
anthropology, culture and politics.

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15 EKISTICS UNITS – CA DOXIADIS
MAN - 1
ROOM - 2
HOUSE - 5
HAMLET - 40
VILLAGE - 250
NEIGHBOURHOOD - 1500
SMALL POLIS – 10,000
POLIS / CITY – 75,000
SMALL METROPOLIS - 5,00,000
METROPOLIS – 4 MILLION
MEGALOPOLIS – 150 MILLION
SMALL EPERO POLIS- 750 MILLION
EPEROPOLIS – 7500 MILLION
ECUMENOPOLIS – 50,000 MILLION PEOPLE
SMALL MEGALOPOLIS – 25 MILLION

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The physical elements / components comprises of
1)SHELTER
( The superstructures of different shape, size, type and materials erected by
mankind for security, privacy, and protection from the elements and for his
singularity within a community )
2) INFRASTRUCTURE
( The complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from the shelter people,
goods, energy or information )
3) SERVICES
( Cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social
body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition )
“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to
which these elements provide the material support.

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 FIRST DIMENSION
(RELATIVE TO SCALE)
 SECOND DIMENSION
(MAN'S FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS)
EKISTICS FRAME WORK

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LOWER END- THE INDIVIDUAL,
THE ROOM, AND THE
DWELLING
INCREASE IN SIZE
OTHER EXTREME END - THE
CITY, THE URBAN CONTINENT,
AND THE "WORLD-WIDE CITY“
WHICH HE CALLED AN
ECUMENOPOLIS
FIRST DIMENSION
(RELATIVE TO SCALE)

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SECOND DIMENSIONS - EKISTICS ELEMENTS
(MAN'S FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS)
NATURE
MAN/ANTHROPOS
SOCIETYSHELL
NETWORK

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DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
1) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
WATER SUPPLY:
 Settlements are located near water bodies such as RIVERS, LAKES, AND SPRINGS
Water supply is a main factor as it is used for DRINKING, COOKING, WASHING,
IRRIGATION AND TRANSPORTATION PURPOSES
TOPOGRAPHY:
Topography refers to the SHAPE AND ELEVATION OF THE LAND. It includes features
like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts.
 Farmers preferred to settle IN FLAT, OPEN AREAS SUCH AS PLAINS AND VALLEYS
FOR CULTIVATION which has rich fertile soil
MOUNTAINS WERE LESS FRIENDLY to human settlement. Steep mountains were hard to
cross. Their jagged peaks, cold temperatures, and rocky land made farming difficult.
DESERTS ALSO DISCOURAGED SETTLEMENT. They were hot and dry. They contained
very little water for farming.
VEGETATION:
There are many kinds of vegetation, such as TREES, BUSHES, FLOWERS, GRASS, AND
REEDS.
 plants were a source of FOOD and useful products out of plants, including BASKETS,

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2) CULTURAL FACTOR
 These include aspects like CASTE, COMMUNITY, ETHNICITY AND RELIGION.
In India it is commonly found that the MAIN LAND OWNING CASTE resides at the
CENTRE of the village and the OTHER SERVICE PROVIDING CASTES ON THE
PERIPHERY.
This leads to SOCIAL SEGREGATION AND FRAGMENTATION of a settlement into
several units
3) HISTORICAL OR DEFENCE FACTOR
 In the past and also today’s context mostly border areas were conquered or attacked
frequently by outsiders.
 SECURITY concerns favored the EVOLUTION OF NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS.
building on high ground allowed people the chance TO LOOK OUT FOR ENEMIES
Surrounding a settlement with water also helped with DEED DEFENCE
4) ACCESSIBILITY
Need to COMMUNICATE with other areas of trade and travel
Settlements are often located along TRANSPORT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATION
LINES road and trail lines
Settlement needs communication network

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CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENT
1 ) ON THE BASIS
OF LOCATION
 PLAIN VILLAGES
 PLATEAU VILLAGES
 COASTAL
VILLAGES
 FOREST VILLAGES
 DESERT VILLAGES
2 ) ON THE BASIS OF
FUNCTION /
OCCUPATION
 FARMING VILLAGES
 FISHERMEN’S
VILLAGES
 LUMBERJACK
VILLAGES
 PASTORAL VILLAGES
3 ) ON THE BASIS OF
SHAPE OF SETTLEMENT
NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT
 LINEAR PATTERN
 RECTANGULAR PATTERN
 SQUARE PATTERN
 CIRCULAR PATTERN
 STAR / RADIAL PATTERN
DISPERSED SETTLEMENT
SEMI COMPACT SETTLEMENT
 T-SHAPED PATTERN
CHECKER BOARD PATTERN
FAN SHAPED PATTERN
 ELONGATED PATTERN
DOUBLE PATTERN
CROSS-SHAPED ETC.
Y SHAPED PATTERN
CRUCIFORM PATTERN

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KURINCHI
NEITHAL
PALAI
MULLAI
MARUTHAM
SANGAM LITERATURE – FIVE LANDSCAPES

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1 ) ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION
SIZE
MEGA CITIES
( MORE THAN 5 MILLION POPULATION)
 METROPOLITAN
(ONE MILLION TO FIVE MILLION
POPULATION)
 CITY
(ONE LAKH TO ONE MILLION POPULATION)
 TOWN
(LESS THAN ONE LAKH POPULATION)
2 ) ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION
 ADMINISTRATIVE
New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi
Nagar
 INDUSTRIAL
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Salem,
Coimbatore,Modinagar, Surat,
 TRANSPORT
Kandla, Kochi, Road and Rail Junctions like
MughalSarai,
 COMMERCIAL TOWNS
Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai,
etc.
 MINING TOWNS
Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Digboi, Ankaleswar
 CANTONMENT
Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Pathankot,
 EDUCATIONAL
Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc.
 RELIGIOUS
Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar,
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
Class Population
Class I (city) 1,00,000 and above
Class II (town) 50,000 – 99,999
Class III 20,000 – 49,999
Class IV 10,000 – 19,999
Class V 5,000 – 9,999
Class VI less than 5,000

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SOME INTERESTING SETTLEMENTS

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ANCIENT TOWN PLANNING PRINCIPLES IN INDIA
DANDAKA NANDYAVARTA SARVATOBHADRA SWASTIKA PRASTARA PADMAKA KARMUKHA CHATURMUKHA
ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND PURPOSE
ANCIENT TOWNS
EIGHT TYPES
MANASARA VASTU SASTRA

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CHANAKYAS ARTHA SASTRA - HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENT & CASTE SYSTEM
PRIEST AND
MINISTERS
DEPRESSED
CLASS
CEMETRY
FOREST
FOOD
AND
GOODS
TRADERS
SKILLED
WORKERS
KSHATRIYA
S
TREASURY
GOLDSMIT
H
INDUSTRIES
DOCTORS
ARTISTS
PALAC
E AND
TEMPL
E
N
 WALL AROUND THE TOWN, ‐ 6 dandas (10.8m) high
and 12 dandas (21.6m) wide.
beyond this wall there should BE THREE MOATS OF
14‘, 12’AND 10’ WIDE to be constructed four arm‐lengths
apart.
depth – 3/4th of width.
city located near A PERENNIAL WATER BODY
 east west and three north – south roads, should divide the
town
the MAIN ROADS should be 8 DANDAS(14.4M) wide
and OTHER ROADS 4 DANDAS(7.2M) WIDE.
1 well for 10 houses.
shape might be circular, rectangular or square as would
suit the topography.

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JAIPUR CITY PLANNING CONCEPTS
 Jaipur was founded in 1726 by Jai Singh II, the Raja of Amer
 capital SHIFTS from AMER, 11 KM (7 MILES) FROM JAIPUR
 to accommodate the GROWING POPULATION AND INCREASING SCARCITY OF WATER
 VIDYADHAR BHATTACHARYA CHIEF ARCHITECT OF Jaipur
 City was planned based on the principles of VASTU SHASTRAAND SHILPA SHASTRA
The city was divided into nine blocks
 State buildings and palaces were occupied in two blocks
 Remaining seven blocks allotted to the public.
1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8 9

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 The main streets of the city were 111FT. WIDE
 Secondary streets 55 FT WIDE
 The smaller ones 27FT. WIDE.
 CHAUPAR – It’s a square that occurs at THE INTERSECTION OF EAST WEST ROADS WITH THRE
NORTH SOUTH ROADS.
Each chaupar is around 100M X 100M
 The distance between two chaupars is about 700M which is ideal for PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT.
Used for PUBLIC GATHERING ON FESTIVE OCCASIONS.
INHABITABLE DUE
TO DEEP SLOPE
PALACE PRECINT
WESTERN GATE
CHAND POL
(MOON GATE)
EASTERN GATE
SURAJ POL
(SUN GATE)
CHAUPAR
NORTHERN GATE
(AMER GATE )
SETTLEMENT

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UNIT II
HISTORICAL PERIODS AND ITS SETTLEMENT
PATTERN

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DIFFERENT PERIODS IN WORLD HISTORY

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TIME LINE OF CIVILIZATION
RIVER BASED CIVILIZATION
3700 BCE
3150 BCE
2900 BCE
1850 BCE

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ANCIENT
MESOPOTOMIA CIVILIZATION

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MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION – UR CITY
 FAMOUS FOR ZIGGURAT
OLDEST SETTLEMENT OF THE WORLD
 UR was an important SUMERIAN CITY-STATE in ancient Mesopotamia IRAQ
 It was a FERTILE LAND RICH, ALLUVIAL SOIL laid down by the TWIN RIVERS, THE TIGRIS
AND
EUPHRATES and was ENORMOUSLY PRODUCTIVE
 The RIVER CHANGED ITS COURSE, settlement came to an END
 In order to HARNESS THE POWER OF THE FLOOD, an elaborate system of CANALS, DAMS
AND
FLOODGATES was developed.
GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS, PRIESTS
& SOLDIERS
MERCHANTS, TEACHERS
LABOURERS, FARMERS &
CRAFT-MAKERS
SLAVES
(CAPTURED FROM BATTLE)
SUPREME POWER
TOP LEVEL PEOPLE
MIDDLE LEVEL
PEOPLE
BOTTOM LEVEL
PEOPLE
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE

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GREAT ZIGGURAT UR CITY ,IRAQ
 Sumerians place their important TEMPLES on PLATFORMS OR, IN THE CASE OF ZIGGURATS,
on a stepped series of platforms.
 They are built out of a core of MUD-BRICK with an outer skin of fired bricks, set in BITUMEN
MORTAR, to protect it AGAINST FLOOD DAMAGE

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Good irrigation system gave ABUNDANT CROPS, not everybody needed to work on farms.
The CHISEL WORKERS made sculptures, THE GEM CUTTERS made gems, and THE FULLER
stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The METAL WORKERS made weapons.
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
FORTIFICATIO
N GATE
COURT OF
NANNA
ZIGGURA
T
GIPARU
SACRED
PRECINT
CITY
WALL
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
EUPHRATES
RIVER
CANA
L
WEST
HARBOU
R
NORTH
HARBOUR
E.DUBLALMAH
PLACE OF JUDGEMENT
UR SETTLEMENT LAYOUT

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VARIOUS ACTIVITIES INSIDE RESIDENTIAL AREA OF UR SETTLEMENT
SHRINE
SCHOOL HOUSE
SHOPS
THE KHAN
COOK HOUSE

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BAKER SQUARE
ENTRANCE
PASSAGE
COURTYARD WITH
TWO FURNACE
LARGE COURTYARD
FURNACE
SHOPS &
BUSINESS
RELATIVELY LONG
AND NARROW SHOPS
WORKSHOPS AND
STORE ROOM
LOW WINDOWS ACTS
LIKE A COUNTER
THE KAHN
3 SEPARATE
ENTRANCE
19 GROUND FLOOR
ROOMS
MAY BE HOTEL
THREE STOREY HIGH
THE COOK HOUSE
HOUSE CONVERTED
INTO FAST FOOD
RESTAURANT
BREAD OVEN
INDOOR SEATING IN
OLD DOMESTIC
CHAPEL
FOOD PREPARATION
CAN BE VIEWED BY
PASSERS THROUGH
LOW WINDOW
PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY

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Each house had a DOMESTIC CHAPEL
where cult structures and the FAMILY
BURIAL-VAULT was kept.
 KITCHENS, STAIRWAYS,
WORKROOMS, LAVATORIES were all
part of the household structures.
 The houses were packed in very tightly,
with EXTERIOR WALLS of one household
immediately ABUTTING THE NEXT ONE
 THE INTERIOR COURTYARDS and
wide STREETS PROVIDED LIGHT
 CLOSE-SET HOUSES protects the
EXTERIOR WALLS IN HEATING
especially during the hot summers.
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF PRIVATE HOUSES IN UR
CITY
 Four main residential areas of the city included HOMES WITH BAKED MUD BRICK
FOUNDATIONS arranged along long, narrow, winding streets and alley ways.
 Typical houses included an OPEN CENTRAL COURTYARD with two or more main living rooms in
which the families resided.
The use of BITUMEN AS A MORTAR, particularly in the construction of large structures such as city
walls, also provided an effective PROTECTION AGAINST DAMP
PRIVATE HOUSES PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY

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REMAINS OF UR CITY ,IRAQ 2017

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ANCIENT
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION:
Time period 3300 -1300 B.C
Indus valley civilization is bordered around
India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
 Flourished along River Indus
Bronze age civilization
Inhabitants developed new techniques in
handicraft and metallurgy
City is famous for URBAN PLANNING
Innovative use of baked bricks
Elaborate drainage & water supply system
Trade and transport were the main occupation
Pioneers of cotton cultivation
They have good knowledge with
measurement like length , mass and time
Mohenjodaro people have fine knowledge about personal hygiene with fine bath facilities
Main streets and roads were set in a line varying from 4m to 10m with fire burnt bricks
Roads are suitable for wheeled traffic
Lanes are joined with streets and designed with lamp post
City follow the grid pattern
Main streets divide the city at right angles dividing the city onto squares

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MASS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

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City was divided into two parts higher city and lower city
Higher city(Acropolis)was safeguarded by walls which look like a fort usually occupied by
rulers
Acropolis comprises of assembly halls, religious structure, granaries and great bath
Lower part of the city was occupied by former and common people spread over a square mile
Rich ruling class people dwell in the multi roomed house while poor live in small tenements
Public buildings and big houses are situated in the broad roadsEncroachments on roads and lanes are strictly not permitted
Bathrooms were attached to rooms
Each house is equipped with well, attached toilets and cover drain which in turn connects to
main drain line
Houses are made out of burnt bricks and gypsum and even double storied
Rooms are designed around courtyard
Each house has well connected sink and it is further linked with underground sink

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- CITADEL OF MOHENJODARO

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- CITADEL OF MOHENJODARO
A planned city based on a street grid of rectilinear buildings
Spread around 300 hectare
City divided into citadel and lower city
Citadel – mound of mud bricks of 12m height encloses great bath, granary residential area
for 5000 citizens and two large assembly halls
City has central market place and a public well
Large granary building in massive wooden super structure with air ducts to dry the grain
Colonnaded courtyard steps leads to a built brick pool water proofed by bitumen water
proofing
Pool of size 12x7x2.4m
Granary of size is 150’x75’x15’
Granary indicates high level of a agricultural civilization
Flood by Indus is thought to be the cause of destruction

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DHOLAVIRA SETTLEMENT
BAILLE
Y
CASTLE
NORTH GATE LOWER TOWN
MIDDLE TOWN
RESERVOI
R
CEREMONIAL
GROUND

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ANCIENT
GREEK CIVILIZATION

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GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Greek civilization developed in the mainland, that extends into
the Mediterranean Sea.
 Greek mainland was rocky and barren and therefore bad for
agriculture
 Greeks lived along the coastal islands where the soil was also
good for farming .
The Aegean and Mediterranean Seas enhanced the
communication and trade with other places.
PLANNING CONCEPTS OF GREEK TOWNS
Old cities such as Athens had IRREGULAR STREET PLANS reflecting their gradual organic
development.
New cities, especially colonial cities established during the Hellenistic period, had a GRID-IRON
STREET
PLAN
Usually City is divided in to ACROPOLIS, AGORA & TOWN
The period of ancient Greek history can be divided into four
as follows:
•1100 B. C. –750 B. C Greek Dark Ages
•750 B. C. –490 B. C. Archaic Period
•5000 B. C. –323 B. C. Classical Period
•323 B. C. –147 B. C. Hellenistic Period

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SETTLEMENT PATTERN - ATHENS CITY- HELLINIC PERIOD

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 Its an ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens
It has the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance
The most famous being the Parthenon.
The acropolis combined Doric orders and Ionic orders
ACROPOLIS ATHENS

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AGORA - ATHENS
 Located to the
northwest of
the Acropolis
 Most important
gathering place in a
Greek city.
 Open area where the
council of the city met to
take decisions.
It emerged as the heart
of Greek intellectual life
and discourse.
A place for combined
social, commercial and
political activities.
 Usually located on a
flat ground for ease of
communication
 It is also located close
to the Acropolis.

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TOWN - ATHENS
 The town was where the people lived.
 This was the domain of women, who did not have any public role.
 Early Greek towns had an irregular street pattern, resulting from its organic growth.
 Later Hellenistic towns were made up of formal rectilinear pattern.
 The town was made up of only residential houses

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SETTLEMENT PATTERN - MESSENE CITY - HELLENISTIC PERIOD
 Under the Hellenistic period they created
urban centers (new cities),
 Urban centres followed a Hippodamian
structure.
The Hippodamian system was an urban
planning concept that follows orthogonal grid
system,
This plan was pre-determined, strictly
geometric in nature, and based on the virtues of
the democratic constitution.
Hippodamian system resulted in the creation
of public space of human scale
In the Hellenistic era, city were fulley walled
The location of Ancient Messene is not
random
Surrounded by the mountains of Ithome and
Eva, both acting as natural fortifications for the
city,
new city was geographically located in the
centre of the new state of Messenia
there was a dominant water feature within the
city's walls (the Klepsydra spring), feeding the

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ANCIENT
ROME CIVILZATION

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 The romans were NOT SEAFARING PEOPLE AND COLONISTS like the Greeks.
 The ancient capital Rome founded near RIVER TIBER was protected by SEVEN SURROUNDING
HILLS.
 They did not depend on mere colonization but THEY CONQUERED FIRST BY WAR AND THEN
RULED BY LAW.
The STREETS which divided these blocks were 15 TO 16 FT. WIDE
 The two main streets, connect the PRINCIPAL GATES,
 All the streets had WELL-BUILT SEWERS BENEATH THEM
The ancient Romans also employed REGULAR ORTHOGONAL STRUCTURES inspired by Greek
and Hellenic examples
The basic plan consisted of a CENTRAL FORUM WITH CITY SERVICES, surrounded by a
COMPACT, RECTILINEAR GRID OF STREETS.
A RIVER sometimes flowed near or through the city, PROVIDING WATER, TRANSPORT, AND
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
They would lay out the STREETS AT RIGHT ANGLES, IN THE FORM OF A SQUARE GRID.
 ALL ROADS WERE EQUAL IN WIDTH AND LENGTH, EXCEPT FOR TWO, which were slightly
wider than the others.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF ROME CIVILIZATION

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TYPICAL HOUSE ARRANGEMENT IN STREET
One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and intersected in the middle to form the centre of
the grid.
 All roads were made of carefully fitted flag stones and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and
pebbles.
Bridges were constructed where needed.
Each SQUARE marked BY FOUR ROADS WAS CALLED AN INSULA the Roman equivalent of a
modern city block
EACH INSULA WAS ABOUT 80 YARDS (73 M) SQUARE.
Areas OUTSIDE CITY LIMITS were left open as FARMLAND.
A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were
constructed along the city walls.
 An AQUEDUCT was BUILT OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS.

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ROME CIVILZATION - TIMGAD
TIMGAD ALGERIA
ROMAN MILITARY TOWN
It’s a Roman military colony
Timgad adopts the guidelines of Roman town-
planning governed by a remarkable grid system.
The streets were paved with large rectangular
limestone slabs

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MEDIVAL CITY
 Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D. 1000 to 1500
 Most cities of present-day Europe were founded during this period
Revival of local and long-distance trade
 Trading networks required protected markets and supply centers,
functions that renewed life in cities
 Long-distance trading led to the development of a new class of
people — the merchant class
MEDIEVAL TOWN - HIRSCH HORN IS NECKAR, GERMANY
 This town reveals three important features of urban morphology:
castle, wall, and cathedral.3
 castle caps the summit of a fortified spur in the bend of the Neckar
River, affording a clear view of the river and forested valley.
THE FORTRESS
Usually cities were clustered around a fortified place
Reflected in place names — German -burg, French -Bourg, English
-burgh all meaning a fortified castle
The terms burgher and bourgeoisie, originally referred to a citizen of the medieval city

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THE CHARTER
Governmental decree from a regional power granting political autonomy to the town
Freed the population from feudal restrictions
Made the city responsible for its own defense and government
Allowed cities to coin their own money
These freedoms contributed to development of urban social, economic, and intellectual life.
THE MARKETPLACE
Symbolized role of economic activities in the city
City depended on the countryside for food and produce was traded in the market
Center for long-distance trade linking city to city
THE WALL
Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and city
Within the wall most inhabitants were free; outside most were serfs
People inside were able to move about with little restriction
Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed
Nonresidents were issued permits for entry, but often required to leave by sundown when the
gates were shut
Suburbs called faubourgs sprang up, and in time demanded to be included into the city
If the suburbs were allowed to be part of the city, the wall was extended to include them
At one end stood the fairly tall town hail
Meeting space for city’s political leaders
Market hail for storage and display of finer goods.

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PROBLEMS CREATED FOR CONTEMPORARY URBAN LIFE BY MEDIEVAL CITY MORPHOLOGY AND
LANDSCAPE
Streets were narrow, wandering lanes, rarely more than 15 feet wide
Today, in 141 German cities, 77 percent of streets are too narrow for two- way traffic
THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS
 Form and function of the city changed significantly during the
Renaissance (1500 — 1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods
 Rising middle class slowly gave up their freedoms in pursuit of
economic gain
City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies of regional power
structures came to dominate them
Trade patterns expanded with the beginning of European imperial
conquest
City planning and military technology acted to remold and constrain
the physical form of the city
BAROQUE PLANNING: PARIS,
FRANCE
During the 1800s, Napoleon III carried out a building plan in Paris.
Cobblestone streets carefully paved to prevent loose ammunition for rioting Parisians
Streets were straightened and widened, and cul-de-sacs broken down to give army space to
Maneuver
Thousands were displaced as apartment buildings were demolished
Many ended up in congested working-class sections of east and north Paris
The east and north sections are still crowded today

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UNIT II
INDUSTRIALAGE

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GAI3TREES
SOLUTION
EVILS OF INDUSTRIES
 Break down of traditional
communities ,handicrafts and art
forms
Formation of slums ,inadequate
housing
 no proper ventilation , drainage
 congestion
Health disorders
Depletion of natural resources
Pollution of five elements
Emission of co2
 capitalism
 child labor
 unemployment

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INDUSTRIALAGE
Around 18th century began on Britain
 It replaced the hand tools with power driven machines
Invention of steam engines and power looms
Out break of many large scale industries
Faster transportation
Drastic growth in the textile industry because of the invention of power looms
Mass production and low cost
More number of institutions were built to provide education
Middle and upper class enjoyed all benefits
MIDDLE
CLASS
WORKING CLASS
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
UPPER
CLASS
Land lords, merchants,
Industrialist
Bosiness men
Professionals, lawyers,
doctors,
Workers

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MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS :
Middle and upper class enjoyed all benefits
Better housing and food
Fewer diseases and long living
They faced minimal difficulty during industrial revolution
LOWER CLASS :
Long working hours & Low wages
Children and female worked for minimal wages
Over crowding and congestion
Poor sanitation
Breakout of contagious diseases
Settlement started near factories
Hig h amount of Carbon di oxide emission
Diminishing of natural resources
Affected by the Use of pesticides and hazardous chemicals
At the end of 19th century governments assumed more responsibility for improvement of the cities in
Europe.
 Germany encouraged co operative housing.
British law empowered state and local authorities to build houseS for rent to the working class
In 1871 in USA, Boson Co operative Co started a scheme of rental
housing for workers with big plots, large rooms& less Plot coverage
City planning was initiated in North America by using zoning Regulations – building to be allowed,
height limits & prohibited land uses
 As cities started getting congested, people moved to suburbs for better opportunities & clean

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GARNIER’S INDUSTRIAL CITY

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Tony Garnier (1869- 1948) was the son of Pierre Garnier the architect of the famous Paris Opera
house that
Formed one of the focus points of the 19th century transformation of Paris.
the design of cities as a whole should be approached rational and that industry had to be separated
from living quarters.
On the other hand he showed great sensibility to the symbolic meaning of buildings and the quality of
urban space,
He also considered the city to be a 'rhizome' where citizens could circulate freely, whereas the
modernists advocated strict hierarchical road networks and separation of types of traffic.
 In hind sight Garnier was a 'stand alone' case in urban designThe grid patterns are not 'stamped' all
over the city.
 The design of the civic centre is based on a disposition of buildings around a central axle.
This shows elements of classic design.
On the other hand all buildings are free standing and the open spaces are enormous. In the whole of
the plan there are few squares, let alone enclosed squares.
 The living quarters show an innovative new type of building block with free standing houses and
'urban villas' on an 'island' between streets.
This type of building block had been taken up in recent urban design in the Netherlands.
The result is that there are no enclosed streets.
Trees form very much part of the design Indicating the more important streets and losely planted
within the blocks.
He designed lots of public space in living quarters, indicating that he cared everyday living conditions.

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EBENEZER HOWARD
sociologist,
English founder of the garden city movement
FAMOUS BOOKS
To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform,
Garden cities tomorrow
He explained the garden city concept through “Three magnets theory”
- TOWN (high population density & traffic congestion – disadvantage)
- COUNTRY (fresh air, close to nature & low land value)
- TOWN & COUNTRY (attractive feature of both town, country)
 He offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of
both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country
(such as beauty, fresh air and low rents)
 Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of Edward Bellamy and his publication
“Looking Backward”(1888)
 He studied the industrial evils in Britain and gave the concept “Garden city movement”
 Garden Cities were created to avoid the downfalls of industrial cities of the time such as urban poverty,
overcrowding, low wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated houses, toxic substances, dust,
carbon gases, infectious disease and lack of interaction with nature
 First proposed garden cities were Letchworth and Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively.

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central park and shopping street are surrounded by
dwellings in all directions at a density of 12families
per acre
The streets for houses are formed by a series of
concentric ringed tree lined avenues
 Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km
 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which
run in the center of concentric rings , houses the
schools and churches and acts as a continuous public
park.
 outer circle of factories and industries
 whole is surrounded by a permanent green belt of
5000 acres
Town area is about of 1000 acres
 Garden city was designed for healthy living and industry
 land will remain in a single ownership of the community or held in trust for the community
 Circular city growing in a radial pattern.
Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the central park/garden
a large central park containing public buildings (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. )
are placed around the central garden.
 central park surrounded by a shopping street with indoor shops and winter gardens.
“GARDEN CITY” layout

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CENTRAL PARK CONTAINING
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
PUBLIC BUILDINGS LIBRARY,THEATRE
MUSEUM,HOSPITAL ,CONCERT HALL
SHOPPING STREET
DWELLINGS
FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIES
5000 ACRES OF GREEN BELT
RADIATING BOULEYARDS
“GARDEN CITY” layout

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FRAMED NEW CONCEPTS
PATRICK GEDDES
Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer,
philanthropist and pioneering town planner
FAMOUS WORKS
Ramsay Garden and the Outlook Tower, both in Castle hill
FAMOUS BOOKS - Cities in evolution
He introduced the concept of "region" to and
coined the term "conurbation“
He was the originator of the idea and technique
of regional survey and city survey
He viewed the family as the central "biological
unit of human society“
According to geddes, healthy homes providing
the necessary conditions for mental and moral
development resulting with beautiful and healthy
children who are able to fully participate in life
He explained that house is an inseparable part
of the neighborhood, the city and the surrounding
open country and the region
 He describes the relationship between people
and cities and how they affect one another
He also emphasized that people do not merely
needed shelter, but also food and work, the
recreation and social life
KEY UNITS OF SOCIETY
(PLACE, WORK, FAMILY)
HERBERT SPENCERFREDERIC LE PLAY
PATRICK GEDDES
INFLUENCED BY
CONCEPT OF BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
GEDESSIAN TRIAD
CONSTELLATION THEORY
CONURBATION
GEDDES VALLEY SECTION - REGION

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FOLK
(Organism)
Social aspect
WORK
(Function)
Economical aspect
PLACE
(Environment)
Physical aspect
(GEDDESIAN TRIAD)
The town planning primarily meant ESTABLISHING ORGANIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG PLACE
WORK AND ‘FOLK , which corresponds to triad (GEDDESIAN TRIAD) of organism, function and
environment.
 He explains an organism's relationship to its environment as follows
“THE ENVIRONMENT ACTS, THROUGH FUNCTION, UPON THE ORGANISM AND
CONVERSELY THE ORGANISM ACTS, THROUGH FUNCTION, UPON THE ENVIRONMENT.“
(CITIES IN EVOLUTION, 1915)
 In human terms this can be understood as a place acting through climatic and geographic processes
upon people and thus shaping them. At the same time people act, through economic processes such as
farming and construction, on a place and thus shape it. Thus both place and folk are linked and through
work are in constant transition.

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GEDDES VALLEY SECTION – “REGION”
 Geddes said that "it takes a whole region to make the city”
 The valley section is a complex model, which combines physical condition- geology and
geomorphology and their biological associations - with so-called natural or basic occupations such as
miner, hunter, shepherd or fisher, and with the human settlements that arise from them
The valley section illustrated the application of Geddes's trilogy of 'folk/work/place' to analysis of the
MINE FOREST REARING FIELD FARM & FIELD WATER BODIES
MINING CUTTING AND HUNTING GOAT AND COW REARING FARMING & GARDENING FISHING
MINER WOOD LOGER & HUNTING SHEPARD FARMER & GARDENER FISHERMAN
PLACE
WORK
FOLK

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CONSTELLATION THEORY
 Four or more cities, which are not economically, politically,
socially equal come together in developing a whole region”
 prominent cities in Maharashtra are connected forming
‘CONSTELLATION’ shape.
theory is most prominently used because planning cities in
a particular shape pattern is not possible in Today’s times.
STARS
CONSTELLATION - A group of stars linked
together to form a recognizable pattern
MUMBAI- Economic and Capital city
NASIK- Religious city
AURANGABAD- Administrative city
NAGPUR- Political city
PUNE-Educational importance city
 MUMBAI- Economic and Capital city
NASIK- Religious city
AURANGABAD- Administrative city
NAGPUR- Political city
PUNE-Educational importance city
 Above five cities need to be
developed for the development of the
region
The distance between the cities
ranges mostly in 100km-300km making
transportation, connectivity, inter-
dependency prosper within the state.
State has gained prime importance
and formed in early 60’s, contributing
15% to country’s industrial output and
13.3% GDP.

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CONURBATION THEORY
He was the first person to coin the term “conurbation”
 He describe that conurbation is actually a waves of population inflow to large cities,
followed by overcrowding and slum formation resulting in the merging of several cities
 A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other
urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one
continuous urban and industrially developed area
 The term is used in North America, a metropolitan area can be defined by the Census Bureau or it
may consist of a central city and its suburbs, while a conurbation consists of adjacent
metropolitan areas that are connected with one another by urbanization.
LONDON

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THE OUTLOOK TOWER INTERPRETER’S HOUSE
(INDEX MUSEUM - SOCIOLOGICAL LAB)
It REPRESENTS THE ESSENCE OF GEDDES’S THOUGHT
- his holism, visual thinking, and commitment to
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY IN THE REGION
He said of it: ‘OUR GREATEST NEED TODAY IS TO
CONCEIVE LIFE AS A WHOLE, to see its many sides in their
proper relations, but we must have a PRACTICAL AS WELL AS A
PHILOSOPHIC INTEREST in such an integrated view of life
Hence the first contribution of this TOWER TOWARDS
UNDERSTANDING LIFE IS PURELY VISUAL, one can also
grasp what a natural region actually is and how a GREAT CITY IS
LINKED TO SUCH A REGION
Now the tower is home to the PATRICK GEDDES CENTRE
FOR PLANNING STUDIES, where an archive and exhibition
ROOF of the Outlook Tower OFFERS SPECTACULAR VIEWS across the Firth of Forth and the
surrounding city region
The tower was conceived as a TOOL FOR REGIONALANALYSIS, index-museum and the
‘WORLD’S FIRST SOCIOLOGICAL LABORATORY’

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LEWIS MUMFORD
American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic.
FAMOUS WORKS
The City in History
Technics and Civilization
The Myth of the Machine
 in the name of sanity, he has constantly worked to rescue and extend the qualities of urban life that
will preserve and stimulate the human spirit of western civilization”
He explains that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems.
Urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.
“Cities have some of the human attributes of personality. That they show character, moods, visible
gestures of welcoming or rejecting is something that men have know almost since they began to live in
cities.”
Robert Moses had a comprehensive plan for NY and unprecedented power to carry it out; Lewis
Mumford was one of those critics most responsible for preventing him from driving that plan to
completion.
Mumford called Moses the unbuilder. Displacing neighborhoods and communities.
In 1958 Moses threatened to build a four-lane highway through Washington Square and Mumford
opposed him. Koch said Mumford was a deciding factor.
Mumford’s Critique of the World Trade Center, 1970:“characteristic example of the purposeless
giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city”
 Port Authority executives “their duty to funnel more motor traffic into the city, through new bridges
and tunnels, than its streets and its parking spaces can handle..”

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 He even criticizes the prevailing culture: And as the machine itself became, as it were, more active
and human, reproducing the organic properties of eye and ear, the human beings who employed the
machine as a mode of escape have tended to become more passive and mechanical. Unsure of their
own voices, unable to hold a tune, they carry a phonograph or a radio set with them even on a picnic:
afraid to be alone with their own thoughts, afraid to confront the blankness and inertia of their own
minds, they turn on the radio and eat and talk and sleep to the accompaniment of a continuous stimulus
from the outside world.”
He says there is “a need for a conception of what constitutes a valid human life, and how much of life
will be left is we go on ever more rapidly in the present direction. What has to be challenged is an
economy that is based not on organics needs, historic experience, human aptitudes, ecological
complexity and variety, but upon a system of empty abstractions: money, power, speed, quantity,
progress…
He claimed that the evolution of language was a key factor that separated humans from other animals.
He claimed the evolution of language was far more important to early human development than the
evolution of physical tools
He asks the eternal question. Why had technological progress brought with it such catastrophic ruin?
He was a witness to the worst 20 years of humankind, Hitler and Hiroshima, and he wanted an
explanation of what went wrong. Was the modern association of power and productivity with mass
violence and destructiveness merely coincidental?
MYTH OF MACHINE : Polytechnic – different modes of technology providing a complex framework to
solve human problems
Monotechnic – technology only for its own sake, which oppresses humanity as it moves along its own
trajectory. An example of monotechnic is the modern American transportation network. Reliance on
cars which become an obstacle to walking, bicycle and light rail.
Large hierarchical organizations are megamachines, a machine using humans as its components.

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PENTAGON OF POWER:
 He emphasizes the electronic computer’s insidious impact on personal privacy and autonomy. To him
the computer is merely another overrated tool, vastly inferior to the human brain; in the wrong hands,
however, an extraordinarily dangerous one.
The test of maturity, for nations as well as individuals, is not the increase in power but the increase of
self-understanding, self-control, self direction and self-transcendence. For in a mature society, man
himself, and not his machines or his organizations, is the chief work of art”.
ENDING QUOTE OF LEWIS MUMFORD :I would die happy if I knew that on my tombstone could be
written these words, “This man was an absolute fool. None of the disastrous things that he reluctantly
predicted ever came to pass!”

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INDIA DURING BRITISH RULE INDIA AFTER INDEPENDANCE
EAST PUNJAB WAS LEFT WITHOUT CAPITAL

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CURRENT
1966
PUNJAB WAS DIVIDED INTO HARYANA
CHANDIAGRH

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UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA

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CHANDIGARH – THE ONLY BUILT CITY OF CORBUSIER

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CHANDIGARH CITY PLANNING
 With the partition in the subcontinent, Lahore, the capital of undivided Punjab fell within Pakistan,
leaving East Punjab without a Capital
 It was decided to built a new Capital city called Chandigarh (fort of chandi goddess )
 After the death of Nowicki Mayer , Le corbusier was given a chance to build his dream city
 The city plan was conceived as post war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high rise buildings were
ruled out, keeping in view the socio economic-conditions and living habits of the people.
MASTER PLAN WAS TO BE REALIZED IN TWO PHASES
 Phase-I low density sector - 9000 acres (Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people
 Phase-II high density Sectors - 6000 acres ( Sectors 31 to 47) for 3,50,000 people
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector of size 800 x 1200m
 It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres, places of recreations and worship
 The shopping street of each sector is linked to the shopping street of the adjoining sectors thus forming
one long, continuous ribbon like shopping street
 The central green of each Sector also stretches to the green of the next sector
 well designed roads & streets with hierarchy

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LE CORBUSIER CONCEIVED THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH AS ANALOGOUS TO
HUMAN BODY
CITIES ALSO FOLLOWS BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA – CITIES ALSO HAVE BRAIN, HEART,
LUNGS, LIMBS AND ARTERIES LIKE HUMAN BEING.
 WITH A CLEARLY DEFINED HEAD (THE CAPITAL COMPLEX, SECTOR 1)
 THE HEART (THE CITY CENTRE, SECTOR 17)
 LUNGS (THE LEISURE VALLEY, INNUMERABLE OPEN SPACE, GREEN SPACES AND
THEIR LINKAGES)
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM(THE NETWORK OF ROADS, THE 7VS’)
 AND THE VISCERA (THE INDUSTRIAL AREA).
THE CONCEPT OF THE CITY IS BASED ON FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS
 LIVING (Residential sector )
 WORKING (Capitol Complex, city centre, Educational Zone (Punjab
Engineering College, Punjab University & Industrial Area )
 CARE OF BODY (The Leisure Valley, Gardens, Sector Greens & Open Courtyards )
 SPIRIT & CIRCULATION (7 different types of roads known as 7 Vs & V8)

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HEAD
CAPITAL COMPLEX,
SECTOR 1
HEART
CITY CENTRE,
SECTOR 17
VISCERA
INDUSTRIAL AREA
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
THE NETWORK OF ROADS,
THE 7VS’
LUNGS
THE LEISURE VALLEY,
OPEN SPACE,
GREEN SPACES
CONCEPT OF CHANDIGARH CITY

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SECRETARIAT
HIGHCOURT
ASSEMBLY HALL
OPEN HAND MONUMENT

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7 V’S ROAD AND ITS HIERARCHY
THE 7VS ESTABLISHES A HIERARCHY OF TRAFFIC CIRCULATION
RANGING FROM
 ARTERIAL ROADS (V1)
 MAJOR BOULEVARDS (V2)
 SECTOR DEFINERS (V3)
 SHOPPING STREETS (V4)
 NEIGHBORHOOD STREETS(V5)
 ACCESS LANES (V6)
 PEDESTRIAN PATHS (V7)
 CYCLE TRACKS (V8)
V1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES
V2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY
E.G MADHYA MARG ETC
V3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ONLY
V4…..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS

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Till 1960
Rio de Janerio
Brazil capital
Brasilia
Brazil new capital city
BRASILIA, BRAZIL
New city built in less than four
years (from 1956 to 1960)
The design competition for the new
capital was won by Lúcio Costa,
whose entry incorporated grandeur
and modernism.
The city was meant to serve as a
basis for a new, egalitarian society – a
society which does not look back to
the past.
Costa and Niemeyer have created an
ultra-modernist, monumental city.
It is impressive in terms of
infrastructure investment and the
grandeur of the civic buildings but it
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BRASILIA, BRAZIL
 capital of Brazil in 1960.
city was planned by Lucio Costa Urban planner
Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect,
Roberto Burle Marx was the principal landscape
designer.
It is a modernist dream come true, a gigantic
piece of land art.
 city shape resembles a bird or a air plane
UNESCO's World Heritage Sites
Brasilia was designed for automobile transport,
with no traffic lights and few sidewalks in the
center.
Avenues are massive to prevent traffic jams.
Brasilia grew larger than predicted.
It is now surrounded by smaller cities and
settlements that provide cheap labor for the
wealthy capital.
Urban growth in the periphery did not follow a
modernist plan.
Most of these residential areas grew through
land speculation and informal construction.
Brasilia has the highest per capita income of
Brazil's major cities.

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BRASILIA , BRAZIL – LAND USE ZONING

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SOUTHERN WING OF THE CITY — SATELLITE VIEW
SOUTHERN WING OF THE CITY - PERSPECTIVE VIEW
BRASILIA , BRAZIL – SETTLEMENT VIEW

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HIGH-INCOME LAGO SUL NEIGHBORHOOD IN CENTRAL BRASILIA.
LOW-INCOME SOL NASCENTE NEIGHBORHOOD IN CEILÂNDIA,
26 KILOMETERS WEST OF THE CAPITAL.
BRASILIA , BRAZIL – SETTLEMENT PATTERN

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LINCOLNPARK
D.CUNITED
U.SSTATECAPITAL
NATIONAL MALL
WARMEMORIAL
LINCOLNMEMORIAL
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
LINCOLNMEMORIAL
REFLECTINGPOOL
WASHINGTON D.C
 PIERRE CHARLES L'ENFANT architect of federal capital city
(Washington D.C)
best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington
He designed the city from the scratch with envisioning the grand capital
with
wide avenues, public squares and inspiring buildings
The centre piece of L'Enfant plan was a great public walk
Today's national mall is a wide straight strip of grass and trees that stretc
for two miles from capital hill to the Potomac river.
NATIONAL MALL

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WASHINGTON D.C CITY LAYOUT- CONCEPT

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WASHINGTON D.C CITY LAYOUT
 President Washington chose an area of land measuring 100 square miles where the Eastern Branch
(today's Anacostia River) met the Potomac just north of Mount Vernon.
"The entire city was built around the idea that every citizen was equally important.
"The Mall was designed as open to all comers. It's a very sort of egalitarian idea.“
The city was planned in the combination of both rectilinear and radial, diagonal boulevard pattern
NATIONAL MALL &
MAIN MONUMENTS

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NEW DELHI
 Delhi lies close to the geographical center of the ancient India, British government shifted the capital to
capital to
new delhi from calcutta
 Construction of new delhi started at 1911
Edwin lutyens was the chief architect of new delhi
Other architect involved were Herbert baker, Robert Russel
India gains independence with delhi as its capital
Viceroy house became the Rastrapathi bhavan

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 Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the
streets crossing at right angles, much like in
New York.
Dust storms often sweep the landscape in these
parts, so revised with roundabouts, hedges and
trees to break their force.
Delhi layout resembles giving the plans of Rome,
Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.
NEWYORK CITY LAYOUT WASHINGTON DC LAYOUT PARIS LAYOUT
INTIAL DESIGN LAYOUT
NEW DELHI CITY LAYOUT

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CITY LAYOUT
PROPOSED EXISTING

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CONNAUGHT
PLACE
RASTRAPATHI
BHAVAN INDIA GATE
RAJ PATH
NEW DELHI LAND MARK

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NEW DELHI ZONING
Plan of new delhi is purely Geometrical
Tree line streets radiate from central vista and
converge into hexagonal node
The plan reflects Lutyens’ “transcendent fervour for
geometric symmetry,” which is expressed through
amazing sequences of triangles and hexagons, through
sightlines and axis.
 At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati
Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath
connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while
Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South
end with Connaught Place.
The Secretariat Building, which houses various
ministries of the Government of India including Prime
Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and
were designed by Herbert Baker.
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
BUNGALOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT

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UNIT V
SUSTAINABLE CITY

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A sustainable city, or eco-city (also "ecocity") is
acity designed with consideration of
environmental impact, inhabited by people
dedicated towards minimization of required
inputs of energy, water and food, and waste
output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and
water pollution.
SUSTAINABLE CITY,
"There is a sense of great opportunity and
hope that a new world can be built, in which
economic development, social development
and environmental protection as
interdependent and mutually reinforcing
components of sustainable development can
be realized through solidarity and cooperation
within and between countries and through
effective partnerships at all levels."
CHARACTERISTICS OF LESS & MORE SUSTAINABLE
SUSTAINABLE CITY,

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KEY FEATURES OF A SUSTAINABLE CITY
Resources and services in the city are accessible to all
Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars
Public transport is safe and reliable
Walking and cycling is safe
Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable Wherever possible, renewable resources are
used instead of non-renewable resources
Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled wherever possible
New homes are energy efficient
There is access to affordable housing
Community links are strong and communities work together to deal with issues such as crime and
security
Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all
Inward investment is made to the CBD
COPENHAGEN DENMARK THE SUSTAINABLE CITY
Copenhagen is truly a green city surrounded by water and parks, with climate-friendly citizens to
match.
Copenhageners excel in combining sustainable solutions with growth and a high quality of life. In fact,
Copenhagen was European Green Capital 2014.
 The ambitious green profile of the city has a clear goal: The City of Copenhagen aims to become the
world's first CO2 neutral capital by 2025.

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1) CYCLING AND PEDESTRAIN CULTURE
Cycling has always been Danish tradition but Copenhagen has gone one
step further and made cycling integral to urban planning and design
 The city’s airport, rail and suburbs are all connected to the centre by the
metro system
 Many public squares and streets are pedestrianised
 Reduced noise, air pollution and CO2 emissions
 Short journey times and less congestion
Green ways for cycling resulting in faster mode
2) INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Easy transfer between transport modes
One ticket for metro, train and bus
Bicycles are allowed on metro and trains
Online journey planner across different
transport modes
Fall in private car usage finally resulting
in the reduction of carbon di oxide gas
emissions
Reduction of congestion and saves time
and money
3) HIGH QUALITY TAP WATER
 Its one of the capital city in which one can drink high quality
water directly from the tap
Citizens can enjoy clean swimming water tanks to
municipalities waste water treatment plants to remove
nutrient salts, minimize discharge of heavy metals and
modernizing its sewer system
 Harbor is open to public bath due to modernization of
sewer system

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5) USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 22% of Denmark's total electricity consumption is produced by wind turbines, the highest
rate in the world
They follow most carbon efficient and flexible ways to produce and supply energy, by
integrating renewable energy such as bio mass, surplus wing energy and geo thermal energy
 Resulting in the reduction of carbon emission
4)RECYCLING
 90% of construction waste has been recycled & 75% of household garbage used for city’s district
heating network
 Only 2% waste for send to landfill
Generation of heat and power from residual waste is a core feature of incineration
Incineration has a central role in waste management system
7) KEEPING COOL UNDER CO 2 PRESSURE
 Air conditioning results in high electricity consumption
District cooling network were based on free cooling from seawater abstraction along with surplus
heat generated by district heating network
Project is estimated to save 14,000 tonnes of carbon di oxide per year
80% of electricity consumption is reduced by district cooling system
70% of carbon di oxide emission is reduced in district cooling system
8) CARBON NEUTRAL – COPENHAGEN BY 2025
 Install more renewable energy
Encourage more cycling
Invest in hybrid buses- consumes less fuel
Retrofit old buildings to conserve energy
Make all buildings Energy efficient
Built green economy- adopt to changing climate change
6) DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM
Waste heat, usually sent into the sea as a byproduct from the incineration plants and Combined Heat
and Power plants (CHPs), is pumped through a 1,300 km network of pipes straight into homes. The
system maintains water temperature providing homes with cheap heat from a waste product.

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UNIT III
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

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CITY VILLAGE
OBSERVE THE TWO IMAGES
EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF THE TWO IMAGE
RURALAREA
1.Harmony
2.Homogenous setting
3.Low density
URBAN AREA
1.Diversity & Hierarchy
2.Heterogenous setting
3.High density

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 Cities are ‘MAGNETS’AGGREGATING PEOPLE and activities within an urban form
Cities has its OWN DIVERSITY AND HIERARCHY.
Rural settlements have the homogenous spatial structure, while city appears as a
COMPLICATED
SPATIALARRANGEMENT WITH MACHINERY OF POWER AND CONTROL.
This DIVERSITIES MAKE THE CITY TO EXIST.
Traditional cities also has the same diversity and hierarchy like palace, temple and
warehouse
These were the SYMBOL OF POWER – POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND ECONOMY
The building which survive time till now represents the same value.
City core is invariably composed of BUILDINGS EXPRESSING VALUES AND
HAVING MEANING;
Constant feature of city is “CHANGE”
IMPORTANCE OF SHELTER AND ITS FORM AND SCALE IN THE
CITY

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City is a LIVING ORGANISM, an AUTONOMOUS INDIVIDUAL WITH A
DEFINITE BOUNDARY AND SPECIFIC SIZE.
City doesn’t change by adding mere parts ,but it happens through REORGANIZATION AS
IT REACHES LIMITS OR THERSHOLDS.
City also follows the concept “FORM AND FUNCTION” AND BOTH ARE LINKED.
The whole organism is SELF REPAIRING AND REGULATING towards a DYNAMIC
BALANCE.
It’s a separate spatial and social unit made up of HIGHLY CONNECTED PLACES AND
PEOPLE.
HEALTHY CITY is HETEROGENEOUS AND DIVERSE
Like organism, SETTLEMENTS WERE BORN, GROW AND MATURE & if further
growth is necessary NEW ENTITY HAS TO BE FORMED.
If the city GO BEYOND OPTIMUM SIZE ,it will result in MENTAL DISEASE
condition, chaos and confusion everywhere
Green belts not only ensure INTIMATE CONTACT WITH NATURE BUT ALSO
PROVIDES GOOD HEALTHY GROWTH.
CITY IS A LIVING COMMERCIAL,CULTURAL & FUNCTIONAL
ENTITY

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LANDMARK OF CITY
PARIS
EIFFEL TOWER
USA
STATUE OF LIBERTY
INDIA
TAJ MAHAL
ROME
COLOSSEUM
These landmarks represent their city as a mark .a badge ,a brand sending ripples beyond
the city
boundary
Humans need to understand their place and the relationship with the surrounding
environment
To fulfill the basic need like food, travel, stay and safe we need to be well informed about
the
environment.
Primeval landmarks were at first natural features and then modified natural features.
First landmarks provided basic survival information like turn left ,cross place like this a
safe
place to stay but also embodied important associations like

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Landmarks are important symbols associated with place which increased in significance
with time
through use
It represents a quality of place, depth of tradition and culture in today's context
Landmark have essential characteristics- height, distinctiveness, form, visibility, views
and
they define place.
They also develop cultural, economic or religious meaning.
Landmarks were needed for knowing where we are (static), orientation when moving
(dynamic), expressing values (communication), understanding meanings (relationship
with
culture) and defining place (design)

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AXIS AND ORIENTATION IN CITY
From the early times people of HIGH DEPENDENCE TO THE NATURE
Tremendous FORCES OF NATURE, believed to CHANGE THE PEOPLE BEHAVIOR
which always trying to adapt And synchronize with nature.
SPACE is regarded as a PLACE FOR ENTIRE COSMIC ENVIRONMENT .
HUMAN BEING is regarded as A MICRO COSMOS meanwhile HOUSE is considered as
a MACRO COSMOS.
In the next CITY LEVEL, HOUSE is CONSIDERED AS MICRO COSMOS meanwhile
CITY IS CONSIDERED AS MACRO COSMOS.
The HARMONY should be maintained between MICRO AND MACRO COSMOS.
HARMONY can be achieved by SEVERE ARRANGEMENTS in SPACE ORDERS
AND ORIENTATION
SPACE ORIENTATION determines LINKAGE PATTERN BETWEEN ENTIRE
COSMOS POWER.
Every ROAD IN THE CITY is made by GIVING HONOR TO THE COSMIC, so that
HARMONYAND BALANCE BETWEEN ENTIRE COSMIC FORCES can be achieved.
Imaginary axis appears as a connection between entire cosmic powers.
In the city development plan, THIS IMAGINARYAXIS IS TREATED AS A ROAD
SYSTEM.
An axis of the SUN ORBIT IS THE EASIEST COSMIC FORCE we can feel in everyday,
life.
ROAD JUNCTION is considered as a SACRED PLACE which as a BIG COSMIC

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AXIS AND ORIENTATION IN CAPITALCITY NEW DELHI

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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