This document describes the components and processes of a vapor compression refrigeration system. It contains information on common types of compressors (reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal), condensers (air-cooled, water-cooled, evaporative), and evaporators. It discusses using different compressor types based on required cooling capacity and advantages of each condenser type. The document also mentions using multiple evaporators to increase cooling capacity and reduce evaporator size.
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations. ...
A heat-transfer device used for condensing steam to water by removal of the latent heat of steam and its subsequent absorption in a heat-receiving fluid, usually water, but on occasion air or a process fluid. Steam condensers may be classified as contact or surface condensers.
Ammonia refrigeration plant installed in NDRI,KARNAL.
designed by Arghya & Kartik.
this explains the specifications of refrigeration units like Compressor, Condenser, Expansion Valves and Evaporators.their specification and working.
Even advantages of ammonia has been explained.
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations. ...
A heat-transfer device used for condensing steam to water by removal of the latent heat of steam and its subsequent absorption in a heat-receiving fluid, usually water, but on occasion air or a process fluid. Steam condensers may be classified as contact or surface condensers.
Ammonia refrigeration plant installed in NDRI,KARNAL.
designed by Arghya & Kartik.
this explains the specifications of refrigeration units like Compressor, Condenser, Expansion Valves and Evaporators.their specification and working.
Even advantages of ammonia has been explained.
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
Presentation Hydrogen Technology Expo Bremen Oct 2022.pdfRoy Niekerk
Hydrogen Technology Expo in Bremen October 2022.
Central cooling systems for green hydrogen production plants.
Dry cooling, wet cooling and adiabatic cooling.
Production capacity bigger than 100MW. PEM electrolysis and alkaline water electrolysis.
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
Industrial refrigeration systems are a significant consumer of electrical energy in food processing, cold storage, and chemical processing industries throughout the Midwestern United States.
This webinar, presented by Bryan Hackett, P.E., of kW Engineering, will covered the following topics:
• The basics of industrial refrigeration systems,
• A review of proven energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and how to identify potential applications for each, and
• The respective energy and cost savings for each.
Industrial and commercial utility program managers, end-user plant managers, refrigeration system operators, contractors, and solution vendors will get a better understanding of industrial refrigeration as an integrated system, how key components can be optimized to improve efficiency, and the energy and financial motivations for pursuing the discussed EEMs
Bryan Hackett, P.E. - Senior Engineer II, kW Engineering
Bryan leads kW Engineering’s Industrial Services Team, providing energy and water auditing, retro-commissioning, technical support services, and implementation management to industrial facilities across the country. Bryan has performed over 150 industrial energy audits and is the lead author of two papers on energy savings at food processing and refrigeration facilities. Bryan is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer with over 17 years of experience working with commercial, institutional, and industrial clients. As one of the leaders of kW's technical staff of 47 engineers, Bryan takes great pride in getting CFOs excited about sustainability by delivering results at the meter and on the bill.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. To Study the Effects of Changing
Different Components in a
Compression Refrigeration System
Title of the Mini Project
2
3. Group Description
Hashim Hasnain
Hadi
Roll No: 13ME36
Ashtar Abbas
Roll No:13ME38
Ghulam Sarwar
Roll No: 13ME19
Group Advisor
Engr. Faisal Maqbool
3
4. Introduction of a Vapor compression
Refrigeration System:
4
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is the ideal
model for refrigeration systems, air conditions and heat
pumps.
It is comprised of four components:
1) Evaporator
2) Compressor
3) Condenser
4) Expansion valve
• It consist of four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression in compressor.
2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser.
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device.
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator.
Two-phase
liquid-vapor mixture
9. Using Reciprocating
compressors:
9
Most commonly used compressor for small scale
applications (refrigerators, freezers, ice machines,
etc.…)
Very economical to operate
Piston and cylinder design, Works on the principal
of trapping and compressing refrigerant vapor
(positive displacement compressor
High output pressure
Low flow rate
10. Using Rotary compressors:
10
Typically small in size (used for lower capacity
applications – ie. window air conditioners,
PTAC’s, etc.…)
Very reliable
Quiet
Less efficient
Works on the principal of trapping and
compressing refrigerant vapor
(positive-displacement compressor)
11. Using Centrifugal compressors:
11
Typically large in size (used for high refrigeration
capacity applications – i.e.. Water chillers,
commercial air-conditioning & refrigeration
systems, etc.…)
Very reliable
High flow rate
Highly efficient
Low output pressure
Uses centrifugal force via a rotating impeller to
compress refrigerant vapor(Dynamic
12. Usage of different type of
Compressors according to the
Required cooling Capacities:
12
13. Type of condensers:
13
Air-Cooled condensers
Water-Cooled Condensers
Evaporative Condensers
14. Using Air-Cooled condensers:
14
Advantages:
Simple in construction__ no pipes are required for air.
Disposal of warm air not a problem
Less fouling(scaling inside tubes)
Low maintenance cost.
• Disadvantages:
Less specific heat Capacity of air
Large flow rate of air is required
Low thermal conductivity
Small heat transfer co-efficient of air
Less cop.
15. Using Water-Cooled condensers:
15
Advantages:
High thermal conductivity of water
High specific heat of water
Less flow rate is required to compensate the same
heat as that in case of air-cooled compressor
High heat transfer co-efficient
High cop
• Disadvantages:
Large installation and maintenance cost
Pump is required for water circulation
Large energy consumption
16. Using Evaporative condensers:
16
30% to 40% less compressor KW consumed
than air cooled condensing
Less Air over coil, therefore quieter than
air cooled condensing
Less coil required so less space on roof for
equipment than air cooled.
an evaporative condenser requires less coil.
In comparison with an air-cooled condenser,
surface and airflow to reject the same heat,
or alternatively, greater operating efficiencies
can be achieved by operating at a lower
condensing temperature
• Greater Compressor Life since Evap Condensing
Compressors work at lower pressures
18. Expansion valve:
18
If the refrigerant at the condenser exit is not
completely condensed. Because vapor occupies
much more space than liquid, the throttling valve
will not function properly if vapor can enter from
the condenser. One approach to dealing with this
is to locate a liquid receiver downstream of the
condenser to assure the availability of liquid to
the expansion device
20. Using Multi Evaporators:
20
Expansion process is one of the main factors
responsible for energy loss
Not only the cooling capacity but also increase the
size of evaporator.
This problem can be eliminated by adopting multi-
stage expansion with flash chamber where the flash
vapors is removed after each stage of expansion as a
consequence there will be increase in cooling
capacity and reduce the size of the evaporator.
Work input can also be reduced by replacing multi-
stage compression or compound compression with
single stage compression.
Refrigeration effect can also be increased by passing
the refrigerant through sub cooler after condenser to
21. Schematic diagram of a Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System with Actual Multiple
Evaporators
21