Körting steam jet chilling plants use water as a refrigerant and provide environmentally-friendly operation with high operational safety and minimal maintenance needs. They utilize unused steam to power a jet vacuum ejector that cools liquid through flash evaporation without mechanical components. Applications include large chilling capacities over 1 MW for processes with excess steam. Multi-stage designs further reduce steam and water usage to lower costs.
The document provides information on the various cooling water systems used at the Nandipur 425/525 MW CCPP power plant, including:
1) Circulating water system which uses cooling towers and pumps to cool condenser water and includes chemicals added to prevent scaling.
2) Once-through cooling water system which takes in water directly from a water source for single-pass cooling and returns it.
3) Close cycle cooling water system which cools components like lube oil coolers in a closed loop using additives to prevent corrosion.
4) Service water system which provides cooling water for various plant equipment and customers. Modifications were made to the vacuum pump heat exchanger to lower its cooling water temperature and
The document discusses boiler fundamentals, operation, and maintenance. It begins with an outline presenting these topics, then defines a boiler as a closed vessel used to heat water or other fluids. The document covers various boiler types including water tube and fire tube, classifications based on fuel, pressure levels, and circulation. It also addresses considerations for boiler selection and discusses advantages of supercritical boilers, which can achieve higher efficiencies compared to subcritical boilers.
This document provides information on Stork Thermeq B.V.'s spray-type deaerator system. It describes the deaerating process which involves heating, partial deaeration, and cooling of feedwater using a spray device, steam charging device, and vessel. It compares the layout and operation of spray-type deaerators to cascade or spray/tray-type systems, noting advantages of the Stork design including its more compact size, simpler operation, and flexibility. The document also outlines typical design parameters for pressure, capacity, materials used, and internal components.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on thermosyphon reboilers and their operational characteristics. It begins with an introduction to reboilers and thermosyphon reboilers. It then discusses the working principles and types of thermosyphon reboilers, including vertical and horizontal designs. The document reviews the operational characteristics of thermosyphon reboilers and how they are influenced by factors like temperature difference, operating pressure, and pipe diameter. It also compares advantages and disadvantages of vertical and horizontal designs. Finally, it discusses common industrial applications of thermosyphon reboilers and concludes with a summary of key points and references.
The document discusses condensate, its formation and effects in steam systems used in pulp and paper mills. It notes that condensate forms due to unavoidable heat losses during steam distribution and heat transfer. Left in the system, condensate can reduce equipment capacity and efficiency. Air and carbon dioxide must also be removed from condensate. The document then focuses on paper drying, describing the basic drying process and factors that influence drying efficiency like condensate removal, furnish properties, and dryer design elements. It provides typical energy consumption figures for dryer sections and discusses steam and condensate systems as well as devices used for condensate removal from dryers.
Bronswerk provides process design, thermal design, and mechanical design services to help clients optimize plant efficiency and recover waste heat. Their Radiax compressor can significantly reduce the size and energy usage of vapor recompression systems. Their Whizz-wheel fan uses curved blades to lower noise levels by 6-20 dB compared to conventional fans, reducing energy usage by 45-60% for the same airflow. Case studies show their technologies helped a client in Mexico debottleneck a gas compression module by 40% in space usage and 24% in energy, and helped a refinery in Germany reduce fan noise by 20 dB while lowering energy usage by 56%.
The document provides information on the various cooling water systems used at the Nandipur 425/525 MW CCPP power plant, including:
1) Circulating water system which uses cooling towers and pumps to cool condenser water and includes chemicals added to prevent scaling.
2) Once-through cooling water system which takes in water directly from a water source for single-pass cooling and returns it.
3) Close cycle cooling water system which cools components like lube oil coolers in a closed loop using additives to prevent corrosion.
4) Service water system which provides cooling water for various plant equipment and customers. Modifications were made to the vacuum pump heat exchanger to lower its cooling water temperature and
The document discusses boiler fundamentals, operation, and maintenance. It begins with an outline presenting these topics, then defines a boiler as a closed vessel used to heat water or other fluids. The document covers various boiler types including water tube and fire tube, classifications based on fuel, pressure levels, and circulation. It also addresses considerations for boiler selection and discusses advantages of supercritical boilers, which can achieve higher efficiencies compared to subcritical boilers.
This document provides information on Stork Thermeq B.V.'s spray-type deaerator system. It describes the deaerating process which involves heating, partial deaeration, and cooling of feedwater using a spray device, steam charging device, and vessel. It compares the layout and operation of spray-type deaerators to cascade or spray/tray-type systems, noting advantages of the Stork design including its more compact size, simpler operation, and flexibility. The document also outlines typical design parameters for pressure, capacity, materials used, and internal components.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on thermosyphon reboilers and their operational characteristics. It begins with an introduction to reboilers and thermosyphon reboilers. It then discusses the working principles and types of thermosyphon reboilers, including vertical and horizontal designs. The document reviews the operational characteristics of thermosyphon reboilers and how they are influenced by factors like temperature difference, operating pressure, and pipe diameter. It also compares advantages and disadvantages of vertical and horizontal designs. Finally, it discusses common industrial applications of thermosyphon reboilers and concludes with a summary of key points and references.
The document discusses condensate, its formation and effects in steam systems used in pulp and paper mills. It notes that condensate forms due to unavoidable heat losses during steam distribution and heat transfer. Left in the system, condensate can reduce equipment capacity and efficiency. Air and carbon dioxide must also be removed from condensate. The document then focuses on paper drying, describing the basic drying process and factors that influence drying efficiency like condensate removal, furnish properties, and dryer design elements. It provides typical energy consumption figures for dryer sections and discusses steam and condensate systems as well as devices used for condensate removal from dryers.
Bronswerk provides process design, thermal design, and mechanical design services to help clients optimize plant efficiency and recover waste heat. Their Radiax compressor can significantly reduce the size and energy usage of vapor recompression systems. Their Whizz-wheel fan uses curved blades to lower noise levels by 6-20 dB compared to conventional fans, reducing energy usage by 45-60% for the same airflow. Case studies show their technologies helped a client in Mexico debottleneck a gas compression module by 40% in space usage and 24% in energy, and helped a refinery in Germany reduce fan noise by 20 dB while lowering energy usage by 56%.
Air compressors
Pump house
Steam header
Feed water System
Operating Parameters
Fuel Gas path
Ash content vs fuel efficiency
Operating alarms
operating instruments on panel
An ice plant uses a refrigeration system similar to a simple vapor-compression refrigeration system. It contains major components like a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and chilling tank. Water is frozen into blocks of ice in cans placed inside the chilling tank, which is filled with a brine solution maintained at -10°C by the refrigeration system. It takes 24-48 hours to freeze 150-300lb blocks of ice. The frozen ice blocks are then removed from the cans and stored or delivered. Ice plants play an important role in preserving foods, chemicals and providing cooling for various industrial processes.
This document provides details on designing a kettle reboiler to vaporize n-butane. It includes:
1) A step-by-step example design for vaporizing 5000 kg/h of n-butane using a kettle reboiler with U-tubes and steam as the heat source. Calculations are shown for required heat transfer area, boiling heat transfer coefficient, and heat exchanger effectiveness.
2) Considerations for kettle reboiler design like tube arrangement, pitch, and shell sizing based on heat flux. Equations are provided for maximum heat flux and vapor velocity.
3) General design guidelines for kettle reboilers like using a logarithmic mean
A reboiler is a heat exchanger that provides heat to the bottom of a distillation column. There are several types of reboilers including kettle reboilers, thermosyphon reboilers, fired reboilers, and forced circulation reboilers. Kettle reboilers are simple devices where steam flows through tubes in a shell to heat liquid in the shell. Thermosyphon reboilers use density differences to circulate liquid without pumps. Fired reboilers use combustion to heat liquid circulating through tubes. Forced circulation reboilers use pumps to circulate liquid through shell and tube heat exchangers.
Superheaters raise steam temperature from saturation to the desired final temperature. This article outlines key design considerations and performance aspects of superheaters. It discusses:
1) Common superheater designs like inverted loop and vertical finned tubes.
2) Factors that affect superheater performance like steam velocity, pressure drop, and load conditions.
3) Advantages of convective over radiant superheater designs, especially for load variation and temperature control.
4) Methods for steam temperature control like interstage attemperation and factors that impact superheater sizing.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) involves generating electricity and useful heat simultaneously. It is used in prisons, hospitals, data centers, industrial units, and other applications. Cogeneration improves efficiency, reduces costs and emissions, and is more economical than conventional power plants. Waste heat recovery units transfer heat from high-temperature processes to increase efficiency further. Cogeneration can achieve up to 80% efficiency and provides environmental and economic benefits.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
The document describes the key components and operation of an ice plant, which uses ammonia as the primary refrigerant and a brine solution of ethylene glycol and water as the secondary refrigerant. The main components are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, ice cans, cooling tower, and pumps. The plant has three separate circuits - the refrigerant circuit with ammonia, the cooling water circuit, and the brine solution circuit which transfers heat from the water to produce ice using the ammonia refrigerant in a closed loop system.
The document summarizes the failure history and root cause analysis of the superheater tubes in two high pressure boilers. The superheater tubes experienced premature failures due to overheating, with surface temperatures reaching 550-600°C. Analysis found the superheater design had too low pressure drop, inadequate steam velocities, and lack of screen tubes. Modifications reduced tube count, implemented a double stage design with attemperation, upgraded metallurgy, and increased pressure drop. The modifications eliminated overheating failures and improved performance.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
Niagara WSAC application solutions brochure - final - 0815Joseph Merzlak
The document discusses Alfa Laval Niagara Wet Surface Air Coolers (WSAC) which are efficient closed-loop evaporative cooling systems designed for heavy industrial applications like power, process, wastewater, and petrochemical industries. The WSAC systems can cool process fluids to within 5 degrees F of the surrounding wet bulb temperature. They offer advantages like superior construction, engineered designs, corrosion protection, and accessibility. The systems are used to cool and condense fluids and vapors in industries like refining, power, natural gas, and wastewater through applications involving fluid cooling, vapor cooling, and vapor condensing.
This document summarizes the features and benefits of Thermax vapor absorption chillers ranging from 207 to 1680 tons refrigeration. Key features include a two-stage evaporation and condensation process, high COP even at low hot water temperatures, isolation valves for easy pump maintenance, ability to provide chilled water down to 3.5°C, use of a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor, deoxidized copper tubes, PLC control panel, on-line purging system, small footprint, and connectivity to BAS/DCS systems. Instrumentation includes features for crystallization prevention, thermal shock protection, pump protection, antifreeze protection, and chilled water flow monitoring. Manufacturing is approved to ASME, CE, and E
This document discusses steam generators (boilers) and is divided into three parts. The first part covers introduction and types of steam generators. The second part discusses the parts, accessories, and auxiliaries of steam generators. The third part covers the design, efficiency, performance, and protection of steam generators. It provides details on classification, fundamental design considerations, combustion processes, fuel analysis, boiler efficiency calculation methods, and factors that influence boiler performance such as heat losses.
The document discusses heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs). It provides the following key points:
1) HRSGs consist of four main components - economizer, evaporator, superheater, and water preheater - to convert heat from exhaust gases into steam.
2) HRSGs can be categorized as horizontal or vertical based on exhaust gas flow direction, and single pressure or multi-pressure based on number of steam drums.
3) Packaged HRSGs are pre-assembled units suitable for waste heat or small turbine applications under 20MW. They can include supplemental firing for higher efficiency.
Water steam Circuit in Supercritical Boiler for 660MW Power PlantHareesh VS
An animated presentation over Complete water steam circulation in a super critical boiler with flow chart. The water-steam path through various Systems (High pressure & Low pressure systems) in boiler for a 660MW thermal power plat, and also indicates the temperature and pressure variations after flowing through individual systems. Watch Live Presentation on YouTube: http://youtu.be/snIVrTmI4bM
Boiler, Steam Trapes, Insulation and Steam Distribution SystemWasiullah Khan
The document provides information about various types of boilers and their components. It discusses fire tube boilers and water tube boilers. It describes common types of fire tube boilers like Cornish boiler, Lancashire boiler, and locomotive boiler. It also covers boiler accessories like economizers, blowdown equipment, deaerators, and flame safeguard controls. The document provides details on boiler performance testing and factors that affect boiler efficiency over time.
Effects of Changing Different Components in a Compression Refrigeration SystemHashim Hasnain Hadi
This document describes the components and processes of a vapor compression refrigeration system. It contains information on common types of compressors (reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal), condensers (air-cooled, water-cooled, evaporative), and evaporators. It discusses using different compressor types based on required cooling capacity and advantages of each condenser type. The document also mentions using multiple evaporators to increase cooling capacity and reduce evaporator size.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
Air compressors
Pump house
Steam header
Feed water System
Operating Parameters
Fuel Gas path
Ash content vs fuel efficiency
Operating alarms
operating instruments on panel
An ice plant uses a refrigeration system similar to a simple vapor-compression refrigeration system. It contains major components like a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and chilling tank. Water is frozen into blocks of ice in cans placed inside the chilling tank, which is filled with a brine solution maintained at -10°C by the refrigeration system. It takes 24-48 hours to freeze 150-300lb blocks of ice. The frozen ice blocks are then removed from the cans and stored or delivered. Ice plants play an important role in preserving foods, chemicals and providing cooling for various industrial processes.
This document provides details on designing a kettle reboiler to vaporize n-butane. It includes:
1) A step-by-step example design for vaporizing 5000 kg/h of n-butane using a kettle reboiler with U-tubes and steam as the heat source. Calculations are shown for required heat transfer area, boiling heat transfer coefficient, and heat exchanger effectiveness.
2) Considerations for kettle reboiler design like tube arrangement, pitch, and shell sizing based on heat flux. Equations are provided for maximum heat flux and vapor velocity.
3) General design guidelines for kettle reboilers like using a logarithmic mean
A reboiler is a heat exchanger that provides heat to the bottom of a distillation column. There are several types of reboilers including kettle reboilers, thermosyphon reboilers, fired reboilers, and forced circulation reboilers. Kettle reboilers are simple devices where steam flows through tubes in a shell to heat liquid in the shell. Thermosyphon reboilers use density differences to circulate liquid without pumps. Fired reboilers use combustion to heat liquid circulating through tubes. Forced circulation reboilers use pumps to circulate liquid through shell and tube heat exchangers.
Superheaters raise steam temperature from saturation to the desired final temperature. This article outlines key design considerations and performance aspects of superheaters. It discusses:
1) Common superheater designs like inverted loop and vertical finned tubes.
2) Factors that affect superheater performance like steam velocity, pressure drop, and load conditions.
3) Advantages of convective over radiant superheater designs, especially for load variation and temperature control.
4) Methods for steam temperature control like interstage attemperation and factors that impact superheater sizing.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) involves generating electricity and useful heat simultaneously. It is used in prisons, hospitals, data centers, industrial units, and other applications. Cogeneration improves efficiency, reduces costs and emissions, and is more economical than conventional power plants. Waste heat recovery units transfer heat from high-temperature processes to increase efficiency further. Cogeneration can achieve up to 80% efficiency and provides environmental and economic benefits.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
The document describes the key components and operation of an ice plant, which uses ammonia as the primary refrigerant and a brine solution of ethylene glycol and water as the secondary refrigerant. The main components are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, ice cans, cooling tower, and pumps. The plant has three separate circuits - the refrigerant circuit with ammonia, the cooling water circuit, and the brine solution circuit which transfers heat from the water to produce ice using the ammonia refrigerant in a closed loop system.
The document summarizes the failure history and root cause analysis of the superheater tubes in two high pressure boilers. The superheater tubes experienced premature failures due to overheating, with surface temperatures reaching 550-600°C. Analysis found the superheater design had too low pressure drop, inadequate steam velocities, and lack of screen tubes. Modifications reduced tube count, implemented a double stage design with attemperation, upgraded metallurgy, and increased pressure drop. The modifications eliminated overheating failures and improved performance.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
Thermal Power Plant Boiler Efficiency ImprovementAnkur Gaikwad
Boiler is one of the central equipment used in power generation & chemical process industries. Consequently, improving boiler efficiency is instrumental in bringing down costs substantially with a few simple measures. Some of these measures are discussed in this presentation
Niagara WSAC application solutions brochure - final - 0815Joseph Merzlak
The document discusses Alfa Laval Niagara Wet Surface Air Coolers (WSAC) which are efficient closed-loop evaporative cooling systems designed for heavy industrial applications like power, process, wastewater, and petrochemical industries. The WSAC systems can cool process fluids to within 5 degrees F of the surrounding wet bulb temperature. They offer advantages like superior construction, engineered designs, corrosion protection, and accessibility. The systems are used to cool and condense fluids and vapors in industries like refining, power, natural gas, and wastewater through applications involving fluid cooling, vapor cooling, and vapor condensing.
This document summarizes the features and benefits of Thermax vapor absorption chillers ranging from 207 to 1680 tons refrigeration. Key features include a two-stage evaporation and condensation process, high COP even at low hot water temperatures, isolation valves for easy pump maintenance, ability to provide chilled water down to 3.5°C, use of a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor, deoxidized copper tubes, PLC control panel, on-line purging system, small footprint, and connectivity to BAS/DCS systems. Instrumentation includes features for crystallization prevention, thermal shock protection, pump protection, antifreeze protection, and chilled water flow monitoring. Manufacturing is approved to ASME, CE, and E
This document discusses steam generators (boilers) and is divided into three parts. The first part covers introduction and types of steam generators. The second part discusses the parts, accessories, and auxiliaries of steam generators. The third part covers the design, efficiency, performance, and protection of steam generators. It provides details on classification, fundamental design considerations, combustion processes, fuel analysis, boiler efficiency calculation methods, and factors that influence boiler performance such as heat losses.
The document discusses heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs). It provides the following key points:
1) HRSGs consist of four main components - economizer, evaporator, superheater, and water preheater - to convert heat from exhaust gases into steam.
2) HRSGs can be categorized as horizontal or vertical based on exhaust gas flow direction, and single pressure or multi-pressure based on number of steam drums.
3) Packaged HRSGs are pre-assembled units suitable for waste heat or small turbine applications under 20MW. They can include supplemental firing for higher efficiency.
Water steam Circuit in Supercritical Boiler for 660MW Power PlantHareesh VS
An animated presentation over Complete water steam circulation in a super critical boiler with flow chart. The water-steam path through various Systems (High pressure & Low pressure systems) in boiler for a 660MW thermal power plat, and also indicates the temperature and pressure variations after flowing through individual systems. Watch Live Presentation on YouTube: http://youtu.be/snIVrTmI4bM
Boiler, Steam Trapes, Insulation and Steam Distribution SystemWasiullah Khan
The document provides information about various types of boilers and their components. It discusses fire tube boilers and water tube boilers. It describes common types of fire tube boilers like Cornish boiler, Lancashire boiler, and locomotive boiler. It also covers boiler accessories like economizers, blowdown equipment, deaerators, and flame safeguard controls. The document provides details on boiler performance testing and factors that affect boiler efficiency over time.
Effects of Changing Different Components in a Compression Refrigeration SystemHashim Hasnain Hadi
This document describes the components and processes of a vapor compression refrigeration system. It contains information on common types of compressors (reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal), condensers (air-cooled, water-cooled, evaporative), and evaporators. It discusses using different compressor types based on required cooling capacity and advantages of each condenser type. The document also mentions using multiple evaporators to increase cooling capacity and reduce evaporator size.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
The document provides details about an industrial training project at the Wanakbori Thermal Power Station (WTPS). It includes:
1) An acknowledgment thanking those who facilitated the training.
2) An index outlining the topics to be covered, including details of the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling plant, and more.
3) An abstract stating the aim was to study the mechanical instruments involved in power generation and improve practical knowledge.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
Chilled Water Systems Total Cost of Ownership.pptEstevanhuertas
This document discusses strategies for minimizing the capital and operating costs of chilled water systems. It provides an example of a low-flow, high delta-T chilled water system that reduces energy consumption. Variable primary flow systems are presented as having lower costs than conventional decoupled systems due to fewer components. Series evaporator arrangements are shown to improve chiller efficiency over single compressor designs. Chiller-tower optimization is recommended to define the optimal condenser water temperature using controls that minimize total system power.
Cooling applications of solar system pptvikramdangi
This document provides an overview of solar cooling applications using absorption systems. It describes the basic components and processes of simple and practical vapour absorption systems using examples like ammonia-water. It discusses properties of ideal refrigerants, absorbents, and their combinations. Some advantages of absorption systems over compression systems are their lack of moving parts, ability to operate on thermal energy alone, suitability for large capacities, and controllability. Passive cooling techniques to reduce heat transfer and remove unwanted heat from buildings are also briefly covered.
Power Plant Engineering: Conventional and non-conventional energy resources, Hydro-electric,
Thermal, Nuclear. Wind, Solar [with Block diagram].
Power Producing Devices: Boiler - Water tube and lire tube. Internal combustion engine - Two stroke
and four stroke (Spark ignition and compression ignition). Turbines - Impulse and reaction.
Power Absorbing Devices: Pump - Reciprocating and Centrifugal, Compressor - Single acting, single
stage reciprocating air compressor, Refrigeration - Vapour compression refrigeration process, House
hold refrigerator. Window air conditioner (Working with block diagrams).
Study on Induced Draft Cooling Tower Performance Analysis in Captive Power PlantIRJET Journal
This document discusses induced draft cooling towers used in a captive power plant. It provides details of the cooling tower system used, including that it is a counter flow induced draft design with six cells in a back-to-back configuration. The document discusses the components and materials of cooling towers in general, including things like the frame, fill, cold water basin, drift eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles, and fans. It also discusses factors that influence cooling tower performance such as approach and range.
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
Energy Conservation Opportunities in Cooling Tower.pdfNITIN ASNANI
A cooling tower works by evaporating a portion of circulating water to reject process heat into the atmosphere. It has components like fill media, drift eliminators, nozzles, and fans. Key performance parameters include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Cooling tower performance depends on factors like heat load, flow rate, wet bulb temperature, and approach. Proper sizing considers these factors and energy efficiency can be improved through control strategies and opportunities like optimized fan operation.
This document provides an overview of operating and maintaining chillers. It discusses key chiller components like evaporators, compressors, condensers and expansion valves. It outlines best practices for efficient chiller operation, such as adjusting chilled water temperatures and purging air from refrigerant lines. The document also provides a maintenance schedule, noting that preventative maintenance is important to ensure long chiller life and reduce energy costs. Tasks include cleaning heat exchanger tubes annually, checking for refrigerant leaks, and inspecting electrical connections and compressor assemblies annually.
Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System [Libr-H20]IJMER
Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil fuels and
increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy from the waste heat source. The
industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This
energy can be set in to positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single effect lithium bromide
water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium
bromide water absorption Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine
exhaust
Final report on spent solution in hydroprateekj765
Assessment of cooling towers, cooling tower efficiency, assessment of cooling towers fans, material required, maintenance operations, calculation of flow rate of spent
Steam condensers condense steam into water by removing heat using circulating cooling water. This reduces pressure in the turbine exhaust and increases efficiency. There are two main types: jet condensers where steam and water directly mix, and surface condensers where they are separated by a heat transfer wall, allowing pure condensate reuse. Lower condenser pressures increase thermal efficiency by allowing more expansion through the turbine, though very low pressures risk moisture issues. Vacuum is created from specific volume changes when steam condenses.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
"Replacement of vapor compression system of domestic refrigerator by an eject...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on replacing vapor compression refrigeration systems with ejector refrigeration systems. It discusses how ejector refrigeration systems use low-grade waste heat as the power source, have fewer moving parts than compressors, and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The document provides details on the design and testing of ejector refrigeration systems using various working fluids. It analyzes the performance of these systems and the impact of parameters like heat source temperature, refrigerant type, and ejector design on the system coefficient of performance.
BLUEWAY Air cooled water chiller BrochureRoger Luo
Blueway manufactures residential air cooled water chillers and heat pumps that are designed for hot Gulf regions. The units can operate as both chillers and heat pumps to provide chilled or heated water to roof top tanks year-round for uses like showering and cleaning. They use an eco-friendly refrigerant and have a digital controller. Key components include efficient compressors, brazed plate heat exchangers for heat transfer, and condenser coils designed for high ambient temperatures. The units are suitable for tank capacities of 100-700 gallons and have safety protections, adjustable temperature settings, and produce both chilled and heated water efficiently.
This document summarizes information about Venturi scrubbers. It discusses how Venturi scrubbers work by accelerating gas and liquid flows through a narrowing throat, generating high relative speeds that cause dust particles to collide with and adhere to liquid droplets for removal. Key components of a Venturi scrubbing system are identified as the scrubber, separation tank, and swirl droplet separator. Operating parameters like pressure differentials and separation efficiencies for different particle sizes are provided. Applications and advantages of Venturi scrubbers are outlined.
Körting Hannover AG is a leading manufacturer of multi-stage steam jet vacuum systems that can achieve vacuums up to 10-1 mbar. These systems use steam jet ejectors in multiple stages with intermediate condensers to compress gases. Körting has been developing these systems since 1871 and their in-house testing and measurements allow them to optimize designs to minimize steam usage down to waste steam levels below 1 bar while achieving high condensing ratios up to 16:1.
A multi-stage steam jet vacuum system operating in an Alkaline Closed Loop (ACL) uses a closed loop system to condense and cool motive steam and sparging steam. It typically includes two boosters, a main mixing condenser, an ejector, a small mixing condenser, and a liquid ring vacuum pump. Newer ACL systems use chilled water and a refrigeration system to cool the circulating water to 5-10°C, allowing operation at lower pressures while reducing steam consumption.
The Körting ICE Condensation Vacuum System condenses sparging steam from an edible oil deodorizing plant using ice condensers, which allows condensation to occur close to the operating pressure of the deodorizer. It uses two parallel ice condensers that operate alternately, with one condensing while the other melts accumulated ice. This system produces virtually no pollutants and provides significant energy savings compared to conventional vacuum systems due to more efficient refrigerant compression. It has a higher upfront cost but a shorter payback period given its lower operating costs.
Körting Hannover AG is a leading manufacturer of ejectors for the shipbuilding industry with over 140 years of experience. Ejectors are self-priming fluidic devices that use liquids, gases, or vapors to pump, evacuate, mix, or discharge other fluids without moving parts. Körting ejectors are customized for individual ship applications and used widely for bilge pumping, ballast handling, and other tasks. They provide reliable operation with low maintenance needs and costs.
The document describes a caustic recovery plant that recycles diluted caustic soda (weak lye) from the mercerizing process by evaporating water to concentrate the lye. The plant separates the weak lye into strong lye that can be reused, and vapour condensate that is slightly alkaline hot water. It recovers up to 495,000 euros worth of caustic soda annually with a payback period of less than one year. The plant is energy efficient and generates hot water as a byproduct while reducing chemical waste and costs for the textile industry.
Water and Waste Water Treatment - EN - 140716 - webreducedTomas Eriksson
This document discusses water treatment using Körting ejectors. It summarizes that ejectors use the transfer of kinetic energy from a high velocity motive flow to boost the pressure and mix a suction flow. Ejectors have no moving parts and are self-priming. They are used for various water treatment applications including waste water aeration, mixing liquids and gases, and compressing gases. Körting ejectors provide efficient oxygen transfer through fine bubbles and turbulence, require little maintenance, and prevent deposits.
Liquid jet mixing nozzles consist of a motive nozzle and mixing section that intensively intermix motive flow and suction flow. The mixed flow exits with high velocity, entraining surrounding liquid. Numerical simulations can optimize nozzle placement to ensure complete mixing. Tank mixing systems use multiple nozzles on pipes to generate guided flows that move the entire liquid volume and prevent sedimentation. Nozzle design, placement, and operation are customized to tank shape and mixing needs.
Körting Hannover AG is a worldwide family-owned company founded in 1871 that specializes in vacuum and environmental technologies. They develop high-quality, customized components and systems for process engineering applications. Through continuous innovation and international expansion, they aim to be a technical leader in their fields. Key areas of expertise include ejectors and vacuum technology, waste gas cleaning and environmental technologies, and process heat and firing systems.
2. Steam jet chilling plants
Körting steam jet chilling plants
can be ideally utilised whenever large
chilling capacities have to be easily
realised. Preferably, unused exhaust,
residual or excess steam is available.
Körting steam jet chilling plants
provide:
• an environment-friendly operation by
means of water as refrigerant
• high operational safety
• minimum maintenance
• an easy assembly, as well as a good
handling since the plants basically
do not require rotating and moving
components
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3. 28 MW steam jet chilling plant in Egypt,
cooling of 1 600 m3
/h from 35 °C to 20 °C
24 MW steam jet chilling plant Petro China/Sichuan refinery,
cooling of 2 300 m3
/h from 29 °C to 20 °C
About 1.4 MW steam jet chilling plant in Stendal,
cooling of about 72 m3
/h from 25 °C to 8 °C
Usually, conventional steam jet chilling plants
are equipped with electrically driven mechanical
compressors. Such plants show obvious dis-
advantages as they generate additional energy
costs, increased maintenance of rotating com-
ponents and therefore higher investments for
safe operation.
Steam jet chilling plants by Körting provide an
environment-friendly alternative at reasonable
costs compared with traditional chilling plants.
If sufficient motive steam is available, the ad-
vantages of the Körting plants are convincing.
Körting chilling plants are particularly efficient
when processes provide excess or residual
steam. This means high efficiency for the entire
process, and, at the same time, good chilling
performance at high availability and low need of
maintenance.
The required cooling water volume is larger than
with mechanical compression chilling circuits,
but it is comparable to absorption plants.
Applications
Kälteanlagen-EN-141119.indd 4 19.11.2014 09:54:54
4. chilled water inlet
chilled water outlet
cooling water inlet
cooling water outlet
venting
condenserevaporator steam jet vacuum ejector
motive steam
2 up to 15 bar abs. (sat.)
14 °C
8 °C
32 °C
42 °C
Schematic diagram: steam jet chilling plant
Körting steam jet chilling plants take advantage
of the principle of flash evaporation. The liquid
to be chilled is being passed through a flash
evaporator. The pressure in the evaporator is
below the steam pressure of the liquid.
As a result of the flash evaporation process,
part of the liquid evaporates (flash steam);
evaporation heat is deducted from the heat
capacity of the liquid. This causes the liquid to
cool down to the boiling point of the respective
evaporation pressure (vacuum).
The application is only limited by the freezing
point of the liquid to be cooled.
The resulting flash steam will be sucked
off by a Körting steam jet vacuum ejector,
then compressed and finally condensed in a
downstream condenser. The respective pres-
sure level is defined by the temperature of the
used cooling medium.
This condenser has to be vented until atmos-
pheric pressure is reached. For this process
Körting steam jet vacuum ejectors or liquid ring
pumps have proven to be ideal.
Function
Kälteanlagen-EN-141119.indd 5 19.11.2014 09:54:57
5. Körting steam jet vacuum ejector
Advantages
• basically no rotating and moving components
• simple and good handling, even with large volume flows and chilling performances
• environment-friendly as no special refrigerants are required (water serves as refrigerant)
• summertime peak load can be covered by the difference in demand of heating steam
between summer and winter
• high operational safety
• low maintenance
• simple set-up and easy handling
• long service life
• corrosive media can be dealt with flexibility (use of various successfully tested materials
from plant building)
• electrical energy feed is not necessary (except for transporting chilled water and cooling
water)
• Körting has many years of experience in the development, design, manufacturing, com-
missioning and maintenance of steam jet chilling plants
Options
Direct contact condensers are common in use
(mixing condensers). Evaporated cooling liquids,
cooling water and motive steam are mixed
during operation (see figure on the left).
By means of surface condensers this kind of
mixing can be avoided. Multi-stage evaporators
and condensers reduce the steam and cooling
water consumption.
Kälteanlagen-EN-141119.indd 6 19.11.2014 09:54:59
6. Requirements
As with all technical processes the following applies:
Sometimes less is more – the optimum design saves
costs!
Increased requirements demand high performance.
Alongside the plant size and the actual cooling performance
Körting considers the following for individual design in order
to reach high energy efficiency:
• The lower the required chilled water temperature has to
be, the more motive steam is needed.
• The required motive steam flow decreases with an in-
creasing motive steam pressure.
• Multi-stage steam jet chilling plants reduce operational
costs and the demand for steam/cooling water con-
siderably. This means that higher investment costs pay
off quickly.
• The higher the cooling water temperature at the con-
denser inlet, the more motive steam is required.
• The more cooling water is available, which means, the
less the cooling water heats up, the lower the required
motive steam flow.
• In contrast to the countercurrent operation a cocurrent
operation requires slightly more motive steam at a similar
cooling water flow. However, it permits the space-saving
1-tower design.
What else has to be taken into account:
• How long runs the plant? During the whole year or during
a certain season only?
• Are there any variations regarding the cooling water inlet
temperature (why, when and how strong)?
• Are refrigerants and cooling fluids allowed to mix?
• Are there any requirements regarding corrosion?
• Which build up concept is the most favourable one?
• Shall the build up be horizontal or vertical?
• Does a steel construction already exist? Which load can
it bear? Is a steel construction required at all?
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7. 1-stage
2-stage
3-stage
Motive steam requirement [t/h]
Motivesteampressure[barabs.]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 15 20 25 30
Motive steam requirement in relation to number of plant stages
(7 MW cooling performance, cooling water heat up from 25 °C to 30 °C,
chilled water cool down from 12 °C to 6 °C)
25 °C up to 30 °C
27,5 °C up to 32,5 °C
30 °C up to 35 °C
25 °C up to 35 °C
Motive steam requirement [t/h]
Motivesteampressure[barabs.]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 15 20 25 30 35
Motive steam requirement in relation to cooling water heat up
using the example of a 3-stage plant
(7 MW cooling performance, chilled water cool down from 12 °C to 6 °C)
Motive steam requirement [t/h]
Motivesteampressure[barabs.]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
12 °C to 6 °C
16 °C to 10 °C
Motive steam requirement in relation to chilled water cool down
using the example of a 3-stage steam jet chilling plant
(7 MW cooling performance, cooling water heat up from 25°C to 30 °C
Kälteanlagen-EN-141119.indd 8 19.11.2014 09:55:06
8. direct condensation
with venting stages
1-tower design, 3-stage
cooling water inlet
venting
group
evaporator
motive steam
cooler/
condenser
chilled water
return
cooling
water outlet
chilled water
feed line
Designs
There are different designs of steam jet chilling plants:
• free- and self-supporting constructions with own steel construction (no separate steel
construction)
• constructions fitted in existing steel constructions
• tower design
• bridge design
• cocurrent or countercurrent operation
• direct condensation (with Körting mixing condensers)
• indirect condensation (with Körting surface condensers)
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9. Bridge design with separate steel construction,
option of a 2-tower design, 4-stage, cocurrent plant
Bridge design, self-supporting (without separate steel construction),
2-tower design, 3-stage, countercurrent plant
indirect condensation
with venting stages
motive steam
chilled water
return
cooler/condenser
stage 2
cooler/condenser
stage 1
chilled water
feed line
cooling water
inlet
cooling water
outlet
seal tank
seal tank
evaporator
to atmosphere
venting group
stage 1
stage 2
condensate
condensate
condensate
Kälteanlagen-EN-141119.indd 10 19.11.2014 09:55:10
10. A realised project
Successful operation of a Körting multi-stage
steam jet chilling plant in China
The self-supporting construction without
secondary steel construction as well
as the bridge design of the steam jet
vacuum ejectors are just some of the
individual characteristics of this unique
plant.
With a maximum constructional height
of almost 44 m and a maximum plant
diameter of about 6 m, this chilling plant
is almost as tall as a Saturn One rocket.
Körting Hannover AG has planned,
manufactured and commissioned this
steam jet chilling plant in cooperation with
their Chinese end costumer, Petro China/
Sichuan refinery.
Daring to build this plant and taking the
effort of everyone involved was worth it.
After almost one year in operation the
plant owner is highly satisfied with this
newly developed design of this steam jet
chilling plant and its performance.
Despite its size this steam jet chilling
plant with steam jet vacuum ejectors in
bridge design of up to 20 m in length
allows an installation without secondary
steel construction. Eventually, this saves
costs and required space.
The evaporator tower and a downstream
condenser in combination with the
Körting steam jet vacuum ejectors are
the core of the plant. The cooled water
is needed to cool down various petro-
chemical processes in the newly erected
Sichuan refinery.
After the steam jet chilling plant in Egypt
(28 MW) delivered by Körting as well, the
new plant is the second largest in the
world.
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11. Technical data:
cooling performance 24 MW
chilled water flow 2 300 t/h
cooling 29 °C to 20 °C
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