Industrial refrigeration systems are a significant consumer of electrical energy in food processing, cold storage, and chemical processing industries throughout the Midwestern United States.
This webinar, presented by Bryan Hackett, P.E., of kW Engineering, will covered the following topics:
• The basics of industrial refrigeration systems,
• A review of proven energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and how to identify potential applications for each, and
• The respective energy and cost savings for each.
Industrial and commercial utility program managers, end-user plant managers, refrigeration system operators, contractors, and solution vendors will get a better understanding of industrial refrigeration as an integrated system, how key components can be optimized to improve efficiency, and the energy and financial motivations for pursuing the discussed EEMs
Bryan Hackett, P.E. - Senior Engineer II, kW Engineering
Bryan leads kW Engineering’s Industrial Services Team, providing energy and water auditing, retro-commissioning, technical support services, and implementation management to industrial facilities across the country. Bryan has performed over 150 industrial energy audits and is the lead author of two papers on energy savings at food processing and refrigeration facilities. Bryan is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer with over 17 years of experience working with commercial, institutional, and industrial clients. As one of the leaders of kW's technical staff of 47 engineers, Bryan takes great pride in getting CFOs excited about sustainability by delivering results at the meter and on the bill.
The presentation of a Lecture on optimization of refrigeration systems given during a workshop in IITD. Includes an illustration and some generic ideas.
Energy Efficiency Potential in Food & Beverage Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in food and beverage sector in Nepal. The status of various subsectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
The presentation of a Lecture on optimization of refrigeration systems given during a workshop in IITD. Includes an illustration and some generic ideas.
Energy Efficiency Potential in Food & Beverage Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in food and beverage sector in Nepal. The status of various subsectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
CPD Presentation Evaporative cooling in data centresColt UK
Data centres that use evaporative cooling can cut their energy bills by up to 80% compared to conventional cooling methods!
The specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment used in data centres have recently been revised, opening the way to evaporative cooling in such buildings. Evaporative cooling can provide a highly effective solution, with low installation and running costs, minimal maintenance requirements and quiet operation.
This seminar covers:
• Revisions to the specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment in data centres
• Options for cooling in a data centre
• Implementing evaporative cooling in a data centre.
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of...Motiva
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of utility
Material is primarily intended for further-education purposes for professional workers. Material can be used in teaching in classroom or self-study.
Teachers and students can use the power point material as a whole or they can pick up the most useful parts.
Including: Ventilation, indoor air and heating installations, HVAC adjustments and implementation.
Co-funded by the intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The good practices and principles required for the energy efficient building have been included in the teaching material. The writers are not responsible for their suitability to individual building projects as such. The individual building projects have to be made according to the building design of the targets in question.
Everything You Need to Know About RefrigerationSarah Zall
Interested in an energy efficiency upgrade for your business, but don't know how the technology works? We've got you covered with our 2 Minute Technology series! If you have a commercial refrigeration system that's not energy efficient, you're probably spending A LOT of money to keep it running. You can significantly reduce operating costs with these major money-saving upgrades.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling technologies: different system configurations CAREL Industries S.p.A
Enrico Boscaro, CAREL’s Group Marketing Manager Industrial HVAC, demonstrates how Indirect Evaporative Cooling using adiabatic humidification can help to maximise the efficiency in buildings ventilation, leading to remarkable savings and preserving indoor Air Quality.
Refrigeration Cycle. دائرة التكييف
Gauge set and refrigerant عدادات
Installing Gauges.تركيب عداد الغاز
Service ports and valves صمامات الخدمة
Refrigerant Types.أنواع غاز التكييف
Discharging, تفريغ الغاز
Evacuating and شفط الهواء و الرطوبة
Recharging إعادة شحن الغاز
Superheat & Subcooling الغاز المحمص و المبرد.
Pressures of Refrigerants.ضغوط أنواع غازات التكييف
Electronic Refrigerant Identifier Instrument جهاز كشف نوعية غاز التكييف
Feedwater Heater Control: Bring Your Efficiency to a New Level -- Kevin Hambrice, Global Factory Sales and Marketing Manager-Level, K-TEK, A Member of the ABB Group
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Evaporative cooling has been around since 2500 BC and under the right ambient conditions can provide comfort cooling with low energy costs. However, in high humidity conditions, evaporative cooling fails to provide comfort. HMX overcame this limitation and has begun a revolution in sustainable cooling using the age-old principles of evaporative cooling. Sunil Tiwari, General Manager, Global Sales & Marketing, at HMX explains the principles behind HMX's technologies.
For more details visit ategroup.com/hmx
CPD Presentation Evaporative cooling in data centresColt UK
Data centres that use evaporative cooling can cut their energy bills by up to 80% compared to conventional cooling methods!
The specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment used in data centres have recently been revised, opening the way to evaporative cooling in such buildings. Evaporative cooling can provide a highly effective solution, with low installation and running costs, minimal maintenance requirements and quiet operation.
This seminar covers:
• Revisions to the specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment in data centres
• Options for cooling in a data centre
• Implementing evaporative cooling in a data centre.
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of...Motiva
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 8 Energy efficiency of utility
Material is primarily intended for further-education purposes for professional workers. Material can be used in teaching in classroom or self-study.
Teachers and students can use the power point material as a whole or they can pick up the most useful parts.
Including: Ventilation, indoor air and heating installations, HVAC adjustments and implementation.
Co-funded by the intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The good practices and principles required for the energy efficient building have been included in the teaching material. The writers are not responsible for their suitability to individual building projects as such. The individual building projects have to be made according to the building design of the targets in question.
Everything You Need to Know About RefrigerationSarah Zall
Interested in an energy efficiency upgrade for your business, but don't know how the technology works? We've got you covered with our 2 Minute Technology series! If you have a commercial refrigeration system that's not energy efficient, you're probably spending A LOT of money to keep it running. You can significantly reduce operating costs with these major money-saving upgrades.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling technologies: different system configurations CAREL Industries S.p.A
Enrico Boscaro, CAREL’s Group Marketing Manager Industrial HVAC, demonstrates how Indirect Evaporative Cooling using adiabatic humidification can help to maximise the efficiency in buildings ventilation, leading to remarkable savings and preserving indoor Air Quality.
Refrigeration Cycle. دائرة التكييف
Gauge set and refrigerant عدادات
Installing Gauges.تركيب عداد الغاز
Service ports and valves صمامات الخدمة
Refrigerant Types.أنواع غاز التكييف
Discharging, تفريغ الغاز
Evacuating and شفط الهواء و الرطوبة
Recharging إعادة شحن الغاز
Superheat & Subcooling الغاز المحمص و المبرد.
Pressures of Refrigerants.ضغوط أنواع غازات التكييف
Electronic Refrigerant Identifier Instrument جهاز كشف نوعية غاز التكييف
Feedwater Heater Control: Bring Your Efficiency to a New Level -- Kevin Hambrice, Global Factory Sales and Marketing Manager-Level, K-TEK, A Member of the ABB Group
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Evaporative cooling has been around since 2500 BC and under the right ambient conditions can provide comfort cooling with low energy costs. However, in high humidity conditions, evaporative cooling fails to provide comfort. HMX overcame this limitation and has begun a revolution in sustainable cooling using the age-old principles of evaporative cooling. Sunil Tiwari, General Manager, Global Sales & Marketing, at HMX explains the principles behind HMX's technologies.
For more details visit ategroup.com/hmx
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
Homeowners with natural gas water heaters have difficulty justifying the expense of a more efficient condensing heater. Combination space and domestic hot water systems bundle together the two loads, which saves energy and makes them more cost-effective. These systems also help eliminate combustion safety concerns.
Historically, mechanical contractors have custom engineered and pieced together combi systems in the field, paying little attention to efficiency and optimization. But condensing heating plants will only reach their energy saving potential when all components are designed and installed correctly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Performance Comparison of VCRs &VARsdbpublications
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) and vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) both are widely used for refrigeration purpose. The major differences in both the system are in vapour compression refrigeration systems the input supply is compressor work which is high grade of energy whereas in vapour absorption systems main input is heat supply in the generator which is low grade energy. Energy is an essential requirement for the economic development of any country, so our main aim is to save energy, unless VCRS have high performance future scope is VARS are primarily used in large commercial and industrial installations .In this paper discusses the various methods for increasing the performance of both systems so this paper focuses on the suitability of both systems.
The cost-effectiveness tests used for energy efficiency programs are decades old and, in many cases, haven’t kept up with the energy policy goals of the states that use them. The National Standard Practice Manual (NSPM) is an attempt to bring cost-effectiveness testing up to date to meet modern needs.
In this webinar, we get an inside look at why the State of Minnesota re-evaluated their tests and how they used the NSPM to envision a new, customized Minnesota Test.
The webinar featured Adam Zoet, Principal Energy Planner with the Minnesota Department of Commerce and Tim Woolf, Vice President at Synapse Energy Economics, lead author of the Minnesota report and one of the NSPM authors.
MEEA collaborated with The Cadmus Group to conduct a study of utility energy efficiency investments and savings throughout the Midwest to determine their economic impact. The study uses a dynamic forecast model to study the economic impacts of energy efficiency investments specific to four target regions: 1) Indiana, 2) Michigan, 3) Ohio and 4) the Midwest region. This webinar walked through the findings of this study and included presentations from Nick Dreher, Policy Manager at MEEA and Tyler Browne, Senior Analyst at The Cadmus Group, Inc.
As commercial energy efficiency programs mature and savings goals increase, utilities must go beyond easy-to-identify measures like lighting and attract hard-to-reach customer segments. How can utilities and program administrators realize deeper energy savings at scale within the Midwest, given these challenges?
Based on actual energy analysis of tens of thousands of real buildings, Retroficiency presented insights about efficiency opportunities that exist across utility portfolios in the commercial sector, and provided specific best-practice strategies utilities and program administrators are employing to address these opportunities.
MEEA prepared for the new year with a wealth of opportunities for advanced lighting professions to connect with peers and access the latest industry information.
New offerings including the Midwest LUMEN Network, the quarterly advanced lighting technical webinar series, and the Midwest Advanced Lighting Solutions Guide were unveiled by MEEA staff and Vicki Campbell, Director of Energy Efficiency at DTE Energy and Chair of Midwest LUMEN.
Recommended audience:
Utility efficiency program staff
Manufacturers
Distributers
Implementers and consultants
Others interested in promoting advanced lighting market adoption in the Midwest
Topics covered included:
Midwest LUMEN meetings
Networking events
Quarterly technical webinars
Web-based resources
The Midwest Advanced Lighting Solutions Guide
Midwest Energy Solutions Conference advanced lighting panel
MEEA Minute and event calendar updates
Top 10 Tips for Formatting and Designing Research Questionnaires
On Tuesday, March 19th, 2013, Blackstone Group identified the top ten tips to help your team streamline the development of research questionnaires – from energy efficiency evaluation to customer satisfaction – in terms of formatting and design.
Mike Burmester and Brandon Parrott-Sheffer, from the Blackstone Group, presented the top ten tips of questionnaire design based on their experience as full-service market researchers who have completed over 75 energy-related projects in the past three years alone.
This webinar was held on August 20th, and examined both Kentucky's unique energy landscape and the DOE-funded, soon-to-be-completed 3 year stakeholder project to design a strategy for achieving a 1% voluntary energy efficiency goal - without a mandated portfolio standard.
Samantha Williams, Policy Manager at MEEA, provided an overview of Kentucky's recently- released Action Plan for Energy Efficiency - the first of its kind in the state. Since January 2011, MEEA has been working with the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence on a comprehensive stakeholder process with the goal of reaching a voluntary 1% electric energy savings goal through efficiency. This process culminated in the Action Plan, which lays out a strategy to achieve this goal and ensure environmental protection, create jobs and maintain low-cost, reliable energy into the future. Ms. Williams will discuss how the Action Plan and its focus on voluntary measures could be a model for other states.
Lee Colten, Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence, will review a key element of the Action Plan: a new process for Kentucky to annually track utility-run energy efficiency program performance and evaluate progress towards the State's energy efficiency goals. Mr. Colten will describe how Kentucky's collaborative efforts with utilities are helping demonstrate at the state level, and nationally, the success of Kentucky's efficiency programs and policies and the strides that have already been achieved in the last decade.
C&I customers represent a substantial opportunity for load reduction, but the key is to incentivize projects with excellent performance, economics, and impact. Intelligent LED systems are redefining the lighting category and displacing legacy technologies with proven results.
The webinar, presented by Michael Feinstein from Digital Lumens, will cover the following topics:
• Industrial lighting technology review
• Intelligent LED System overview
• 90% energy reduction – the economics of intelligent LEDs
• Large C&I lighting customers – retrofit & new construction case studies
• Future of intelligent LED lighting
Mike Feinstein is responsible for leading the Digital Lumens sales and marketing teams and has had extensive experience in the entrepreneurial and investment worlds, most recently as Managing Director of Sempre Management. Previously, he was a General Partner at Venrock Associates and Atlas Venture, where he served on the boards of start-ups including Boston-Power, Ciclon Semiconductor (acquired by Texas Instruments), CircleLending, WaveSmith Networks (acquired by CIENA Corp.) and Quantum Bridge Communications (acquired by Motorola). Michael holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT.
This presentation is part of the Midwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Industrial Webinar Series. Find out more at http://www.midwestindustrial.org.
Join us to learn how global energy management company Schneider Electric reduced energy consumption by 21.3% in its Midwest manufacturing facilities by implementing its own solutions and products. This experience of walking our talk now enables Schneider Electric to support our customers worldwide in similar energy efficiency processes. Jim Pauley, Sr. Vice President, External Affairs and Government Relations, will walk through the steps Schneider Electric took.
Jim Pauley is responsible for state and federal legislative and regulatory policy and government interaction. In addition, he has responsibility for the Schneider Electric strategy and participation in trade and industry associations, standards organizations and conformity assessment bodies. Over his 27 year career, he has held positions in industry standards, product management, marketing and product planning.
Pauley holds a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Kentucky and is a licensed professional engineer in Kentucky.
This presentation is part of the Midwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Industrial Webinar Series. Find out more at http://www.midwestindustrial.org
On December 20th, 2012, the US EPA finalized the Clean Air Act pollution standards known as ICI Boiler MACT. This standard applies to large boilers in a wide range of industrial facilities and institutions. This webinar, held January 30, 2013, discusses a US DOE sponsored technical assistance program to ensure that major sources burning coal or oil have information on cost-effective clean energy strategies for compliance , such as natural gas combined heat and power (CHP). Boiler owners and operators can learn about clean energy strategies to meet EPA boiler rules through DOE’s Boiler MACT Technical Assistance Program, which has been piloted in Ohio since March 2012 and is now being implemented throughout the Country. John Cuttica, Director of the Midwest Clean Energy Application Center and the Energy Resources Center, both located at the University of Illinois at Chicago, discusses how our Midwest industrial and institutional companies can take advantage of the technical assistance program. (this is the slides-only version; full video version is available at https://www.slideshare.net/MidwestEfficiency/combined-heat-and-power-as-a-boiler-mact-compliance-strategy-16406830)
Utilities at the cutting edge of DSM planning are implementing Strategic Energy Management (SEM) programs. By equipping C&I customers with powerful tools that help them strategically manage their energy use, utilities realize significant EE savings and deepen their customer relationships.
MEEA, in collaboration with members Xcel Energy and EnerNOC, presented this webinar on SEM best practices and opportunities for Midwest utilities, featuring a case study with Xcel Energy.
On this webinar we discussed:
1. The Value of SEM to Utilities – Understanding how SEM drives increased energy savings from behavioral improvements, more reliable savings from existing capital projects, and deeper customer engagement.
2. Best Practices in SEM Program Design – EnerNOC SEM Practice Lead Chad Gilless will discuss core SEM concepts and present common configurations and options that drive utility program results.
3. Xcel Energy’s Industrial Process Efficiency – Xcel Energy Program Manager Kerry Klemm will present a case study of an award-winning SEM program, the Xcel Energy Process Efficiency program.
Speakers:
Kerry Klemm – Program Manager, Xcel Energy
Kerry Klemm has been involved in energy conservation marketing since the mid 1990s and currently leads Xcel Energy’s Holistic team and manages the Process Efficiency program, which helps manufacturers make smart energy choices that lower their energy use, achieve environmental savings, and improve their bottom line.
Chad Gilless – Practice Lead, Strategic Energy Management, EnerNOC
Chad directs EnerNOC’s efforts to integrate energy into industrial business practices. Based in Portland, OR, Chad has expertise in organizational facilitation and coaching and has over 15 years of experience as a consultant and project manager. He has been with EnerNOC since 2010. He has led numerous programs and projects to deploy plant energy management programs within the industrial sectors, and his efforts have produced more than 68 million kW
One of the most challenging evaluation questions for residential lighting energy efficiency programs in the U.S. is the identification and correction for net-to-gross (NTG) effects such as free ridership and spillover. Over the last twenty years, considerable effort and financial resources have been directed toward accurately measuring these effects. Furthermore, the correction for these NTG effects has direct, and sometimes, drastic impact on program savings.
APT and Opinion Dynamics discuss a new framework for the estimation of free ridership in upstream lighting programs grounded in sound, economically rational decision making on the part of retail partners. This approach, built on functional retail behavior, provides a clearer more insightful look into the elements comprising the retail sales environment thus providing program implementers with a more predictable outcome of end results – up front.
Motivating commercial customers to actively and consistently apply energy efficient practices is quickly becoming central to many utility business practices. In this installment of the MEEA Technical Webinar series, Mike Presutti and John Lux from Agentis Energy outlined a variety of behavior based energy efficiency programs for commercial customers that are helping utilities accomplish their goals. Information on how utilities are using customer engagement platforms to drive behavior change at their commercial customers was detailed. Viability, process and preliminary results from in-process programs were discussed. Specifics include: The opportunity: Agentis analysis examples and information from 3rd party reports; Customer use and feedback data, plus examples from the field; Measurement methodologies and program projections. (Please note: This is a modified version of the presentation to remove confidential data. For that reason, this presentation is available in slide format only without the additional audio. Though the slides are still marked "Proprietary and Confidential," MEEA has obtained explicit permission from the presenters to post this version of the slides. If you are interested in the full version of this webinar or more information about Agentis' analytical platform, please contact the presenters using the contact information in the final slide.)
The MEEA Policy Webinar took a regional look at the rapid growth of utility energy efficiency programs over the last decade. Dan York, from ACEEE, presented on the newly released ACEEE report Three Decades and Counting: A Historical Review and Current Assessment of Electric Utility Energy Efficiency Activity in the States . Dan focused on the Midwest region and the growth of utility energy efficiency programs. Diane Munns, from MidAmerican Energy Company, spoke on the utility’s program approach, lessons learned, and achievements from the company’s energy efficiency programs. Karen Rhodes, from Xcel Energy, discussed the utility's program growth, lessons learned, and the benefits of the utility's long term commitment to energy efficiency. The webinar concluded with attendees joining the discussion with the presenters, and asking several questions. For additional information, or if you have any questions, please contact Jessica Collingsworth at jcollingsworth@mwalliance.org or at (312)784-7247.
The MEEA Policy Webinar: National Study on the Energy Savings of Appliance Standards was held on Thursday March 29, 2012. The webinar outlined the recently released report, The Efficiency Boom: Cashing In on the Savings from Appliance Standards by the Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP) and the American Council on an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). The webinar highlighted some of the key findings from the report, particularly the enormous savings that have already been achieved from existing standards and the potential for additional savings from new and updated standards. The report reviewed 34 products, and the webinar focused on three areas: products appropriate for state standards; products where state support is requested at the federal level; and products currently covered by utility programs. A regional look was given on the current and potential cost effective savings from appliance standards, as well as an in-depth look at specific natural gas-fired products that are relevant to the Midwest including: clothes washers, boilers, furnaces, and unit heaters. The webinar concluded with a discussion that focused on gas programs and analysis of the potential impact of standards on the cost effectiveness of utility programs.
In the latest in MEEA's Marketing Energy Efficiency webinar series, Drew McCartt, Senior Vice-President at Event Marketing Strategies talks about how face-to-face marketing through events is impacting the growth of energy efficiency in the Midwest. Experiential marketing, utilizing interactive and mobile staffed displays, combined with traditional marketing, is helping utility companies educate consumers and market their lighting, appliance recycling, and enrollment programs.
Kevin Duffy with ICF International discusses the impact and marketing strategies used for We Energies’ community-based education and outreach program, “Way to Save, Burlington!” The pilot is designed to engage all segments of the community by encouraging behavioral changes and connecting customers to existing programs and incentives.
In the first installment of MEEA's new "Marketing Energy Efficiency" webinar series, MEEA, E Source, and ECW discussed the role that social media currently plays in the utility space, how it is starting to evolve in efficiency, and what we can expect from utility social moving forward. Also detailed were the challenges and suggested strategies for establishing effective online education.
This MEEA Policy Webinar, held on November 17, 2011, outlined the leading states in the Midwest, reviewed current trends, and highlighted programs in Illinois and Michigan, drawing from the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy's 2011 State Energy Efficiency Scorecard and energy efficiency experts from the state energy offices.
Michael Sciortino, from ACEEE, presented on the newly released ACEEE State Energy Efficiency Scorecard. He discussed the leading states in the Midwest and reasons for the recent gains. He further discussed the current trends in the Midwest that were used to quantify the ACEEE Scorecard rankings, and an explanation on why Michigan, Illinois and Nebraska were named the three most improved states. Best practices and programs were highlighted within the states.
Agnes Mrozowski, from the Illinois Energy Office, presented on Illinois Energy Now, the Department of Commerce & Economic Opportunity’s program that provides public sector customers with financial incentives to make energy improvements.
Robert Ozar, from the Michigan Public Service Commission, presented on Michigan’s Public Act 295 which is a comprehensive energy package promoting private investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and highlighted some of the successful programs within the state.
The 2nd Annual Midwest Regional Building Energy Codes Conference was held on October 5-6, 2011 in Chicago. It was attended by 42 guests representing state code officials, state energy officials, utility representatives, energy code advocates, manufacturers, energy efficiency program administrators, architects, and building trades professionals.
The conference built on the previous year's conference and the ongoing codes developments in the region to continue to work towards developing a regional approach to promoting the adoption, implementation, and improving compliance with building energy codes in the Midwest.
Solid-State Lighting (using LEDs) presents both a risk and an opportunity for utility incentives programs. While LEDs are rapidly becoming a feasible technology for achieving maximum lighting efficiency, high costs and uncertain performance have hampered the adoption of LED measures into lighting incentives programs.
This webinar features presentations from the DesignLights Consortium, the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership's national program that takes much of the guesswork out of identifying quality LED products, and by the Lighting Facts program of US DOE, highlighting their Energy Efficiency Partner Resource that will allow Energy Efficiency Partners to list LED lighting incentive programs in association with products from the Lighting Facts web site. An overview of the resource is provided along with an online demonstration.
Viewers also receive information on the Product Snapshot, which was developed to help energy efficiency partners navigate the rapidly changing lighting market, including upcoming standards and labeling requirements, and the impact of these changes on LED replacement lamps. The FTC Lighting Facts label will be mandatory starting January 1, 2012 and we will review the label requirements and explain how the FTC Lighting Facts label relates to the DOE Lighting Facts label.
This presentation was given to the Industrial Energy Efficiency Work Group of the Midwestern Governors Association on September 1, 2011. It provides an overview of industrial energy consumption in the 13 states that make up MEEA's footprint, and details current industrial energy efficiency policies and program activities within each state.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
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MEEA Industrial Webinar: Industrial Refrigeration – Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
1. MEEA’s Midwest Industrial Initiative
Webinar:
Industrial Refrigeration –
Opportunities for Energy
Efficiency and Cost Savings
June 6, 2013
12:00PM-1:00PM CDT
2. MEEA’s Role in the Midwest
• Non-profit serving 13 Midwest states
• 10+ years serving state energy offices, utilities,
ESCOs, state and local government, manufacturers
• 150+ Members
• Staff of 25 in Chicago
• Actions
– Advancing Energy Efficiency Policy
– Promoting Best Practices
– Delivering Training & Workshops
– Coordinating Multi-Utility Program Efforts
– Designing & Administering Energy Efficiency Programs
– Evaluating & Promoting Emerging Technologies
– Regional Voice for DOE/EPA & ENERGY STAR
3. Midwest Industrial Initiative (MI2)
www.midwestindustrial.org
In Fall 2010, MEEA has created the MI2 in order to:
• Promote adoption of energy efficiency in the industrial sector
• Provide information on electric and natural gas utility energy
efficiency rebates and programs
• List national and local energy efficiency best practices and
technology information
• Offer catalog of case studies of successful energy efficiency
implementation
4. www.midwestindustrial.org
• Dedicated website on Industrial Efficiency
in the Midwest
– Utility, state and local case studies
– Catalogue of utility industrial contacts
– Utility programs
– Industrial opt out and self direct policies
– EIA data by state and fuel
• Social media presence
– www.twitter.com/industrialEE
5. MI2 Activities
• Quarterly regional utility calls
• Midwest presence for SEEAction Industrial working
group and CHP group
• Developing Midwest CHP working group
• MI2 to be conduit of efficiency information to
industrial companies and industrial associations
• Promote successful efficiency programs,
technologies and financing mechanisms
6. MI2 Upcoming Webinars
• WRI Paper and Pulp Report
• Mitsubishi – review of manufacturing
facility improvements
• Baltimore Gas & Electric – CHP as part of
cost effective efficiency program
• Dates Forthcoming…
7. Reminders for Today’s Webinar
• Submit questions in the chat box in the
right panel
• Q&A will take place after the presentation
is complete
• Presentation will be available on
http://www.midwestindustrial.org/resources
/webinars
8. Midwest Industrial
Initiative Webinar:
Industrial Refrigeration
Opportunities for
Energy Efficiency and Cost
Savings
Bryan Hackett, PE
kW Engineering
Thursday, June 6, 2013
www.kw-engineering.com
9. What we’ll cover
What is industrial refrigeration,
and how is it different from
conventional HVAC?
The refrigeration cycle
Major system components
Typical energy efficiency
measures (EEMs)
Resources
9
10. About me
Bryan Hackett, PE, Sr. Engineer II
17 years of experience
Multiple papers published on energy savings
in food processing and refrigeration facilities
2 as lead author
Industrial Services Team Leader at kW
Energy and water audits (led 150+)
Technical support and calc assistance
Retro-commissioning (RCx)
Implementation support
Remote energy management
Emerging technologies evaluation
10
11. What is industrial refrigeration?
11
Size: 100 tons and larger
Refrigerant: Ammonia (R717) in most cases, R22 in a
few cases
System Types: Centralized and built-up
Load Temps: -60°F to 55°F
Industries:
Refrigerated warehouses
Fruit and vegetable processors
Breweries, wineries, and
carbonated beverages
Dairy and ice cream processors
Meat, poultry, and fish
Chemical, petrochemical, and
pharmaceutical
12. How does it differ from Commercial
Refrigeration or HVAC?
Commercial refrigeration
systems tend to be
smaller, modular, and may
use multiple refrigerants at
a given site.
Large HVAC systems are
used to cool spaces at
temperatures greater than
55°F.
Industrial refrigeration
mostly used flooded-type
evaporator coils, while
commercial refrigeration
and HVAC almost always
use DX-type evaporator
coils.
12
14. Evaporation
Cold liquid
refrigerant absorbs
heat
Liquid refrigerant
boils (evaporates)
Liquid → vapor
Latent heat of
vaporization
Constant pressure
and temperature
14
Condenser
Expansion Valve Power In
Evaporator
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
15. Compression
Reduction in volume of
vapor
Increase in pressure
and temperature
Requires external work
(power)
Raises the boiling point
of the refrigerant
Power depends of Lift
15
Condenser
Expansion Valve Power In
Evaporator
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
16. Evaporators
All cooling happens at an
evaporator.
Evaporators can be
broken into two main
types:
Air-Coolers
Liquid-chillers
3 ways of supplying liquid
refrigerant to evaporators
Liquid Recirculation
Flooded
Direct Expansion (DX)
16
17. Air-Coolers
Evaporator fan-coil
Coils often have fins to
increase heat transfer
surface
Fans move air over coil
Refrigerated air is used
to cool space or
product
Hot gas defrost is
commonly used for
evaporators operating
at less than 32oF
17
18. Air-Coolers (cont’d)
To maintain space
temperature
Freezers
Coolers
Industrial A/C
Process/Product
cooling
Spiral freezers
Blast freezers
Pressure coolers
18
19. Liquid Chillers Heat Exchangers
19
The most common types of
heat exchangers for liquid
chilling are:
Shell-and-tube
Plate-and-frame (pictured)
Falling-film
Scraped-surface
20. Compressors
The purpose of a
compressor is to
increase the pressure
and temperature of
the refrigerant vapor
so that heat can be
rejected in the
condenser.
The most common
types of compressors
used in industrial
refrigeration are:
Reciprocating
Rotary Screw
Rotary Vane
20
21. Reciprocating Compressors
Use:
High and low-temperature
applications
Configuration:
Booster, high-stage, and
single-stage
Compression ratios:
Max. of 8:1 with ammonia
Maximum size:
Approx. 300-hp
Capacity control:
Typical cylinder unloading
Relatively good part-load
performance
21
22. Rotary Screw Compressors
Use:
High and low-temperature applications
Configuration:
Booster, high-stage, and single-stage
Compression ratios:
Max. of 20:1 with ammonia
Maximum size:
>1500-hp
Capacity control:
Typically slide valve.
Part-load performance not as good as
cylinder unloading.
Older technologies such as poppet
valves and inlet throttling are even
worse.
VFDs becoming more common on
new compressors.
Almost as good as cylinder unloading.
22
23. Oil Cooling
Screw compressors
use oil for lubrication
and cooling during
compression, so the
oil must be
continuously cooled
to maintain operating
temperature.
There are two main
types of oil cooling in
use:
Liquid injection
External
23
24. Liquid Injection
Liquid injection uses high-pressure
liquid refrigerant
to flash-cool when injected
into the compressor body
via a DX-valve.
This oil cooling method is
simple and inexpensive to
implement.
However, liquid injection
imposes a power penalty
typically of 1-3%, but can
be as high 10% for low-temperature,
single-stage
operation.
24
25. External Oil Cooling
There are two
common types of
external oil cooling:
Thermosiphon
(pictured)
Recirculated Water
or Glycol
25
26. Condensers
Reject heat from the
system absorbed into
the refrigerant.
Evaporative condenser
most common
(pictured).
Air-cooled or shell-and-tube
heat exchangers
less common.
Use fans to force or
induce airflow to
enhance heat rejection.
26
27. Evaporative Condensers
Water is sprayed over
refrigerant tubes.
Heat from refrigerant vapor
is transferred to water.
Air is drawn in from the
bottom of the condenser.
Some of the water
evaporates into the air.
Warm, moist air leaves
through the top of the
condenser.
Heat rejection rate is a
function of ambient wet-bulb
temperature.
27
28. Two-Stage Compression
Improved efficiency for
low-temperatures
systems (-25 °F and
less).
Intercooler to provide
inter-stage
desuperheating.
Can efficiently support
multiple evaporation
(process) temperatures.
Can implement
subcooling or flash-cooling.
28
Condenser
Evaporator
Power In
High-Stage
Compressor
Heat Rejected
Heat Absorbed
Power In
Low-Stage
Compressor
Evaporator
Heat Absorbed
Intercooler
29. List of Typical EEMs and Def’ns
Controls Measures:
Floating head
pressure control
Compressor staging
controls
Active defrost
management
Equipment Retrofit
Measures:
VFDs on Evaporator
Fans
VFDs on Condenser
Fans
VFDs on Screw
Compressors
Condensate
Subcooling
Desuperheater
29
30. Floating Head Pressure Control
Most systems have a
fixed head pressure
setpoint
Reset head pressure
setpoint based on
wet-bulb temperature
Reduction in
compressor energy
usage
Increase in condenser
fan energy usage
Savings depends on:
Current setpoint
pressure
Existing condensing
capacity
Local weather data
30
31. Compressor Staging Controls
Minimize screw
compressors operating at
part-load.
Base load screw
compressors at 100% load.
Select most efficient part-load
compressor for trim.
Plant energy
savings up to
15%.
31
Simple
payback
period from
1 to 3 years.
32. Active Defrost Management
Controlling the initiation of
a defrost cycle.
Controlling the termination
of a defrost cycle.
Reducing unnecessary
refrigeration load.
Plant energy
savings up to
3%.
32
Simple
payback
period from
2 to 4 years.
33. VFDs on Evaporator Fans
Reduces fan speed based
on refrigeration load.
Large reduction in fan
power for a small reduction
in speed.
Helps reduce heat
generated in cold storage
spaces.
Plant energy
savings up to
2%.
33
Simple
payback
period from
1 to 3 years.
34. VFDs on Condenser Fans
Reduces fan speed based
on heat rejection load and
wet-bulb temperature.
Large reduction in fan
power for a small reduction
in speed.
Helps maintain a steady
head pressure.
Benefits from floating head
pressure control.
Plant energy
savings up to
3%.
34
Simple
payback
period from
1 to 2 years.
35. VFDs on Screw Compressors
Improves part-load
performance of screw
compressor.
VFD reduces compressor
speed down to 40 – 50%.
Existing slide-valve is used
below minimum speed.
Not recommended as a
retrofit solution for all screw
compressors.
Plant energy
savings up to
15%.
35
Simple
payback
period from
2 to 4 years.
36. Condensate Subcooling
Increases low-temperature
refrigeration capacity.
Reduces low-stage
(booster) compressor
energy usage.
Slightly increases high-stage
compressor energy
usage.
Plant energy
savings up to
4%.
36
Simple
payback
period from
1 to 5 years.
37. Desuperheater
Reduces process heating
loads, such as sanitation
water heating.
Can slightly increase the
condensing capacity of the
existing condenser.
Slight reduction in
compressor energy usage.
Most beneficial to plants with
steady hot water loads.
Plant energy
savings up to
2%.
37
Simple
payback
period from
3 to 5 years.
38. Resources
38
“Industrial Refrigeration Best Practices Guide”
by the Industrial Efficiency Alliance
“Industrial Refrigeration Handbook”
by W.F. Stoecker
“Industrial Refrigeration Systems Energy
Efficiency Guidebook”
by the Industrial Refrigeration Consortium (IRC)
39. Questions?
39
Bryan Hackett, P.E., Senior Engineer II
kW Engineering
Email: bhackett@kw-engineering.com
Phone: 510.229.5640 (direct)
kW Engineering
Midwest Engineering Office
200 East Randolph Street, Suite 5100
Chicago IL, 60601
Phone: 312.577.7615 (main)
Web: http://www.kw-engineering.com
Contact:
Gary Graham, CEM, LEED-AP
Midwest Marketing Manager
Phone: 630.890.2935 (mobile)
Email: ggraham@kw-engineering.com
Actions – education and training, advancing EE policy within our region, as well as promoting best practices of EE programs and emerging technology implementation. The core of our work also includes coordinating these efforts with local utility programs, in addition to national programs of the EPA and DOE.
Cold liquid refrigerant absorbs heat, which causes some of the refrigerant to boil. As the refrigerant boils some of it changes from liquid to vapor, which is also called evaporation. Most of the heat absorbed by the refrigerant is called latent heat of vaporization that occurs under constant pressure and temperature.
The cold vapor from the evaporator is compressed by a compressor. The compressor reduces the volume of the refrigerant vapor, which increases its pressure and temperature. This process requires external work or power to happen. Compression also raises the temperature at which the refrigerant will condense. Power draw of the compressors is dependent on the lift, which is the temperature difference between condensing and evaporating.
Air-coolers are the type of evaporator that most people are familiar with.
Liquid-chillers are commonly used in the beverage industry.
Liquid recirculation, also called liquid overfeed, pumps cold liquid refrigerant from a low-pressure receiver. The flow rate of refrigerant is 3 to 4 times the amount needed for the refrigeration load, and so a combination of liquid and vapor is returned to the low-pressure receiver.
A flood evaporator is similar to recirculation, except that the refrigerant flows by gravity and not by mechanical pump or by gas-pressure. In this case, the low-pressure receiver, usually called a surge drum or accumulator, is located above the evaporator and cold liquid refrigerant floods the evaporator coil by gravity.
A direct expansion (DX) evaporator is feed with high-pressure liquid refrigerant. A thermal-expansion valve meters the refrigerant based on the superheat temperature at the evaporator discharge.
Both liquid recirculation and flood-type systems provide evaporators with more refrigerant than is needed for cooling. Thus, the entire surface of the coil is wetted with liquid refrigerant, which increases their heat transfer rates. Since a direct expansion evaporator only discharges superheat vapor, less of its surface area is available for evaporating refrigerant and has relatively less heat transfer than recirculated or flooded evaporators. Most industrial systems use either recirculated or flooded evaporators.
This type of evaporator is commonly called an evaporator fan coil and operates by using a fan to blow air over a cold coil. As air comes in contact with the cold coil, heat from the air is transferred to the cold refrigerant in the coil, causing it to evaporate. Air leaves the evaporator colder than it entered.
Hot gas is the most common defrost method, but water may be used with hot gas defrost to speed up the process. This hot gas + water defrost is sometimes seen in spiral freezers, because in reduces defrost time and increases production. During defrost heat is added to the refrigerant space and the evaporator is no longer cooling. So the result is a rise in space temperature.
Air-coolers are typically used in cold storage warehouse to cool the air within the space or can be used in blast freezer, spiral freezers, or pressure coolers to refrigerate the products in the space. Since the cold refrigerant is used to cool the air, and the cooled air is used to cool the product, the refrigerant must be much cooler than the end process temperature of the product.
For instance, if the end product (e.g. ice cream) temperature is to be -20F, then the air may need to be cooled to -35F. To cool air to -35F then the coil temperature would need to be -45F to -55F.
Evaporator fans can be powered by small fractional-sized electric motors all the way to 20-hp. Processing cooling applications, such as blast tunnels or pressure coolers, may use fans greater than 20-hp.
Plate heat exchangers are becoming the most common in new installations where there is little problem with fouling. Shell-and-tube chillers can be used with un-filtered liquids, such as fresh fruit juices. Scraped-surface heat exchangers are used to chill liquids to the point at which they start to solidify such as in making margarine or ice cream.
Compressor power is a function of suction pressure, head pressure, refrigeration load, and compressor efficiency. Any opportunities that increases suction pressure, or reduces head pressure, or increases compressor efficiency will result in lower compressor power draw.
Rotary vane compressors are rarely installed new today, but can still be found in use as booster compressors. They have relatively high volumetric displacement rates, but are less efficient than rotary screw compressors and have high maintenance costs.
The maximum compression ratio is due to compressor operating temperature limits. Maximum size is due to limits in volumetric displacement rate, which for a 12-cylinder compressor is about 675 cfm (@ 1200 rpm). The largest rotary screw compressors can be 10 times this size (7100 cfm).
Maximum compression ratio is high for screw compressors due to the oil lubrication of their rotors. The oil absorbs heat, which allows for higher pressure ratios.
Has a small reduction in compressor refrigeration output too.
Thermosiphon is a passive method of oil cooling. High-pressure liquid ammonia is piped from an elevated vessel to an external shell-and-tube of plate heat exchanger located next to the compressor. The hot compressor oil causes some of the refrigerant to boil, which rises up through piping to the condenser where the heat is rejected to the atmosphere.
Water or glycol oil cooling is less common than thermosiphon, but uses an external heat exchanger like thermosiphon. The water or glycol must be pumped through the external heat exchanger. Water sources can be cooling towers, condenser sumps or to a freezer’s underfloor heating system.
Lack of condensing capacity will result in higher head pressures when wet-bulb temperatures are high such as the summer time. This will increase the power draw of the compressors and reduce their refrigeration capacity. Baseline capacity control is by fan on/off. Condensers with more than one fan can have “stepped” part-load capacity by staging fans on/off. Two-speed motors or pony drives are another older technology to control heat rejection capacity.
As an example, a single system can support evaporator temperatures of -40F for blast freezing, -10F for storage freezers, +20F for coolers.
There are a number of potential conditions that can limit the savings for this measure:
Condensing capacity
Defrost requirements, esp. ice makers
DX valves, esp. for direct liquid injection oil cooling
Oil separator performance
Also called compressor sequencers.
Potential savings for this measure increases for plant where there are large changes in refrigeration load due to process variability. In large multi-compressor systems, this measure is enhanced if one of the screw compressors uses a VFD for capacity control.
Implementation cost very dependent on existing level of refrigeration controls at facility.
Also called demand-driven defrost controls.
Ice builds up on an air-coil due to many factors but mostly due to coil temperature and air moisture from product and outside air infiltration. Defrosting is typically done on fixed schedule, which may mean that defrosting is occurring more often than is necessary. Defrosting an air-coil introduces heat into the refrigerated space, increasing the plant’s workload and energy consumption. However, significant amount of frost reduces the air-coils refrigeration capacity, which results in the air-coils fans running longer than needed.
Current methods of defrost initiation are by proprietary algorithms that typically use fan runtime as one of their parameters.
Defrost termination can be determined by installing a temperature sensor on the evaporator coil. There are other methods.
This measure also helps maintain a good control of room temperature at load cooling load compared to on/off.
Maximum savings results from using floating head pressure control. Savings can be limited depending on the plant’s existing condensing capacity.
Maximum savings results from using computer staging controls to operate the VFD compressor as the trim unit.
This retrofit measure can be accomplished by installing a plate-and-frame or shell-and-tube heat exchanger that will act as a liquid-chiller. High-pressure liquid refrigerant is cooled in the heat exchanger before it is expanded in the low-temperature evaporators.
This retrofit measure can be accomplished by heat exchanger in the discharge of the high-stage compressors. Some of the heat from hot refrigerant is transferred to a low-temperature fluid like boiler make-up water or sanitation make-up water. Most of the cost savings results from reduced heating cost, but there are some benefits on the electric side too.