Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
Overview of presentation:
Introduced to Steam Engine
History Of Steam Engine
Working principle of Steam Engine
Main Part of Steam Engine
Classification of Steam Engines
Advantage/Disadvantage Of steam Engine
Application steam engine
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
Overview of presentation:
Introduced to Steam Engine
History Of Steam Engine
Working principle of Steam Engine
Main Part of Steam Engine
Classification of Steam Engines
Advantage/Disadvantage Of steam Engine
Application steam engine
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
All about boilers: Complete Basics, Classification of boilers,types
1. BOILER TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS
Boilers
A gas/oil central heating boiler (heat generator) is like the engine of a
car, this provides the heat that the facility needs to warm itself up. The
size of the boiler is matched to the size of the facility.
If the boiler is oversized, the fuel bills will be excessive.
If the boiler is undersized, it may not generate enough heat in
winter.
The ideal size for a boiler is one that just copes adequately on the
coldest day of the year. Most boilers are oversized by at least 30%.
This is due to the way systems used to be calculated with a card
calculator. These were always over-calculated "to be on the safe side."
Today, the emphasis is on energy conservation, and the fact that heat
loss calculations can be done very accurately, means there is no need
to oversize. This allows smaller radiators and less water in the system,
which in turn, means a smaller boiler and reduced costs for both
installation and fuel bills.
The boiler does not directly govern the amount of radiators fitted to
the system. It is the power of the pump and circulation of the water
through adequately sized pipes that determines the number of
radiators you can have. But the total output of all the radiators, pipes,
and cylinders determines the size of the boiler.
The boiler is not the heating system; it is only one of the parts in the
global heating system. As shown in '''Figure 1''', a heating system
consists of four main parts:
1. Boiler/burner combination (the part producing the heat)
2. Piping with pumps and valves (the part distributing the heat)
3. Radiators and convectors (the part emitting the heat to the room)
2. 4. Control equipment such as room thermostat and outside
temperature control (the part controlling room and water
temperature)
'''Figure 1: Different Parts of a Heating System'''
Menu
1 Boilers
1.1 Boiler Types and Classifications
1.1.1 Steel Boilers
1.1.1.1 Fire-tube Boilers
1.1.1.2 Water-tube Boilers
1.1.2 Cast Iron Boilers
1.1.3 Steam and Condensate Boiler System
1.1.4 Hydronic Boiler System
1.2 Boiler System Major Components
1.2.1 Feedwater Heaters
1.2.2 Fuel Heater
1.2.3 Deaerators
1.2.4 Pumps
1.2.5 Combustion Air Blowers
3. 1.2.6 Flue
1.2.7 Economizer
1.2.8 Steam Traps
1.2.9 Piping
1.3 Boiler Room Definition/Terminology
1.3.1 Boiler and Heating Terms
1.3.2 HVAC and Boiler Symbols
1.4 Basic Boiler Room Valves and Identification
1.4.1 Butterfly Valves
1.4.2 Gate Valves
1.4.3 Globe Valves
1.4.4 Check Valves
1.4.4.1 Swing Check Valves
1.4.4.2 Lift or Piston Check Valve
1.4.5 Pressure Relief Valves
1.4.6 Regulating Valves
1.4.6.1 Direct-Operated Regulator
1.4.6.2 Pilot-Operated Regulator
1.5 Boiler Blowdown
1.5.1 Frequency of Manual Blowdown
1.5.2 Blow Down Purpose
1.6 Boiler Water Quality Recommendations
1.7 General Information on Water Treatment
Boiler Types and Classifications
There are two general types of boilers: ''fire-tube'' and ''water-tube''.
Boilers are classified as "high-pressure" or "low-pressure" and "steam
boiler" or "hot water boiler." Boilers that operate higher than 15 psig
are called "high-pressure" boilers.
4. A hot water boiler, strictly speaking, is not a boiler. It is a fuel-fired
hot water heater. Because of its similarities in many ways to a steam
boiler, the term ''hot water boiler'' is used.
Hotwater boilers that have temperatures above 250° Fahrenheit
or pressures higher than 160 psig are called ''high temperature
hot water boilers''.
Hotwater boilers that have temperatures not exceeding 250°
Fahrenheit or pressures not exceeding 160 psig are called ''low
temperature hot water boiler''s.
Heating boilers are also classified as to the method of manufacture,
i.e., by casting (cast iron boilers) or fabrication (steel boilers). Those
that are cast usually use iron, bronze, or brass in their construction.
Those that are fabricated use steel, copper, or brass, with steel being
the most common material.
Talk Page
Steel Boilers
'''Steel boilers''' are generally divided into two types: ''fire-tube'' and
''water-tube''.
Talk Page
Fire-tube Boilers
In fire-tube boilers, combustion gases pass through the inside of the
tubes with water surrounding the outside of the tubes. The advantages
of a fire-tube boiler are its simple construction and less rigid water
treatment requirements.
The disadvantages are the excessive weight-per-pound of steam
generated, excessive time required to raise steam pressure because of
the relatively large volume of water, and inability to respond quickly
to load changes, again, due to the large water volume.
5. The most common fire-tube boilers used in facility heating
applications are often referred to as ''scotch'' or ''scotch marine''
boilers, as this boiler type was commonly used for marine service
because of its compact size (fire-box integral with boiler section).
The name "fire-tube" is very descriptive. The fire, or hot flue gases
from the burner, is channeled through tubes ('''Figure 2''') that are
surrounded by the fluid to be heated. The body of the boiler is the
pressure vessel and contains the fluid. In most cases, this fluid is water
that will be circulated for heating purposes or converted to steam for
process use.
'''Figure 2: Fire-tube Boiler Gas Flow'''
Every set of tubes that the flue gas travels through, before it makes a turn, is considered a "pass." So, a
three-pass boiler will have three sets of tubes with the stack outlet located on the rear of the boiler. A four-
pass boiler will have four sets and the stack outlet at the front.
Fire-tube boilers are:
Relatively inexpensive
Easy to clean
Compact in size
6. Available in sizes from 600,000 btu/hr to 50,000,000 btu/hr
Easy to replace tubes
Well suited for space heating and industrial process applications
Disadvantages of fire-tube boilers include:
Not suitable for high pressure applications 250 psig and above
Limitation for high capacity steam generation
Talk Page
Water-tube Boilers
In a water-tube boiler ('''Figure 3'''), the water is inside the tubes and combustion gases pass around the
outside of the tubes. The advantages of a water-tube boiler are a lower unit weight-per-pound of steam
generated, less time required to raise steam pressure, a greater flexibility for responding to load changes,
and a greater ability to operate at high rates of steam generation.
'''Figure 3: Water-tube Boiler'''
7. A water-tube design is the exact opposite of a fire-tube. Here, the water flows through the tubes and is
encased in a furnace in which the burner fires. These tubes are connected to a steam drum and a mud drum.
The water is heated and steam is produced in the upper drum.
Large steam users are better suited for the water-tube design. The industrial water-tube boiler typically
produces steam or hot water primarily for industrial process applications, and is used less frequently for
heating applications. The best gauge of which design to consider can be found in the duty in which the
boiler is to perform.
Water-tube boilers:
Are available in sizes far greater than a fire-tube design , up to several million pounds-per-hour of
steam
Are able to handle higher pressures up to 5,000 psig
Recover faster than their fire-tube cousin
Have the ability to reach very high temperatures
Disadvantages of the water-tube design include:
High initial capital cost
Cleaning is more difficult due to the design
No commonality between tubes
Physical size may be an issue
Talk Page
Cast Iron Boilers
Cast iron boilers ('''Figure 4''') are made in three general types: horizontal-sectional, vertical-sectional, and
one-piece. Most of the sectional boilers are assembled with push nipples or grommet type seals, but some
are assembled with external headers and screw nipples. Horizontal-sectional, cast iron boilers are made up
of sections stacked one above the other, like pancakes, and assembled with push nipples. Vertical-
sectional, cast iron boilers are made up of sections standing vertically, like slices in a loaf of bread. One-
piece cast iron boilers are those in which the pressure vesselis made as a single casting.
8.
9. '''Figure 4: Cast Iron Boiler'''
Talk Page
Steam and Condensate Boiler System
Boilers are generally used to provide a source of steam or hot water for facility heating and process needs.
In steam and condensate systems ('''Figure 5'''), heat is added to water in a boiler causing the water to boil
and form steam. The steam is piped to points requiring heat, and as the heat is transferred from the steam to
the building area or process requiring heat, the steam condenses to form condensate. In some very low-
pressure saturated steam heating applications, the steam distribution piping may be sized to slope back to
the boiler so that the steam distribution piping also acts as the condensate return piping (single-pipe
system).
'''Figure 5: Steam and Condensate Boiler System'''
In other low-pressure applications, there may be steam supply piping and condensate return piping (two-
pipe system), although the condensate system is open to the steam system. In typical packaged steam
boiler operations, the boiler system may generate steam at about 150 psig for distribution throughout the
facility and may be lowered to the operating pressure of equipment supplied through point-of-use pressure
reducing stations. As heat is transferred from the steam, condensate is formed which collects in discharge
legs until enough condensate is present to operate a trap that isolates the steam distribution system from the
condensate system. In common facility heating applications, the condensate system is at atmospheric
pressure and the system is arranged to drain the condensate to a central condensate receiver, or into local
smaller receivers that pump the condensate back to the central condensate receiver.
Talk Page
10. Hydronic Boiler System
A boiler is used to heat water that is circulated through a closed loop piping system for general facility and
service water heating. Low-temperature systems generally operate below 200° Fahrenheit Medium-
temperature systems generally operate at temperatures between 200 and 250° Fahrenheit.
A feature of hot water systems ('''Figure 6)''' is an expansion tank to accommodate the expansion of the
water in the system as the water is heated. The expansion tank, when piped into the system on the suction
side of the circulating pumps, also pressurizes the system to prevent flashing in the circulating pump,
piping, and piping components. In many low- and medium-pressure systems, pressurization is maintained
by flash steam in the expansion tank. In a few hot water systems, pressurization is maintained by
maintaining a compressed gas blanket above the water level in the expansion tank.
'''Figure 6: Hydronic (Hot Water) Boiler System'''
High-temperature hot water systems, which operate above 250° Fahrenheit, are basically the same as hot
water systems that operate below 250°F. High-temperature systems are generally installed when a process
requires the higher temperature, a number of locations require small quantities of low-pressure steam that
the high-temperature hot water can generate in a local converter, or high-temperature drop equipment can
be used at end use points to minimize the size of water circulation piping required.
Most facility boiler systems are fired using a combustible gas (typically natural gas or propane) or fuel oil.
In many facilities, the boilers are designed to fire both a combustible gas fuel and a fuel oil. In these
facilities, the combustible gas fuel is generally natural gas that is considered the primary fuel, and fuel oil
is considered to be the backup fuel.
Talk Page
11. Boiler System Major Components
Boiler systems are comprised of the major components described below and shown in '''Figure 7'''.
'''Figure 7: Boiler Room Schematic'''
Talk Page
Feedwater Heaters
Feedwater heaters are energy recovery devices generally found only in large steam generating plants where
all of the steam generated is not reduced to condensate by the steam user. This "waste steam" is reduced to
condensate for return to the boiler in the feedwater heater. The boiler feedwater is used as
a cooling medium to reduce the steam to condensate, which increases the temperature of the feedwater and,
thereby, increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler.
Talk Page
Fuel Heater
Many boilers firing heavy fuel oil require fuel heaters to reduce the fuel viscosity, so the fuel can be
atomized by the burner system for complete combustion.
Talk Page
Deaerators
A deaerator is a special case of feedwater heater that is designed to promote the removal of non-
condensable gases from the boiler feedwater. The principal gases of concern are oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and ammonia, which are major contributors to boilers, and steam and condensate piping corrosion
problems. In small steam plants, a portion of the steam generated by the boiler is used to operate the
12. deaerator if "waste steam" is not available. Failure to maintain and properly operate the deaerator can lead
to early failure of the boiler, steam using equipment, and the steam and condensate piping.
Talk Page
Pumps
In most hot water systems, the system circulating pumps are electric motor-driven, end suction centrifugal
pumps. In steam systems, the condensate return pumps are typically electric motor-driven, end suction,
centrifugal or turbine-type pumps. Feedwater pumps are generally electric motor-driven, multiple-stage,
end suction centrifugal pumps. The shutoff head of the pump must be greater than the steam or hot water
system operating pressure.
Talk Page
Combustion Air Blowers
In many packaged boiler installations, the combustion air fan is designed and provided by the boiler
manufacturer and is integral with the boiler housing. In installations where a stand-alone fan is provided,
low-pressure centrifugal blowers are commonly used. An important characteristic of the blower is the
ability to maintain a relatively constant air pressure over a wide range of airflows.
Talk Page
Flue
Flues (boiler firebox exhaust duct or boiler discharge stack) must be large enough to conduct the products
of combustion away from the boiler with a minimum of duct friction loss. Flues may be fabricated from
any material suitable for the operating temperature and pressure. Common materials of construction
associated with packaged boiler installations are carbon steel and stainless steel.
Talk Page
Economizer
An economizer is an energy recovery device that uses the hot exhaust gases from the boiler (waste heat) to
heat combustion air or feedwater.
Talk Page
Steam Traps
Steam traps are installed throughout steam systems to remove condensate (spent steam), air, and non-
condensable gases from the steam system. There are five types of steam traps in general use today, as
described below.
1. The heart of a '''balanced pressure thermostatic trap''' is the flexible bellows that moves the valve
head from its seat to discharge the condensate. The bellows is filled with a volatile fluid and
hermetically sealed. The fluid has a pressure-temperature relationship that closely parallels, but is
approximately 10 degrees Fahrenheit below that of steam.
13. 2. The '''liquid expansion steam trap''' has for its operating element a liquid-filled cartridge. Within
this cartridge is a hermetically sealed bellows which is attached to the valve head and plunger.
3. '''Float and thermostatic steam traps''' provide immediate and continuous discharge of condensate,
air, and non-condensables from a steam system as soon as they reach the trap. The trap consists of
a ball float connected by a lever assembly to the main valve head. As condensate reaches the trap,
the ball float rises, positioning the valve to discharge the condensate at the same rate as it reaches
the trap.
4. The '''inverted bucket steam trap''' is a type of trap with an inverted bucket attached to the valve
head by a lever mechanism and operates to open and close the trap. When condensate enters the
trap, a water seal is formed around the bottom of the inverted bucket which, since it is filled with
air, becomes buoyant and rises and closes the trap. A small hole in the top of the inverted bucket
allows air to escape with condensate taking its place inside the bucket. The inverted bucket loses
its buoyancy and sinks to the trap bottom, opening the valve to discharge the condensate.
5. '''Thermodynamic steam traps''' are a type of steam trap that responds to differences in kinetic
energy between steam and condensate to open and close the valve for discharging condensate.
Talk Page
Piping
Piping two-inches and smaller used in steam and hot water systems is typically Schedule 80, American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A 106, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
for High-Temperature Service (1999), Grade B, steel pipe with threaded joints and carbon steel fittings.
Piping larger than two-inches is typically standard weight, ASTM A 106, Grade B, steel pipe with flanged
joints and carbon steel fittings.
Talk Page
Boiler Room Definition/Terminology
There are many terms used in a discussion of boilers, the following is a list of some of the most common
terms. There is a glossary provided that covers some of the other terms that may be also used. This section
also contains some of the basic valves that are used on boiler and boiler systems, along with some of the
common HVAC and piping symbols.
Talk Page
Boiler and Heating Terms
'''BTU''' – British Thermal Unit; the amount of energy required to raise one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit.
1,000 BTU = 1 lb. of steam
150 BTU = 1 sq. ft. of hot water
34.5 lbs steam/hr = 1 boiler horsepower
1 boiler hp = 140 sq. ft. steam radiation
240 BTU = 1 sq. ft. of steam
34,500 BTU = 1 boiler horsepower
14. 1 gallon of #2 oil = 140,000 BTU
1 cu. ft. LP gas = 2,550 BTU
1 cu. ft. natural gas = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3,413 BTU
1 therm. natural gas = 100,000 BTU
'''Boiler'''- An enclosed vessel in which water is heated and circulated, either as hot water or as steam, for
heating or power. A container, such as a kettle, is used for boiling liquids. In our context, a boiler is "a
piece of heating equipment that is used to heat water for use in a hot water-based heating system."
Examples of hot water-based heating systems include under-floor radiant heat, baseboard hot water, and
radiator-based systems. A''furnace'' is a piece of heating equipment that is used in a hot air-based heating
system to heat the air that is circulated through the ductwork.
'''Burner'''- One that burns, especially:
A device, as in a furnace, stove, or gas lamp, that is lighted to produce a flame
A device on a stovetop, such as a gas jet or electric element that produces heat
A unit, such as a furnace, in which something is burned such as an oil burner
An incinerator
'''AFUE'''- Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, a standard government rating for energy efficiency.
'''Air Conditioner'''- A device used to decrease the temperature and humidity of air that moves through it.
'''Anode Rod'''- A sacrificial metal used to protect against corrosion in a hot water heater.
'''Baseboard Heating'''- Heating elements around the perimeter of a room used to give off heat produced by
hot water circulating through them.
'''Blower'''- Aunit used with a furnace to circulate air through a network of ducts.
'''BTU/h'''- (British Thermal Units per hour) a standard rating for heat transfer capacity.
'''Cast Iron'''- Adurable metal with an exceptional capability to hold and transfer heat.
'''Chimney Venting'''- A vertical vent used to transfer exhaust products from a boiler or furnace to the
outdoors.
'''Combustion'''- The process of converting fuelinto heat; requires oxygen.
'''Convective Heat'''- The natural circulation of air across a heat source to heat the air.
'''Direct Vent'''- A boiler design where all the air for combustion is taken from the outside atmosphere and
all exhaust products are released to the outside atmosphere, also known as sealed combustion.
'''Draft Hood'''- Adevice that prevents a backdraft from entering the heating unit or excessive chimney
draw from affecting the operation of the boiler or furnace.
'''Ductless Split A/C Systems'''- Asystem that cools and dehumidifies air without the use of conventional
duct work. The equipment location is split, with the condenser and heat pump outside of the home and the
air handler and controls inside.
'''Efficiency Rating'''- The ratio of heat actually generated versus the amount of heat. Theoretically possible
from the amount of fuel inputted.
'''Flue'''- The passageway that takes combustion exhaust from the combustion chamber to the flue collector
and venting system.
'''Forced Hot Air'''- A furnace system using a blower to circulate air from within the home through the
furnace and back into the home (as opposed to gravity circulation).
'''Furnace'''- An enclosure in which energy in a non-thermal form is converted to heat, especially such an
enclosure in which heat is generated by the combustion of a suitable fuel.
'''Heater'''- An apparatus that heats or provides heat.
'''Heat Exchanger'''- The part of the boiler or furnace used for transmitting heat from the flame to air or
water for heating.
'''Heat Transfer'''- The transmission of heat from the source (flame) to air or water.
'''Heating Capacity'''- The amount of usable heat produced by a heating unit.
15. '''High-boy'''- A term used to describe a furnace which has a small "footprint" but is tall. The blower is
under the heat exchanger.
'''Hot Water Boiler'''- A heating unit that uses water circulated throughout the home in a system of
baseboard heating units, radiators, and/or in-floor radiant tubing.
'''Hot Water Heater'''- A unit with its own energy source that generates and stores hot water.
'''Hydronics'''- The science of heating or cooling with water.
'''Indirect Hot Water Storage Tank'''- Aunit that works in conjunction with a boiler to generate and store
domestic hot water, it does not require its own energy source.
'''In-Floor Radiant Tubing'''- Tubing, typically plastic or rubber, used in conjunction with heated boiler
water to heat floors.
'''Low-boy'''- Aterm used to describe a furnace that has a low profile. The blower is located on the same
level plane as the heat exchanger.
'''Low Water Cut-off'''- Adevice used to shut down a boiler in the event of a low water condition exists.
'''NaturalGas'''- Any gas found in the earth (e.g., methane gas) as opposed to gases which are
manufactured.
'''Oil Heating'''- The production of heat by burning oil.
'''Propane'''- Amanufactured gas typically used for cooking or heating.
'''Push Nipples'''- Metal sleeves used to join adjacent sections of a boiler.
'''Radiant Heating'''- The method of heating the walls, floors, or ceilings in order to transfer heat to the
occupants of a room.
'''Radiator'''- Aheating element, typically metal, used in conjunction with water or steam to give off heat.
'''Safety Shut-off Device'''- Any device used to shut down a heating appliance in the event an unsafe
condition exists.
'''Sealed Combustion'''- A boiler design where all the air for combustion is taken from the outside
atmosphere and all exhaust products are released to the outside atmosphere, also known as ''direct vent''.
'''Steam Boiler'''- A heating unit designed to heat by boiling water, producing steam, and circulating it
to radiators or steam baseboard units throughout the home.
'''Stack Damper'''- Adevice installed in the venting system that will automatically close when the appliance
shuts down.
'''Supply Tapping'''- Opening in a boiler by which hot water enters the heating system.
'''Tankless Heater'''- A copper coil submerged into the heated boiler water used to transfer heat to domestic
water.
Talk Page
HVAC and Boiler Symbols
'''Figure 8''' and '''Figure 9''' show common HVAC and boiler system symbols.
17. '''Figure 9: Common Boiler System Symbols'''
Talk Page
Basic Boiler Room Valves and Identification
The following valves are the most common valves found on boilers and boiler systems. Each type is briefly
discussed.
Talk Page
18. Butterfly Valves
A butterfly valve is composed of two semicircular plates hinged on a common spindle, used to permit flow
in one direction only. Butterfly valves ('''Figure 10''') are of the quarter-turn family and are so designed
because a 90-degree turn of the operator fully opens or closes the valve.
'''Figure 10: Butterfly Valve'''
The valve uses elastomer seats and seals and their surge in popularity can be attributed to these advantages.
In some cases, they may be used for non-critical throttling applications. They are lighter in weight than
conventional valves. The position of the lever indicates whether they are wide open, partially open, or fully
closed.
Butterfly valves are compact and space-saving and easily installed in new piping or as replacements in
existing piping. They are easily adapted to lever, manual, gear, electric, or pneumatic operation.
Talk Page
Gate Valves
Gate valves ('''Figure 11''') are, by far, the most widely used in industrial piping. They are used as stop
valves – to fully shut off or fully turn on flow – the only job for which gate valves are recommended'''. '''
19. '''Figure 11: Gate Valve'''
Gate valves are inherently suited for full open service. Flow moves in a straight line and practically without
resistance when the wedge is fully raised. There are two basic designs of gate valves: inside screw stem
and outside screw stem.
Seating is perpendicular or at right angles to the line of flow – meets it head on. That is one reason why
gate valves are impractical for throttling service. When throttling is necessary, globe valves should be used.
Repeated movement of the wedge near the point of closure, under high velocity flow, may create a drag on
the seating surfaces and cause galling or scoring on the downstream side. A slightly opened wedge may
also cause turbulent flow with vibration and chattering of the wedge.
A gate valve usually requires more turns to open it fully. Also, unlike many globe valves, the volume of
flow through the valve is not in direct relation to the number of turns of the hand-wheel.
Talk Page
Globe Valves
Unlike the perpendicular seating in gate valves, globe valve ('''Figure 12''') seating is parallel to the line of
flow.
20. '''Figure 12: Globe Valve'''
All contact between seat and disc ends when flow begins. These are advantages for more efficient
throttling of flow, with minimum wire drawing and seat erosion. Valve disks and seats in most globe
valves can be conventionally repaired or replaced – often without removing the valve body from the line.
Shorter disk travel, with fewer turns required to operate globe valves, saves considerable time and work,
also wear on valve parts.
Check Valves
Check valves ('''Figure 13''') are designed to automatically prevent the reversal of flow in a pipeline system.
They control the direction of flow, rather than throttling or isolating flow as other valve designs do.
Reverse flow may create problems or it could cause damage to equipment. Check valves are sometimes
known as ''reflux'' valves.
21. '''Figure 13: Check Valve'''
There are several basic designs of check valves, a few of which are described below.
Swing Check Valves
This type of check valve uses a hinged mounted disc that swings open and
closed with flow. They can be used in the horizontal and vertical (flow upwards)
position. The swing check ('''Figure 14''') is the most commonly used design
of check valve as it does not restrict flow.
'''Figure 14: Swing Check Valve'''
Lift or Piston Check Valve
This type of check valve ('''Figure 15''') uses a piston rather than a
hinge-mounted disc to prevent the reversal of flow. This provides a
cushioning effect during the operation of the valve. They must only be
used in a horizontal position. Lift check valves, like globe valves, are
flow restricting; therefore, they are generally used as companions to
globe valves.
22. '''Figure 15: Lift Check Valve'''
Pressure Relief Valves
''Pressure relief'' is simply a dumping of excess fluid safely into the
atmosphere. The excess fluid is that which would cause pressure to
exceed the safety limit. The relief/safety valve is the most widely used
piece of equipment in this category. However, liquid seals and rupture
discs may also be used.
There are two basic kinds of relief valves: self-operated and pilot-
operated. The spring-type relief valve is the most widely used. The
pilot-operated type is also frequently used, and it offers more precise
operation. The pilot-operated type is more frequently used as
pressures become higher and capacities greater.
Pressure relief valves are designed to open automatically at a pre-
determined set pressure level of system pressure and to achieve a
rated relieving capacity at a specified pressure and temperature above
the setpoint (overpressure) before re-closing at a pressure below the
opening point (blowdown). The simplest and most reliable type of
pressure relief valve, even some four-hundred years on from the first
design, is the spring-loaded design ('''Figure 16''') where a spring force
23. opposes the system pressure acting on the valve disc. When the
system pressure rises above the level of the spring force, the valve
opens. This valve type may also be fitted with a bellows ('''Figure
17''') for better emission control performance.
'''Figure 16: Spring-Type Pressure Relief Valve'''
24. '''Figure 17: Bellow Spring-Type Relief Valve'''
The significant elements of all spring-loaded pressure relief designs
are the springs and the seats. The springs must provide the desired
compression rate and a reasonable range of adjustment. They must
also fit into the valve bonnet and stay within the design perimeters.
The seats may be flat or angled, metal or soft. As the seat area usually
defines the load transmitted to and from the spring, very high
precision is essential to ensure proper valve operation.
25. A second type of valve, which is more sophisticated and offers
operating advantages in selected applications, is the pilot-operated
pressure relief valve ('''Figure 18''').
'''Figure 18: Pilot-Operated Relief Valve'''
This type of valve consists of a main valve and a pilot valve. The pilot
responds directly to system pressure and communicates with the main
valve. As with the spring-loaded valve, many unique models exist.
However, some common design features of pilot-operated pressure
relief valves include the sensing line, pilot valve, and main valve.
The sensing line is either connected to the valve inlet or a remote
location and conveys system pressure to the pilot.
The pilot valves senses and responds to the system pressure. The pilot
is the controlling member of the valve system and determines all of
the operating characteristics of the valve. It consists of many small
parts and passages and usually relies on elastomer seals for operation.
The main valve operates in response to the pilot and provides the main
rated flow capacity to reduce excess pressure.
26. Regulating Valves
Regulating valves are used in many systems on a boiler from feed
flow to fuel flow. Regulators attempt to manage flow by adjusting the
flow area available to the fluid. Most designs incorporate a plug or
similar element that occupies a portion of a stationary orifice while
throttling. In an action often called ''modulation'', the plug or similar
element is shifted to increase or decrease available flow area. Flow
through a particular size of open orifice area is primarily dependent
upon the available pressure difference.
Where the managed parameter is pressure, obviously, flow and
pressure are interdependent. While the pressure being maintained may
be at a location remote from the valve, there must always be an
immediate and inherent relationship maintained among the managed
flow, the pressure to which the regulator is responding and the
regulator’s response mode. Essentially, the regulator must be able to
influence pressure at the measured point and must exercise that
influence in the appropriate direction of response.
Where the managed pressure is upstream from the regulating valve,
you normally would want the valve to open to permit flow as pressure
begins to rise.
Therefore, the valve’s response disposition is "open on rise." The term
normally applied to this mode of operation is inlet pressure regulator
function. Conversely, if managed pressure is downstream from the
valve, the valve’s disposition would be "open on drop," and the
normal reference for function is outlet pressure regulator.
Finally, regulators often are called upon to manage operating
conditions other than pressure, such as temperature or flow. A
regulator will be either direct- or pilot-operated. Direct-operated
regulators are simple, single-minded devices intended for a specific
application within a particular range of pressures.
Direct-Operated Regulator
27. In a direct-operated pressure regulator ('''Figure 19'''),
managed pressure is applied to some internal surface within the valve.
The resulting force is transmitted to the modulating parts of the valve
and balanced by a second force applied within the valve. In many
cases, the second force is adjustable to establish the setpoint.
Movement of the modulating parts inherently involves a change in the
balanced forces and thus a change in the managed pressure. The more
the demanded flow deviates from what the regulator was experiencing
at the time it was first adjusted, the more the pressure must deviate
from setpoint.
'''Figure 19: Direct-Operated Regulator'''
Pilot-Operated Regulator
A pilot-operated regulator ('''Figure 20''') consists of a pilot section
and a slave section. Two flows are managed by the valve. The first,
which is by far the greater proportion of the total flow, is managed by
the plug and orifice in the slave section. The second, the pilot stream,
is managed by the pilot section. The pilot section may have its inlet
connected to the immediate upstream side of the main valve or may
source its flow from a higher pressure space. The pilot section’s
modulating portion is available in all dispositions and functions of
direct-operating regulators.
28. '''Figure 20: Pilot-Operated Regulator'''
Boiler Blowdown
Blowdown of steam boilers is very often a highly neglected or abused
aspect of routine boiler room maintenance. The purpose of boiler
blowdown is to control solids in the boiler water. Blowdown protects
boiler surfaces from severe scaling or corrosion problems that can
result otherwise.
There are two types of boiler blowdowns: ''continuous'' and ''manual''.
A continuous blowdown uses a calibrated valve and a blowdown tap
near the boiler water surface. As the name implies, it continuously
takes water from the top of the boiler at a predetermined rate. A
continuous blowdown is an optional feature and may not be included
on your steam boiler; however, all steam boilers should include a
means for manual blowdown as standard equipment.
29. Manual blowdowns are accomplished through tapings at the bottom of
the boiler. These openings allow for the removal of solids that settle at
the bottom of the boiler. Manual blowdown is also used to keep water
level control devices and cutoffs clean of any solids that would
interfere with their operation. All steam boilers require manual
blowdown whether or not they are supplied with continuous
blowdowns.
Frequency of Manual Blowdown
When continuous blowdown is used, manual blowdown is primarily
used to remove suspended solids or sludge. The continuous blowdown
removes sediment and oil from the surface of the water along with a
prescribed amount of dissolved solids.
When surface or continuous blowdown is not used, manual blowdown
is used to control the dissolved or suspended solids in addition to the
sludge.
In practice, the valves of the bottom blowdown are opened
periodically in accordance with an operating schedule and/or chemical
control tests. From the standpoint of control, economy, and results,
frequent short blows are preferred to infrequent lengthy blows. The
length and frequency of the blowdown is particularly important when
the suspended solids content of the water is high. With the use of
frequent short blows, a more uniform concentration of the pressure
vessel water is maintained.
In cases where the feedwater is exceptionally pure, or where there is a
high percentage of return condensate, blowdown may be employed
less frequently since less sludge accumulates in the pressure vessel.
When dissolved and/or suspended solids approach or exceed
predetermined limits, manual blowdown to lower the concentrations is
required.
It is generally recommended that a steam boiler be blown down at
least once in every eight-hour period, but frequency may vary
depending upon water and operating conditions. The blowdown
30. amounts and schedule should be recommended by your local Cleaver-
Brooks authorized representative.
A hot water boiler does not normally include openings for surface
blowdown and bottom blowdown since blowdowns are seldom
practiced. Always be alert to system water losses and corresponding
amount of raw water makeup. A water meter is recommended for
water makeup lines.
Proper blowdown is performed as follows:
1. Blowdown should be done with the boiler under a light load.
2. Open the blowdown valve nearest the boiler first. This should be
a quick-opening valve.
3. Crack open the downstream valve until the line is warm. Then
open the valve at a steady rate to drop the water level in the sight
glass 1/2 inch. Then close it quickly being sure that the
handwheel is backed off slightly from full close to relieve strain
on the valve packing.
4. Close the valve nearest the boiler.
Repeat the above steps if the boiler has a second blowdown tapping.
Water columns should be blown down at least once a shift to keep the
bowls clean. Care should be taken to prevent low water shutdown if
this will affect process load.
Please keep in mind that all blowdown piping should be checked once
a year for obstructions.
Blow Down Purpose
The purpose of blow down is to control the amount of solids and
sludge in the boiler water. The blow down process involves partially
draining the boiler to remove sludge and to maintain pre-determined
concentration levels of solids.
As the water is turned into steam, the solids remain behind. Unless
there is 100% condensate return, the solid content tends to build up
when the boiler takes on make-up water. On hot water systems, there
31. is generally no make-up water. Therefore, the solid concentration
remains constant and no blow down is needed.
The amount and frequency of blow down differs for each boiler
application and should be determined by your water management
consultant. Blow down is affected by the type of boiler,
operating pressure, water treatment, and the amount and quality of
make-up water.
Blow down piping should be at least the same size as the blow down
tapping on the boiler. Blow down valves should be sized in
accordance with the ASME code and piped to a safe point of
discharge. There should be either two slow opening valves or one
quick opening valve and one slow opening valve piped in series. A
slow opening valve is defined as needing five complete 360 degree
turns to go from fully closed to fully open. A quick opening valve
goes from fully closed to fully open in one complete motion. In the
case of one quick and one slow opening valve, the quick opening
valve should be located closest to the boiler. If possible, the blow
down valves should be piped on the same side of the boiler as the
water column gauge glass.
To blow down the boiler:
Open the quick opening valve (valve closest to the boiler) first.
Open the slow opening valve last.
Blow down the boiler for the required amount of time, per your
water management consultant, by opening and then closing the
slow opening valve.
'''Remember''': Pay close attention to the water level in the gauge
glass. Certain loads may require several blow down cycles of short
duration to maintain proper water level in the boiler.
Close the slow opening valve first.
Close the quick opening valve (the valve closest to the boiler)
last.
32. Open the slow opening valve again to drain the line between the
quick and slow opening valve.
Close the slow opening valve again and double-check for
tight shutoff after the valve has cooled off.
'''NEVER''' pump the quick opening valve to blow down the boiler!
This may cause water hammer, which could damage piping and
valves and may cause personal injury. Also, NEVER leave an open
blow down valve unattended!
'''Remember: The quick opening valve (the valve closest to the boiler)
is opened first and closed last, which ensures its protection from the
wear associated with blow down. This will make this valve more
reliable so maintenance and repair can be performed on the slow
opening valve furthest from the boiler, without draining the boiler.
Boiler Water Quality Recommendations
Refer to '''Table 1''' for recommended boiler water quality for total dissolved
solids (TDS), alkalinity, and hardness.
Table 1: Boiler Water Quality
Recommendations at Increasing
Pressures
Boiler Steam Pressure (psi)
Maximum
TDS (ppm)
Maximum
Alkalinity
(ppm)
Maximum
Hardness
(ppm)
Low – 300 3500 700 <20
301 – 450 3000 600 0
451 – 600 2500 500 0
601 – 750 2000 400 0
751 – 900 1500 300 0
901 – 1000 1250 250 0
1001 – 1500 1000 200 0
1501 – 2000 750 150 0
2001 – 3000 150 100 0
'''Proper Feedwater Treatment is an absolute necessity!'''
33. Unless your boiler receives water of proper quality, the boiler’s life
will be needlessly shortened. A steam plant’s water supply may
originate from rivers, ponds, underground wells, etc. Each water
supply source requires a specific analysis. Depending upon this
analysis, various pretreatment methods may be employed to prepare
makeup water for your boiler feedwater system.
General Information on Water Treatment
Suspended solids represent the undissolved matter in water, including
dirt, silt, biological growth, vegetation, and insoluble organic matter.
When minerals dissolve in water, ions are formed. The sum of all
minerals or ions in the water in the total dissolved solids or the TDS.
Iron can be soluble or insoluble. Insoluble iron can clog valves
and strainers and can cause excessive sludge build-up in low lying
areas of a water system. It also leads to boiler deposits that can cause
tube failure. Soluble iron can interfere in many processes, such as
printing or the dying of cloth. In domestic water systems, porcelain
fixtures can be stained by as little as 0.25 ppm of iron.
''Water hardness'' is "the measure of calcium and magnesium content
as calcium carbonate equivalents." Water hardness is the primary
source of scale in boiler equipment.
Silica in boiler feedwater can also cause hard dense scales with a high
resistance to heat transfer.
''Alkalinity'' is "a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize strong
acid." In natural waters, the capacity is attributable to bases, such as
bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides; as well as silicates, borates,
ammonia, phosphates, and organic bases. These bases, especially
bicarbonates and carbonates, break down to form carbon dioxide in
steam, which is a major factor in the corrosion of condensate lines.
Alkalinity also contributes to foaming and carryover in boilers.