This document discusses Ebola virus disease, including its history, symptoms, transmission, treatment and recommendations for prevention. It notes that Ebola is a severe and often fatal disease caused by Ebola virus. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir, infecting non-human primates which can then transmit the virus to humans through contact with bodily fluids. Major outbreaks have occurred in Central and West Africa. There is no vaccine or cure, so treatment focuses on relieving symptoms while the body fights the infection. Strict isolation protocols and proper hygiene practices are necessary to prevent further transmission.

1. Afifa Sattar
M Phil Zoology
Roll No 07

2. Hemorrhagic Fever

3. 1. Introduction
2. History
3. Distribution
4. Symptoms
5. Diagnosis
6. Life cycle
7. Treatment
8. . Recommendation

4. Ebola virus disease is a severe, often-fatal
disease caused by infection with species of Ebola
virus.
Family Filoviridae
nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded
RNA virus
Hot Virus
kills as many as 90% of the people it infects
Diameter is about 80nm
Filamentous 970 nm long

5. Ebola-Zaire
Ebola-Sudan
Ebola Ivory-Coast
Ebola-Reston
Bundibugyo
According to the Public
Health Agency of Canada,
the Zaire and Sudan viral
strains have a 90 percent
fatality rate

6. Until the 2014 epidemic in West Africa, all
outbreaks of Ebola virus disease occurred in
Central Africa

7. • The first Ebola virus species was discovered
in 1976 in what is now the Democratic
Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River.
• Since then, outbreaks have appeared
sporadically.
1976- First Major Outbreak (ZEBOV)
1976- Sudan (SEBOV)
Occur Sporadically

8. Updated: August 19, 2014
Suspected and Confirmed Case Count: 2240
Suspected Case Deaths: 1229

10. Fruit bats reservoir of virus - Drop partially
eaten fruits
•Bats infect chimpanzees, gorillas, forest
antelopes, porcupines
•Humans handle and eat bush meat (bats,
chimpanzees, gorillas)
•Infected human passes from person to
person

11. 2002- Fruit Bats
Ebola Gene sequences
in liver and spleen
Fruit bats do not show
any symptoms
Best candidate to be
the reservoir
More research needs to
be done

12. The link between human infection by the Ebola virus and
their proximity to primates is clear.
-Outbreaks occurred in countries that house 80 percent
of the world’s remaining wild gorilla and chimpanzee
populations.
- The outbreaks coincided with the outbreaks in wild
animals.
- The same distinct viral strains were isolated in animal
carcasses and in the bodies of those who handled those
carcasses.
- These outbreaks were preceded by an abnormally
large death in wild Gorilla populations.

13. Direct contact with bodily fluids from infected person or
contaminated objects (e.g. needles)
breast milk
feces
saliva
semen
sweat
urine
Vomit
There is no evidence that Ebola virus can spread from
person to person by the respiratory route
Incubation period: usually 8-10 days (range 2-21 days) an
spread quickly in health care settings

14. Early signs non-specific:
Sudden onset of fever
Intense weakness
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat

15. Then followed by:
Vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney
and liver function, and in some cases, both
internal and external bleeding
Laboratory findings show low counts of
white blood cells and platelets as well as
elevated liver enzymes.

16. EBOLA VICTIM

17. Complicated by non-specific early symptoms
Diagnostic tests available
Antigen-capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Virus isolation

18. Virus enters the body via infected blood/body
fluid in contact with a mucosal surface or a
break in intact skin.
•Virus replicates preferentially in
monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells
which facilitate dissemination of the virus
throughout the body via lymphatic system.

20. Ebola virus docks with cell membrane
Viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm
where it directs the production of new viral
proteins and genetic material
◦ These viral cores stack up in the cell and
migrate to the cell surface
◦ Transmembrane proteins are produced
which are transport to the cell surface.

21. Cores push their way through the cell
membrane becoming enveloped in cell
membrane and collecting their
transmembrane proteins as they do so
Ebola virus infects many different cell types.
replicate readily within these cells, causing
their necrosis and releasing large numbers
of new viral particles into extracellular fluid

23. •Trading, industry, agriculture, tourism
•Worsening poverty
•Hunger
•Orphans
•School closures

24. For people with Ebola, treatment involves
providing relief of Ebola symptoms while the
body fights the infection.
◦ Supportive Care
◦ intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and oxygen.
Treatment may also include the use of
medications to control fever, help the blood clot,
and maintain blood pressure

26. avoiding direct contact with the body fluid
of infected people. Also, it's important to
avoid direct contact with the body of an
Ebola victim who has died

27. Hospitals must follow precautionary methods,
such as:
1. wearing gloves
2. isolating infected individuals
3. practicing nurse barrier techniques
4. proper sterilization and disposal of all
equipment
b. Burials must be done correctly
1. no washing or touching carcass
2. put into body bags and bury outside
city
c. Report any questionable illness to officials