West Nile Virus
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West Nile virus is spread through mosquito bites and can cause mild to severe illness. Most people infected have no symptoms, but some experience fever, headache, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes. In rare cases it can cause encephalitis or meningitis. There is no treatment other than supportive care. Risk factors include age over 50, time spent outdoors, and blood transfusions. Prevention involves mosquito control and personal protection measures like repellent and protective clothing.
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Arboviruses
The document discusses several arthropod-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, epidemic typhus, and bubonic plague. It then focuses on arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted between animals and humans by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Major arboviruses include those in the Togavirus, Bunyavirus, and Flavivirus families that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and eastern and western equine encephalitis.
West nile fever
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Yellow fever
Krishna Bharat Patil presented on yellow fever, with the objectives of defining the disease, describing its background, transmission, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes that causes jaundice and affects Africa, South America, and Central America, with an estimated 84,000-170,000 cases and 29,000-60,000 deaths annually. It has urban and sylvatic transmission cycles and symptoms in three stages from acute infection to intoxication with liver and other organ failure. Diagnosis is through blood tests and vaccination is the main prevention method.
Yellow fever { Africa and South America}
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes symptoms like fever, chills, nausea and can sometimes lead to severe disease or death. The virus that causes yellow fever is estimated to result in 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide each year, with most occurring in Africa. Diagnosis involves considering a patient's travel history and symptoms, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and maintaining organ function.
25. rabies virus
Rabies virus is a bullet-shaped RNA virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. It causes rabies, a fatal disease transmitted through the bites of infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats. The virus enters through wounds or bites and travels through nerves to the brain and spinal cord, causing encephalitis. There are two forms of rabies - furious rabies with symptoms like anxiety and hydrophobia, and dumb rabies characterized by paralysis. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in samples or Negri bodies in tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleaning, rabies immunoglobulin, and vaccination to prevent infection. Modern non-neural vaccines like cell culture vaccines are now used instead of
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It occurs in tropical areas of Africa and South America, putting over 900 million people at risk. Each year there are approximately 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide. The virus is maintained in non-human primates, and humans can be infected either through forest exposure or urban cycles involving humans and mosquitoes. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control to limit transmission between humans and mosquitoes.
zoonoses
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread between animals and humans. They are caused by various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Some key points:
- Zoonotic diseases are very common, with the WHO estimating that over 60% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and histoplasmosis.
- Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals, bites, scratches, contaminated food/water or through arthropod vectors like ticks and fleas.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. It spreads easily between people through contaminated food or surfaces. The virus causes infection and inflammation of the intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in stool samples using tests like ELISA or electron microscopy. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Handwashing and sanitation can help prevent transmission. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines provide protection against severe diarrhea from the most common strains.
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Arboviruses
The document discusses several arthropod-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, epidemic typhus, and bubonic plague. It then focuses on arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted between animals and humans by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Major arboviruses include those in the Togavirus, Bunyavirus, and Flavivirus families that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and eastern and western equine encephalitis.
West nile fever
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Yellow fever
Krishna Bharat Patil presented on yellow fever, with the objectives of defining the disease, describing its background, transmission, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes that causes jaundice and affects Africa, South America, and Central America, with an estimated 84,000-170,000 cases and 29,000-60,000 deaths annually. It has urban and sylvatic transmission cycles and symptoms in three stages from acute infection to intoxication with liver and other organ failure. Diagnosis is through blood tests and vaccination is the main prevention method.
Yellow fever { Africa and South America}
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes symptoms like fever, chills, nausea and can sometimes lead to severe disease or death. The virus that causes yellow fever is estimated to result in 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide each year, with most occurring in Africa. Diagnosis involves considering a patient's travel history and symptoms, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and maintaining organ function.
25. rabies virus
Rabies virus is a bullet-shaped RNA virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. It causes rabies, a fatal disease transmitted through the bites of infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats. The virus enters through wounds or bites and travels through nerves to the brain and spinal cord, causing encephalitis. There are two forms of rabies - furious rabies with symptoms like anxiety and hydrophobia, and dumb rabies characterized by paralysis. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in samples or Negri bodies in tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleaning, rabies immunoglobulin, and vaccination to prevent infection. Modern non-neural vaccines like cell culture vaccines are now used instead of
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It occurs in tropical areas of Africa and South America, putting over 900 million people at risk. Each year there are approximately 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide. The virus is maintained in non-human primates, and humans can be infected either through forest exposure or urban cycles involving humans and mosquitoes. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control to limit transmission between humans and mosquitoes.
zoonoses
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread between animals and humans. They are caused by various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Some key points:
- Zoonotic diseases are very common, with the WHO estimating that over 60% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and histoplasmosis.
- Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals, bites, scratches, contaminated food/water or through arthropod vectors like ticks and fleas.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. It spreads easily between people through contaminated food or surfaces. The virus causes infection and inflammation of the intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in stool samples using tests like ELISA or electron microscopy. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Handwashing and sanitation can help prevent transmission. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines provide protection against severe diarrhea from the most common strains.
Plague
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
Yellow fever virus
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that originated in Central Africa. It causes symptoms like fever, jaundice, and in severe cases significant bleeding. While most cases resolve, 15% of infections progress severely and can result in death within 7-10 days. The virus is a positive-sense RNA flavivirus about 50-60nm in diameter. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA or antibodies in the blood. Vaccines can prevent yellow fever, but supplies of one major vaccine may be limited in the near future.
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Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold, accounting for about half of all cases. It is a non-enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome that primarily infects and replicates in the upper respiratory tract at temperatures between 33-35°C. Rhinovirus binds to ICAM-1 receptors on respiratory cells, triggering an immune response and symptoms like runny nose and cough. There is no vaccine for rhinovirus due to the large number of serotypes, but some antiviral drugs are being researched.
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This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
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The presentation includes disease, treatment and management.
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The death of a child in Kerala’s Malappuram district has drawn attention to the epidemiology of the little-known West Nile Virus in India. Though awareness is low, the virus is endemic to several States. However, official records do not reflect this, given the difficulty of diagnosing WNV in its acute phase. The alert is a welcome move; State health authorities will look harder for the disease.
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This document provides an overview of vector-borne disease (VBD) research at Tulane University, including an introduction to relevant concepts and specific disease transmission cycles. It discusses training opportunities in VBD research and Tulane's focus on diseases like dengue, West Nile virus, malaria, and Chagas disease. Key sections define vectors and types of transmission, describe important vector species and the diseases they transmit, and explain parameters important to understanding transmission like vector competence and extrinsic incubation period. Case studies of dengue, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease transmission are also presented.
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This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1935 from human tissues. They are double stranded DNA viruses that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. While many infections are mild, adenoviruses can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from samples using cell culture or molecular techniques. Treatment focuses on symptom relief as there are no specific antivirals, though some drugs like cidofovir are being studied. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, pool chlorination, and infection control practices.
Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold. It is a non-enveloped, positive sense RNA virus that primarily infects the upper respiratory tract. Rhinovirus infections are most frequent and widespread during fall and winter. Symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, coughing, sneezing, and body aches. While the common cold is usually self-limiting, complications can occasionally occur such as sinusitis, ear infections, or pneumonia. There is no vaccine or cure for the common cold. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, analgesics, and in some cases decongestants.
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Common forms of plague
Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague. It usually occurs after the bite of an infected flea. The key feature of bubonic plague is a swollen, painful lymph node, usually in the groin, armpit or neck. Other symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and extreme exhaustion. A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 1 to 6 days after being infected. If not treated early, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body and cause septicemic or pneumonic plague.
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Zoonotic disease introduction
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
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Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They cause diseases in both animals and humans. There are two main transmission cycles - man-arthropod-man and animal-arthropod-man. Some major arboviruses include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. They can cause febrile illnesses, encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. There are vaccines available for only a few arboviruses like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Treatment is generally supportive care.
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Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
Yellow fever virus
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes that originated in Central Africa. It causes symptoms like fever, jaundice, and in severe cases significant bleeding. While most cases resolve, 15% of infections progress severely and can result in death within 7-10 days. The virus is a positive-sense RNA flavivirus about 50-60nm in diameter. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA or antibodies in the blood. Vaccines can prevent yellow fever, but supplies of one major vaccine may be limited in the near future.
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Smallpox was declared eradicated globally in 1980 by the WHO. It was caused by the variola virus and was highly contagious and often fatal without vaccination. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by inoculating people with cowpox, conferring cross-immunity. Mass vaccination campaigns using vaccinia virus led to smallpox eradication. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977.
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Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold, accounting for about half of all cases. It is a non-enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome that primarily infects and replicates in the upper respiratory tract at temperatures between 33-35°C. Rhinovirus binds to ICAM-1 receptors on respiratory cells, triggering an immune response and symptoms like runny nose and cough. There is no vaccine for rhinovirus due to the large number of serotypes, but some antiviral drugs are being researched.
Arbovirus An Overview
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
Emerging and re emerging diseases
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953.
The presentation includes disease, treatment and management.
Hantavirus
Hantaviruses are RNA viruses that can cause diseases like Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). HPS was first diagnosed in the US in 1993 in the Four Corners region of the Southwest. It is a lung infection caused by viruses in rodent droppings and urine. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and muscle aches initially, followed later by coughing and shortness of breath. Transmission occurs through inhaling aerosolized virus from rodent excreta. There is no vaccine and treatment is supportive only.
West nile virus
The death of a child in Kerala’s Malappuram district has drawn attention to the epidemiology of the little-known West Nile Virus in India. Though awareness is low, the virus is endemic to several States. However, official records do not reflect this, given the difficulty of diagnosing WNV in its acute phase. The alert is a welcome move; State health authorities will look harder for the disease.
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This document provides an overview of vector-borne disease (VBD) research at Tulane University, including an introduction to relevant concepts and specific disease transmission cycles. It discusses training opportunities in VBD research and Tulane's focus on diseases like dengue, West Nile virus, malaria, and Chagas disease. Key sections define vectors and types of transmission, describe important vector species and the diseases they transmit, and explain parameters important to understanding transmission like vector competence and extrinsic incubation period. Case studies of dengue, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease transmission are also presented.
Yellow fever
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1935 from human tissues. They are double stranded DNA viruses that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. While many infections are mild, adenoviruses can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from samples using cell culture or molecular techniques. Treatment focuses on symptom relief as there are no specific antivirals, though some drugs like cidofovir are being studied. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, pool chlorination, and infection control practices.
Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold. It is a non-enveloped, positive sense RNA virus that primarily infects the upper respiratory tract. Rhinovirus infections are most frequent and widespread during fall and winter. Symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, coughing, sneezing, and body aches. While the common cold is usually self-limiting, complications can occasionally occur such as sinusitis, ear infections, or pneumonia. There is no vaccine or cure for the common cold. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, analgesics, and in some cases decongestants.
Plague
Common forms of plague
Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague. It usually occurs after the bite of an infected flea. The key feature of bubonic plague is a swollen, painful lymph node, usually in the groin, armpit or neck. Other symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and extreme exhaustion. A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 1 to 6 days after being infected. If not treated early, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body and cause septicemic or pneumonic plague.
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This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, properties, structure, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of arboviruses. Specifically, it examines the major arboviruses prevalent in India, including dengue virus and Chikungunya virus. It provides details on the history, symptoms and diagnosis of dengue fever. The document is intended as an educational reference on arboviruses and the diseases they cause.
Zoonotic disease introduction
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
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Arboviruses
Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They cause diseases in both animals and humans. There are two main transmission cycles - man-arthropod-man and animal-arthropod-man. Some major arboviruses include dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus and chikungunya. They can cause febrile illnesses, encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. There are vaccines available for only a few arboviruses like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Treatment is generally supportive care.
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West Nile virus is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes, mainly Culex species. It can cause mild fever and fatigue to severe encephalitis or meningitis. There is no vaccine available for humans. Most treatment aims to maintain organ function for severely infected individuals. The virus spreads between mosquitoes and birds, with some bird species like American robins facilitating transmission to humans. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using insect repellent.
West Nile Virus in Brazos County 2012
The document summarizes West Nile virus activity in Brazos County, Texas in 2012. It finds that 71 mosquito pools tested positive for West Nile virus in the county, with the most positive pools found in Bryan (22) and College Station (26). It also reports that Brazos County had 7 cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease and 5 cases of West Nile fever in humans that year, with no related mortalities. The document provides background on West Nile virus symptoms, testing methodology used in Brazos County, and historical West Nile virus data for the county and surrounding regions.
West nile virus slides
West Nile virus is an arbovirus spread by infected mosquitoes that can cause febrile illness, encephalitis, or meningitis. It was first identified in Africa in 1937 and outbreaks occurred in Algeria in 1994 and Romania in 1996. The first case in the United States was detected in New York City in 1999, after which it spread across the continental US, into Canada, and parts of the Caribbean and Latin America over the next 5 years.
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This document discusses Chikungunya fever, an infectious disease caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever and severe joint pain. The incubation period is typically 2-3 days. Adults are most commonly affected. While typically self-limiting, Chikungunya can cause long-term joint damage and symptoms lasting months or years. Diagnosis involves demonstrating IgM antibodies, isolating the virus, or detecting viral RNA. Treatment is symptomatic with rest, medication, and physiotherapy. Prevention focuses on mosquito control measures and developing a vaccine.
Zygomycosis
Zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores from mold fungi of the class Zygomycetes, like Mucorales and Entomophthorales. These fungi are found in soil and decaying organic matter. Zygomycosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs and can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals like those with diabetes, cancer, or AIDS. Symptoms depend on the infected area but may include cough, fever, sinus pain, and facial swelling. Diagnosis involves examining samples from infected tissues under a microscope and culturing the fungi. Treatment requires antifungal medications like amphotericin B and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue.
Mucormycosis
This document summarizes mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales. It most commonly affects immunocompromised individuals. There are several forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is the most common type and affects diabetic patients, presenting with nasal stuffiness and black eschar on nasal tissues. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Treatment involves controlling underlying conditions, antifungal therapy such as amphotericin B, and surgical debridement of infected tissues.
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Viral zoonoses
Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) are zoonotic mosquito-borne viral diseases. Yellow fever virus infects monkeys and humans in tropical Africa and South America and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus infects pigs and birds and is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes. KFD virus infects monkeys and rodents in parts of India and is transmitted to humans by ticks. These diseases cause fever and neurological symptoms and can be fatal, with thousands of cases reported annually worldwide. Vaccination is the primary preventive measure for yellow fever.
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Zygomycetes are fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of gametes to form zygospores and asexually through sporangia. They have rhizoids that absorb nutrients, stolons that connect structures, and sporangiophores that bear sporangia. During the life cycle, asexual reproduction produces spores for germination while sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes from different mating types. Zygomycetes can be pathogenic, commensal, or parasitic and are used for biological control, in some food fermentations, and to produce metabolites.
Isosporiasis
La isosporiasis es una enfermedad causada por el protozoo Isospora belli que infecta el intestino delgado y causa diarrea grave. Se transmite a través de la materia fecal y el agua o alimentos contaminados. Afecta principalmente a personas con sistemas inmunológicos debilitados, causando prolongados episodios de diarrea y mala absorción de nutrientes.
Hairy root cell culture
Hairy root cultures are produced by infecting plant explants or cultures with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes. This process transfers genes from the bacterium's Ri plasmid that cause the plant cells to proliferate roots resembling hairs. Hairy roots are genetically stable and can grow rapidly without phytohormones. They are used to produce valuable secondary metabolites and study gene functions. Bioreactors are employed to culture hairy roots on a large scale for applications such as producing medical compounds.
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by species in the orders Mucorales and Rhizopus. It most commonly affects immunocompromised patients via inhalation, ingestion, or traumatic inoculation. The fungi invade blood vessels, causing thrombosis, tissue necrosis, and different clinical forms including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis has the highest frequency and mortality, often occurring in diabetic patients experiencing ketoacidosis. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging of affected tissues showing broad, branching fungal hyphae. Treatment requires control of predisposing conditions and antif
Summary on Insect Circulatory System
Insects have an open circulatory system where hemolymph bathes the organs rather than being contained within blood vessels. Hemolymph is pumped through the hemocoel, the open body cavity, by the dorsal vessel (heart) and local pulsatile organs. The principal circulatory organ is the dorsal vessel, which lies along the dorsal midline and pumps hemolymph. Hemolymph is a colorless liquid that contains hemocytes, plasma, waste products, nutrients, and hormones and is responsible for functions like immune response, transport, and thermal regulation.
Plant Secondary Metabolites
The document discusses secondary metabolite production using plant tissue culture techniques. It describes how secondary metabolites are organic compounds not directly involved in growth that play roles in plant defense. Plant tissue culture and genetic engineering methods can be used to control secondary metabolite production, including manipulating the environment, growth conditions, precursor addition, and transforming plant cells with genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium that influence metabolite pathways. Overall, the document provides an overview of how secondary metabolites are classified and various biotechnological approaches for enhancing their production in plant cell cultures.
Yellow fever slide
Yellow fever is caused by a virus transmitted through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, with an incubation period of 3-6 days. Symptoms include headache, fever, and muscle aches initially, which can develop into more severe symptoms like jaundice, liver failure, and black vomit in the second phase for some patients. While most cases resolve on their own, around 3% of infected individuals may die from yellow fever if the disease progresses to liver and kidney failure.
Yellow fever
Dokumen tersebut merupakan presentasi PowerPoint tentang demam kuning. Demam kuning adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh virus yellow fever dan ditandai dengan gejala ikterus, perdarahan, dan albuminuria berat. Penyakit ini tersebar di hutan tropis Afrika dan Amerika Selatan serta daerah subtropis Amerika Utara. Virus penyebabnya termasuk ke dalam famili Togaviridae genus Flavivirus. Penularan terjadi melalui gigitan nyam
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West Nile For PECs
The West Nile virus originated in Uganda in 1937 and has since spread throughout Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, reaching the United States in 1999. It is transmitted primarily between birds via mosquitoes, and can infect humans, causing mild to severe illness. Older adults over 50 are most at risk. While there is no vaccine, individuals can reduce risk of infection by using insect repellent, eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed, and minimizing outdoor activity during dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
A Simple Guidesheet About West Nile Virus
West Nile virus is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and causes mild to severe illness. The document provides information on prevention, symptoms, and treatment. It summarizes that most people infected show no symptoms, some develop fever and body aches, and rarely it can cause severe neurological issues. It advises watching for symptoms like headache, confusion, and weakness and contacting a medical professional if illness seems serious or is worsening. No specific antiviral treatment exists so care is supportive based on symptoms.
West nile
West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes that become infected after biting infected birds. Most infections cause no symptoms or mild symptoms, but some can lead to West Nile fever or severe disease affecting the brain or spinal cord. To prevent infection, insect repellent should be applied outdoors, especially at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes that may carry West Nile virus are most active. Integrated mosquito control programs that include surveillance of West Nile virus in animals and humans can help prevent outbreaks.
Midterm Project 2016 CCMA
This document provides information about Zika virus from its causes and transmission to symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos and can also be sexually transmitted. While most cases have mild or no symptoms, it poses risks for neurological complications and microcephaly if contracted during pregnancy. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Prevention emphasizes avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellent. The WHO is supporting affected countries through surveillance, laboratory testing, clinical guidance, and vector control activities to address the ongoing Zika outbreak.
Coronavirus here's-what-you-need-to-know
Coronaviruses are a type of virus that typically affect the respiratory tracts of birds and mammals, including humans. Researchers first isolated a coronavirus in 1937 responsible for an infectious bronchitis virus in birds. A novel coronavirus is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified, such as COVID-19 which was identified in China in December 2019. Symptoms of COVID-19 typically appear within 14 days of exposure and include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. There is no cure for COVID-19, so treatments focus on self-care and prevention includes washing hands frequently and maintaining social distancing.
final west nile training paper
This training bulletin provides information about West Nile virus for police officers, including that it is spread through mosquito bites, most people infected have no symptoms but some develop mild flu-like symptoms and rarely more serious neurological issues, and the best prevention is using insect repellent containing DEET and avoiding being outdoors at dawn and dusk when mosquitos are most active. It notes that while serious cases are rare, the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk.
Covid 19 Project-1.pptx this ppt talks about covid 19
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including what causes it, how it spreads, symptoms, prevention, vaccination efforts in India, and conclusions. It began in China and has since spread globally. The virus is thought to have originated in bats and was first transmitted to humans in Wuhan. It spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when people cough or sneeze. Most people experience mild symptoms, but some cases are severe or fatal. Prevention focuses on hand washing, masks, distancing and isolation of those infected. India began vaccinating people in January 2021 and has administered over 246 million doses so far using Covishield, Covaxin and Sputnik V vaccines. New variants continue to emerge but technology and global
Zika virus
Zika virus is primarily spread through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While Zika infection is usually mild, symptoms can include fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The virus poses a serious risk to pregnant women, as infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects in babies. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents when traveling in affected areas.
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This document discusses common viral infections of humans, including infections of the skin, eyes, respiratory system, and other organ systems. It provides details on specific viruses that cause conditions like chickenpox, shingles, measles, rubella, the common cold, influenza, and more. For each infection, it describes the virus that causes it, symptoms, transmission method, patient care recommendations, and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
Intestinal worms
In the United States, pinworm infection, or enterobiasis, is the most common of all parasitic roundworm infections. It primarily affects school-age children. Because pinworm infection is spread mainly by children, it is found most often in family groups, daycare centers, schools, and camp settings.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:
Zika virus
The document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency due to its suspected link to microcephaly. It then provides details about the symptoms of Zika virus, how it is transmitted, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. The document also discusses the WHO and CDC responses to Zika and efforts to develop a vaccine.
New Emerging Pathogens in blood and blood components transfusion
Risk categories of emerging infections
dengue
HTLV I/II
Chickengunya
covid
corona virus
west nile virus
zika virus
ebola virus
cytomegalovirus
ebstein barr virus
parvovirus
bacteria
Yersinia
Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus aureus-
Propionibacterium acnes
parasites- Babesia microti, Trypanosoma cruzi, and malaria (Plasmodium species).
COVID-19 Vaccine...pptx
The document provides information about COVID-19 vaccines. It discusses that COVID-19 infection can result in mild to severe illness and death. It also discusses how to prevent COVID-19 through measures like masks, distancing, handwashing and vaccination. The document outlines that vaccines build immunity without risk of illness and notes they are held to high safety standards. Common side effects are described as well as encouraging continued prevention measures after vaccination. The summary provides key safety and efficacy information about the available COVID-19 vaccines.
Presentation6
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention addresses the treatment of AIDS-related illnesses and the spread of HIV/AIDS in communities across the United States. The CDC notes that those most vulnerable to HIV transmission are those with lower incomes, a history of drug addiction, mental illness, alcohol or drug abuse. Risky behaviors like injecting drugs or sharing needles increase the likelihood of HIV spreading. Drug addiction is a major public health concern that contributes to the risk of HIV infection among millions of vulnerable people. Addressing issues like risky drug use and addiction is important for controlling the HIV epidemic.
Kitana west nile virus power point done fi nal
West Nile virus is most commonly transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. While most infected people experience no symptoms, some may develop fever and flu-like symptoms. Less than 1% of infected individuals develop a serious neurological illness. There are no medications to treat or vaccines to prevent West Nile virus infection.
Chicken pox
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes a red, itchy rash that looks like blisters all over the body, and is most common in children ages 4-12. The virus is highly contagious from two days before the rash appears until the blisters crust over. While the rash is present, infected individuals are asked to stay home to prevent spreading the virus. There is an effective vaccine that provides immunity from the virus.
Novel coronavirus (2019 n cov)-li
This document provides information on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), including its origins, symptoms, transmission, treatment and recent developments. It outlines that the virus originated in China and causes respiratory symptoms like cough and fever. While most cases are mild, about 20% are severe such as pneumonia. The virus spreads through droplets from coughs or sneezes and surfaces. There is no specific treatment, but self-isolation is recommended for those exposed or showing symptoms. Over 82,000 cases have been reported globally as the virus has spread to over 50 countries outside China.
Coronvirus Health guide by healthwire
This document provides information and guidelines about COVID-19. It discusses how the virus spreads, symptoms, risk factors, prevention and treatment. Key recommendations include washing hands regularly, maintaining social distancing, seeking medical help if symptoms appear and staying informed by following official health authorities. The document stresses not to panic and emphasizes that most people recover from COVID-19. It provides helpline numbers for Pakistan and links to WHO and CDC websites for the latest information.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is commonly spread from person to person through the fecal-oral route. It infects the small intestine where replication occurs. Infected children begin shedding the virus in their stool before symptoms appear and can shed over 1 trillion viral particles per gram of stool. Transmission can be reduced through frequent handwashing and treating contaminated materials at high temperatures. Rotavirus infections in adults are generally milder than in children. Vaccines have been developed to help prevent rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in infants and young children.
HIV/AIDS
AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. By killing or damaging cells of the body's immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections. These infections are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick.
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Covid 19 Project-1.pptx this ppt talks about covid 19
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New Emerging Pathogens in blood and blood components transfusion
New Emerging Pathogens in blood and blood components transfusion
More from fitango
Corneal Injury
Corneal injury describes an injury to the
cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue covering the front
of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images on the retina.
Viral Gastroenteritis
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Doctors diagnose it by examining patients for dehydration and testing stool samples. Treatment focuses on rehydration. Most cases resolve in a few days without antibiotics. It often occurs from eating contaminated food from improper handling or storage. Proper hygiene and food safety can help prevent bacterial gastroenteritis.
Medical solutions
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Effective treatment employs both medication and behavioral therapies tailored to the individual, with the goal of stopping drug use and supporting long-term recovery. Treatment approaches may include detoxification, individual/group counseling, therapeutic communities, and medications to ease withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Treatment is most successful when it addresses all aspects of an individual's life and continues over an extended period of time.
Addiction
Addiction results when a person ingests a
substance (alcohol, cocaine, or nicotine, for example) or repeatedly takes part
in an activity (gambling) that can be pleasurable, but the continued use of
which becomes compulsive and interferes with everyday life.
Common addictions include:
-- Alcohol abuse
-- Drug abuse
-- Exercise abuse
-- Pornography
-- Gambling
Classic symptoms of addiction include
impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with
substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Behavior
patterns and habits associated with addiction are commonly characterized by the
pursuit of immediate gratification, coupled with negative long-term effects.
Physiological dependence results when the
body is unable to function normally in the absence of the substance or
behavior. This state produces the conditions of tolerance and withdrawl.
Tolerance is the result of the body
requiring larger volumes of the substance or stimulus in order to achieve the
original effects.
Withdrawal is the physical and
psychological symptoms experienced when the body no longer receives the
substance in the same quantities it has become reliant upon.
Cold Weather Safety
When winter temperatures drop significantly below normal, staying
warm and safe can become a challenge. Extremely cold temperatures
often accompany a winter storm, so you may have to cope with power failures and icy roads. Although staying indoors as much as possible can help reduce the risk of car crashes and falls on the ice, you may also face indoor hazards.
Many homes will be too cold—either due to a power failure or because the heating system isn't adequate for the weather. When people must use space heaters and fireplaces to stay warm, the risk of household fires increases, as well as the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Exposure to cold temperatures, whether indoors or outside, can cause other serious or life-threatening health problems. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. To keep yourself and your family safe, you should know how to prevent cold-related health problems and what to do if a cold-weather health emergency arises. The emergency procedures outlined here are not a substitute for training in first aid. However, these procedures will help you to know when to seek medical care and what to do until help becomes available.
Stay safe while you work
Maintaining a healthy office environment requires attention to chemical hazards, equipment and work station design, physical environment (temperature, humidity, light, noise, ventilation, and space), task design, psychological factors (personal interactions, work pace, job control) and sometimes, chemical or other environmental exposures.
A well-designed office allows each employee to work comfortably without needing to over-reach, sit or stand too long, or use awkward postures (correct ergonomic design). Sometimes, equipment or furniture changes are the best solution to allow employees to work comfortably. On other occasions, the equipment may be satisfactory but the task could be redesigned. For example, studies have shown that those working at computers have less discomfort with short, hourly breaks.
Situations in offices that can lead to injury or illness range from physical hazards (such as cords across walkways, leaving low drawers open, objects falling from overhead) to task-related (speed or repetition, duration, job control, etc.), environmental (chemical or biological sources) or design-related hazards (such as nonadjustable furniture or equipment). Job stress that results when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities or resources of the worker may also result in illness.
Tobacco substitutes
When quitting smoking many people feel the need
for help in the form of a tobacco substitute. There are a wide variety of
different products billed as alternatives to smoking that are supposedly healthier.
The main additive in cigarettes that makes them so addictive is
nicotine. Hence most of the products that aim to replace smoking are nicotine
replacements such as nicotine gum, inhalers, patches and medications.
Other products are sold as smokeless tobacco such as snuff and hookah or as better because they are low yield cigarettes. Not all of these smoking substitutes are
healthy or even better than cigarettes.
Strategies
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Cessation can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from smoking-related diseases. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated interventions, but effective treatments and helpful resources exist. Smokers can and do quit smoking. In fact, today there are more former smokers than current smokers.
Staying away
This document provides strategies for reducing alcohol consumption or abstaining from drinking. It suggests keeping track of alcohol intake, setting limits on drinking days and quantities, pacing drinks and having non-alcoholic drinks between alcoholic ones. Avoiding triggers for drinking and planning responses to resist social pressure are also recommended. Practicing refusal skills by role playing expected situations can help build confidence to say no to drink offers. The goal is for the reader to choose strategies that work for them and maintain control over their own drinking choices.
Relapse
Don't give up
Changing habits such as smoking, overeating, or drinking too much can take a lot of effort, and you may not succeed with the first try. Setbacks are common, but you learn more each time. Each try brings you closer to your goal. Whatever course you choose, give it a fair trial.
If one approach doesn't work, try something else. If a setback happens, get back on track as quickly as possible. In the long run, your chances for success are good.
Research shows that most heavy drinkers, even those with alcoholism, either cut back significantly or quit.
Withdrawal
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that people who have a history of alcoholism experience when they stop drinking. People who are casual drinkers rarely have withdrawal symptoms.
People who have gone through withdrawal before are more likely to have withdrawal symptoms each time they quit drinking.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can range from severe to mild, and can include:
-- Insomnia
-- Nightmares
-- Irritability
-- Fatigue
-- Shakes
-- Sweats
-- Anxiety
-- Depression
-- Headaches
-- Decreased appetite
Severe withdrawal symptoms include fever, convulsions and delirium tremens (DTs). Those who experience DTs may become confused, anxious and even have hallucinations. DTs can be very serious if they are not treated by a doctor.
Preventative Health
Eat healthy
-- Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains every day.
-- Limit foods and drinks high in calories, sugar, salt, fat, and alcohol.
-- Eat a balanced diet to help keep a healthy weight.
--
Men ages 60+
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test,
you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and
loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women
to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to
have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than
twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications
related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an
immunization.
The single most important way you can take
care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health
care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your
doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 35-60
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 18-35
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Cancer Screening
The document provides information about various types of cancer screening tests for women. It discusses screening for breast cancer via mammogram, clinical breast exam, and breast self-exam. It also discusses screening for cervical cancer via Pap test and sometimes HPV test, as well as screening guidelines. The document notes there is no reliable screening for ovarian, uterine, vaginal or vulvar cancers but discusses risk factors and symptoms to watch for.
Safety
Injury is the #1 killer of children and teens in the United States. In 2009, more than 9,000 youth age 0-19 died from unintentional injuries in the United States. Millions more children suffer injuries requiring treatment in the emergency department. Leading causes of child injury include motor vehicle crashes, suffocation, drowning, poisoning, fires, and falls.1 Child injury is predictable and preventable. It is also among the most under-recognized public health problems facing our country today.
Progress has been made in preventing child injury. Child injury death rates have decreased 29% in the last decade.2 Yet injury is still the leading cause of death for children and teens. More can be done to keep our children safe.
Shiatsu
Shiatsu is a physical therapy that supports
and strengthens the body’s natural ability to heal and balance itself. It works
on the whole person - not just a physical body, but also a psychological,
emotional and spiritual being.
Shiatsu originated in Japan from traditional
Chinese medicine, with influences from more recent Western therapies. Although
shiatsu means ‘finger pressure’ in Japanese, in practise a practitioner uses
touch, comfortable pressure and manipulative techniques to adjust the body’s
physical structure and balance its energy flow. It is a deeply relaxing
experience and regular treatments can alleviate stress and illness and maintain
health and well-being.
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West Nile Virus
- 1. Fitango Education Health Topics West Nile Virus http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=212
- 2. Overview West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands. 1
- 3. Overview If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnileviru s.html 2
- 4. Symptoms Some people infected with WNV will develop severe illness. The severe symptoms can include high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, co nvulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis. These symptoms may last several weeks, and neurological effects may be permanent. 3
- 5. Symptoms Up to 20 percent of the people who become infected have milder symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back. Symptoms can last for as short as a few days, though even healthy people have become sick for several weeks. 4
- 6. Symptoms Approximately 80 percent of people (about 4 out of 5) who are infected with WNV will not show any symptoms at all. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_f actsheet.htm 5
- 7. Diagnosis Milder WNV illness improves on its own, and people do not necessarily need to seek medical attention for this infection though they may choose to do so. If you develop symptoms of severe WNV illness, such as unusually severe headaches or confusion, seek medical attention immediately. Severe WNV illness usually requires hospitalization. Pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to talk to their doctor if they develop symptoms that could be WNV. 6
- 8. Diagnosis People typically develop symptoms between 3 and 14 days after they are bitten by the infected mosquito. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_f actsheet.htm 7
- 9. Treatment There is no specific treatment for WNV infection. In cases with milder symptoms, people experience symptoms such as fever and aches that pass on their own, although even healthy people have become sick for several weeks. In more severe cases, people usually need to go to the hospital where they can receive supportive treatment including intravenous fluids, help with breathing and nursing care. 8
- 10. Causes West Nile Virus is caused by the following: -- Infected Mosquitoes. Most often, WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread WNV to humans and other animals when they bite. 9
- 11. Causes -- Transfusions, Transplants, and Mother-to-Child. In a very small number of cases, WNV also has been spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, breastfeeding and even during pregnancy from mother to baby. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_f actsheet.htm 10
- 12. Risks People over the age of 50 are more likely to develop serious symptoms of WNV if they do get sick and should take special care to avoid mosquito bites. 11
- 13. Risks Being outside means also you're at risk. The more time you are outdoors, the more time likely you are to be bitten by an infected mosquito. Pay attention to avoiding mosquito bites if you spend a lot of time outside. **Other possible risks include** : 12
- 14. Risks -- Donated Blood. All donated blood is checked for WNV before being used. The risk of getting WNV through blood transfusions and organ transplants is very small, but if you have concerns, talk to your doctor about the risks. -- Pregnancy and Nursing. The risk that WNV may be passed down to a fetus or infant through breastmilk is still being evaluated. Talk to your health care provider if you have questions. 13
- 16. Prevention Prevention measures consist of community-based mosquito control programs that are able to reduce vector populations, personal protection measures to reduce the likelihood of being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and the underlying surveillance programs that characterize spatial/temporal patterns in risk that allow health and vector control agencies to target their interventions and resources. 15
- 17. Prevention **** **The easiest way to avoid WNV is to prevent mosquito bites** : -- When outdoors, use insect repellent with an EPA-registered active ingredient 16
- 18. Prevention **** -- Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water from flower pots, buckets or barrels. Change water in bird baths and pet dishes weekly. -Keep children's wading pools empty when they aren't being used -- Wear long sleeves and pants, if possible -- Stay indoors between dusk and dawn, when mosquitoes are most active 17
- 19. Prevention **** -- Use screens on windows to keep mosquitoes out *Older people are more at risk for West Nile Virus, so they should be especially careful. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_f actsheet.htm 18