Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses. EVD was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, body aches, diarrhea and sometimes internal and external bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine yet, treatment focuses on supportive care to help the immune system fight the virus.

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3. Presented by:
Noor Zahra

4. Content
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 CLASSIFICATION
 STRUCTURE
 TRANSMISSION
 CAUSES
 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 RISK FACTORS
 DIAGNOSIS
 PREVENTION
 TREATMENT
 CURRENT STATUS
 CONCLUSION

5. INTRODUCTION
Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and
sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. As the virus spreads through the
body, it damages the immune system and organs. Ultimately, it causes levels of blood-
clotting cells to drop. This leads to severe, uncontrollable bleeding.
The disease was known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever but is now referred to as Ebola
virus.
It kills up to 90% of people who are infected.

6.  CEbola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly disease with occasional
outbreaks that occur mostly on the African continent. EVD most
commonly affects people and nonhuman primates (such as
monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). It is caused by an infection
with a group of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus:
 Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus)
 Sudan virus (species Sudan ebolavirus)
 Taï Forest virus (species Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire
ebolavirus)
 Bundibugyo virus (species Bundibugyo ebolavirus)
 Reston virus (species Reston ebolavirus)
 Bombali virus (species Bombali ebola

7. HISTORY
Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in
what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, the
virus has been infecting people from time to time, leading to
outbreaks in several African countries.
 Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from. Based
on similar viruses, they believe EVD is animal-borne, with bats
or nonhuman primates being the most likely source.
 Infected animals carrying the virus can transmit it to other
animals, like apes, monkeys, duikers and humans.

8.  CDuring that time, laboratory workers with an unusual and severe disease
were admitted to a hospital in Marburg, Germany. Subsequent investigation
found that the immediate sources of the virus were green monkeys
imported from Africa that were used for vaccine research.
 Those monkeys were also shipped to Frankfurt in Germany and
Belgrade in former Yugoslavia. They were immediately euthanatized,
and the epidemic was contained, though a total of 31 human cases and
one generation of secondary transmission to health care workers and
their family members occurred.
 Nevertheless, high human mortality, unusual morphology of the virus,
and the failure to identify its natural history left many in fear and deeply
concerned about potential future threats.

9.  The virus first spreads to people through direct contact with the
blood, body fluids and tissues of animals. Ebola virus then spreads
to other people through direct contact with body fluids of a person
who is sick with or has died from EVD.
 This can occur when a person touches these infected body
fluids or objects that are contaminated with them.
 The virus then gets into the body through broken skin or mucous
membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth. People can get the
virus through sexual contact with someone who is sick with or
has recovered from EVD. The virus can persist in certain body
fluids, like semen, after recovery from the illness.

10. Ebola, also known as Ebola virus
disease (EVD) or Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral
hemorrhagic fever of humans and
other primates caused
by ebolaviruses.
DEFINITION

11. CLASSIFICATION
• Order :Mononegavirales,
Enveloped, nonsegement,
negative strand RNA viruses.
• Family : Filoviridae contains
3 genera
• Ebola virus (1976)
• Marburg virus
• Cueva virus
• Genus : Ebola virus, named
after the ebola river where it
was first found.

12. STRUCTURE
Genome 19KB long.
Diameter 80nm, length
960nm to 1200nm.
Four viral proteins,
polymerase (L),
nucleoprotein,
and proteins VP35 and
VP30.
Spikes formed by GP1,
GP2 complexes
(envelope glycoprotein).
VP24 (membrane
protein) associated with
envelope.

13. Unsterilized needles.
Sub optical hospital conditions.
Personal contact.
Through blood to blood contact.
Human to human transmission.
Reusing needles and blood gloves in
hospital. Ebola is introduced into the
human population Through close
contact with the blood, secretions,
Organs or other bodily fluids of
infected animals.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION

14. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Every tissue is affected, except bones and muscles.
The virus creates blood clots.
Clots goes towards internal organs ( lungs, eyeball).
It prevents oxygen to rise tissue.
The virus also destroys connective tissue (affinity with collagen).

15. CAUSES
• Ebola virus in humans is
caused by one of the five
strains of the Ebola virus
• Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
• Sudan virus (SUDV)
• Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
• Ebola virus (EBOV)
• Reston virus (RESTV) All five
viruses are closely related to
marburgviruses

16. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
The time interval from infection with Ebola
to the onset of symptoms is 2-21 days,
although 8-10 days is most common.
Signs and symptoms include.
EARLY STAGE:
abdominal pain
anorexia
arthralgia
asthenia (extreme)
back pain
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17.  diarrhea
 fatigue
 fever (>37.5⁰C)
 headache
 myalgia
 sore throat
 diarrhea
 Vomiting
 stomach pain
 lack of appetite

18. MID STAGE:
 rash
 red eyes
 hiccups
 cough
 sore throat
 chest pain
 difficulty breathing
 difficulty swallowing
 bleeding inside and outside of
the body

19. LATE STAGE
 delirium
 hemorrhage (external/internal)
 hiccups
 multi-organ failure
 shock (hypovolemic and septic)
 Other symptoms of EVD,
although rare, include
encephalopathy, hepatomegaly,
lymphadenopathy, and seizures

20. RISK FACTORS
The main risk factors for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include
 A recent travel to endemic regions
 provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood or body fluids of a
symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease
 And direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal
protective equipment (PPE).

21. EXPOSURE RISK
LEVELS
 Levels of exposure risk are
defined as follows:
 High risk
 Some risk
 Low risk
 HIGH RISK
 Direct contact with a dead body
without appropriate PPE in a
country with widespread Ebola
virus transmission
 Having lived in the immediate
household and provided direct
care to a person with Ebola while
the person was symptomatic

22. SOME RISK
 In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct
contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola
while the person was symptomatic.
 Close contact in households, health care facilities, or
community settings with a person with Ebola while the person
was symptom
LOW RISK
 Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not
wearing appropriate PPE.
 Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the
person was symptomatic

23. DIAGNOSIS
 Diagnosing Ebola virus disease (EVD) shortly after infection
can be difficult. Early symptoms of EVD such as fever
 Headache
 Weakness are not specific to Ebola virus infection and often
are seen in patients with other more common diseases, like
 malaria
 typhoid fever.

24. SIGNS
If a person shows signs of
EVD and has had a possible
exposure, he or she should
be isolated and public
health authorities notified.
Blood samples from the
patient should be collected
and tested to confirm
infection.
Ebola virus can be detected
in blood after onset of
symptoms. It may take up to
three days after symptoms
start for the virus to reach
detectable levels.

25. DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the
most commonly used diagnostic methods because
of its ability to detect low levels of Ebola virus.
• PCR methods can detect the presence of a few
virus particles in small amounts of blood, but the
ability to detect the virus increases as the amount
of virus increases during an active infection.
• When the virus is no longer present in great
enough numbers in a patient’s blood, PCR
methods will no longer be effective.

26. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
Based on the detection of antibodies an EVD case
produces to an infection, can then be used to confirm a
patient’s exposure and infection by Ebola virus.
A positive laboratory test means that Ebola infection is
confirmed.
 Public health authorities will conduct a public health
investigation, including identifying and monitoring all
possibly exposed contacts.

27. PRIMARY PREVENTION
 Practice careful hygiene (e.g., anti-bacterial hand wash
,soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
 Avoid from infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the
consumption of their raw meat.
 Animals should be handled with masks, gloves and other
appropriate protective clothing.

29. SECONDARY PREVENTION
 WHO, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has
developed a set of guidelines that prevent from Ebola Virus
 Use of personal protective equipment (according to the risk
of splashes or other contact with infected materials)
 Isolation of Ebola patients
 Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be
avoided. Safe sterilization injection practices

30.  Regular hand washing is
required after visiting patients
in hospital, as well as after
taking care of patients at
home.
 Safe handling after death of
infected patient

31. SUPPORTIVE CARE
 At the moment, treatment for Ebola
is limited to intensive supportive care
includes:
 Maintaining their oxygen status
and blood pressure
 Treating a patient for any
complicating infections
 Providing fluids and electrolytes (body
salts) orally or through infusion into the
vein
TREATMENTS

32. • .
MEDICATIONS
 ZMapp: Three chimeric
monoclonal antibodies
 Favipiravir: Inhibition of viral
RNA dependent RNA
 TKM-Ebola: siRNA
 Brincidofovir: Oral
nucleotide analog Inhibition of viral
RNA polymerase
 BCX4430: Inhibition of viral
RNA polymerase
 AVI-7537: Binding Ebola RNA

33. Therapeutics
There are currently two therapeutic treatments approved by
the U.S. Food and Drug.
Administration (FDA) to treat EVD caused by the Ebola virus,
species Zaire ebolavirus, in adults and children.
 The first drug approved in October 2020, is a combination of
three monoclonal antibodies.
 The second is a single monoclonal antibody and was
approved in December 2020.

34. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced in a lab or other
manufacturing facility that act like natural antibodies to stop a germ
such as a virus from replicating after it has infected a person.
These particular mAbs bind to a portion of the Ebola virus’s surface
called the glycoprotein, which prevents the virus from entering a
person’s cells.
Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Overall survival was much higher for patients receiving either of the
two therapeutic treatments that are now approved by the FDA

35. VACCINES
In October 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO)
organized an expert consultation to assess, test, and
eventually license two promising Ebola vaccines.
On July 31 2015, Lancet Trusted Source published
preliminary results of a vaccine trial funded and organized by
the WHO in february 2007; the Ebola ca Suffit vaccine had
100 percent efficacy in the trial, which took place in Guinea
and involved 4,000 people.

36. 1. cAd3-ZEBOV:
CHIMPANZEE ADENOVIRUS SEROTYPE 3
(cAd3-ZEBOV)
 GlaxoSmithKline has developed this vaccine.
 It uses a chimpanzee-derived adenovirus
vector with an Ebola virus gene inserted.
2. rVSV-ZEBOV :
VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS VACCINE (
 This was developed by the Public Health
Agency of Canada in Winnipeg.
 The vaccine uses for livestock; one of its
genes has been replaced by an Ebola virus
gene

37. CURRENT STATUS
 2014–2016 more than a dozen outbreaks that have occurred in
seven African countries since 1976.
It also spread between countries, starting in Guinea then moving
across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia
The disease has shown mortality rates ranging from 22% to 88%.
In pakistan on 1, December, 2014 at Islamabad airport
administration started to overlook the matter and kept sending a
positive report to the WHO.

38.  The average ebola virus case fatality rate is around 50%. Case
fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
The 2018–2020 outbreak was the 10th in the DRC and the
country’s deadliest, with 3,481 cases, 2,299 deaths and 1,162
survivors
 From 7 February to 31 March 2021, 1 898 people vaccinated,
including 1 169 in Biena, 360 in Katwa, 297 in Butembo and 72 in
Musienene. Front line workers accounted for 542 of those
vaccinated.

39. CONCLUSION
 Scientists have recently made breakthrough, there is still need for
extensive research to find vaccines and cures for this deadly virus.
 Ebola virus is one of the dangerous virus in the world because it
infects human through the inhalation, the most dangerous way is
transmission among people.
 Most severe clinical features to diagnose this virus .
 If someone has Ebola virus symptoms, it is necessary to take
him/her immediately to the hospital because if he/ she not treated
will die immediately
 The western low-land apes,gorilla populations have been reduced
by Ebola to such an extent .

41. • Any question