This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Ebola virus disease (EVD). It provides an overview of EVD outbreaks, case definitions, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and control/prevention. Key points include: EVD is caused by infection with Ebola virus and transmitted through contact with infected body fluids; symptoms range from fever and fatigue to vomiting and hemorrhaging; diagnosis involves virus detection through antigen/antibody tests or PCR; treatment is supportive care as no vaccine currently exists; control relies on isolation, contact tracing, and barrier precautions.
This document provides an overview of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It notes that Ebola was first identified in 1976 in Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan. Ebola is transmitted through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected individuals and animals.
This document provides an overview of the Ebola virus. It defines Ebola virus disease as a severe, often fatal disease caused by the Ebola virus. The Ebola virus is an enveloped, negative-strand RNA virus that causes hemorrhagic fever. It is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and can cause internal and external bleeding. The document outlines the virus's structure, classification, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and methods for controlling spread. It emphasizes that there is currently no licensed treatment and extensive research is still needed to develop vaccines and cures.
This document provides information about the Ebola virus. It discusses what Ebola is, how it is transmitted through contact with body fluids, its signs and symptoms such as fever and bleeding, its diagnosis through blood tests, and treatment which is currently only supportive care. It also covers the countries affected by Ebola outbreaks, how to prevent transmission, and that the natural host of the virus has not been identified. In the end it reviews the key points learned and concludes the discussion.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in outbreak investigations. It describes how laboratories can help establish the existence of an outbreak by verifying diagnoses and confirming the causative agent through tests like culture, PCR, and serology. Laboratories also aid epidemiological investigations by defining cases, conducting surveillance to identify additional cases, and comparing laboratory and environmental findings. Finally, laboratories play an important long-term role in monitoring for disease reservoirs, detecting silent outbreaks through surveillance data, and evaluating the success of prevention and control measures.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Symptoms include abrupt high fever, joint pains and stiffness. The joint pains often persist for weeks or months in the chronic phase. There is no vaccine and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms. Protection against mosquito bites is the best prevention.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
This document provides an overview of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It notes that Ebola was first identified in 1976 in Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan. Ebola is transmitted through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected individuals and animals.
This document provides an overview of the Ebola virus. It defines Ebola virus disease as a severe, often fatal disease caused by the Ebola virus. The Ebola virus is an enveloped, negative-strand RNA virus that causes hemorrhagic fever. It is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and can cause internal and external bleeding. The document outlines the virus's structure, classification, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and methods for controlling spread. It emphasizes that there is currently no licensed treatment and extensive research is still needed to develop vaccines and cures.
This document provides information about the Ebola virus. It discusses what Ebola is, how it is transmitted through contact with body fluids, its signs and symptoms such as fever and bleeding, its diagnosis through blood tests, and treatment which is currently only supportive care. It also covers the countries affected by Ebola outbreaks, how to prevent transmission, and that the natural host of the virus has not been identified. In the end it reviews the key points learned and concludes the discussion.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in outbreak investigations. It describes how laboratories can help establish the existence of an outbreak by verifying diagnoses and confirming the causative agent through tests like culture, PCR, and serology. Laboratories also aid epidemiological investigations by defining cases, conducting surveillance to identify additional cases, and comparing laboratory and environmental findings. Finally, laboratories play an important long-term role in monitoring for disease reservoirs, detecting silent outbreaks through surveillance data, and evaluating the success of prevention and control measures.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the Chikungunya virus. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Symptoms include abrupt high fever, joint pains and stiffness. The joint pains often persist for weeks or months in the chronic phase. There is no vaccine and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms. Protection against mosquito bites is the best prevention.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
The document provides an overview of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and recovery. Some key points:
- EVD first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo. The current 2014 outbreak in West Africa is the largest on record.
- The virus is transmitted through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Early symptoms are nonspecific but progress to hemorrhagic fever, vomiting, diarrhea and organ failure.
- Diagnosis involves detecting the virus or antibodies in blood, with RT-PCR being the most sensitive test. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is largely supportive
Malaria Epidemics : Prevention and Control - Conférence du 3e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - FALL Socé - Regional Office for Africa Malaria Unit, Zimbabwe - SoceF@afro.who.int
The document summarizes information about the H1N1 influenza virus (swine flu), including its origins, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. It notes that the first cases of human infection with the novel H1N1 virus were detected in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and it spreads through respiratory droplets. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir. Preventive measures include hand washing, cough etiquette, and staying home when sick.
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
This document provides information about H1N1 Swine Flu. It defines swine flu and explains that it is caused by influenza A viruses that regularly infect pigs. It describes how genetic reassortment between human, avian and swine influenza viruses can lead to new pandemic strains. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was a quadruple reassortant containing genes from North American and Eurasian swine, avian and human influenza strains. Diagnostic testing methods like PCR, viral culture, rapid antigen tests and serology are discussed. Sample collection, handling, storage and transport procedures are also summarized.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which are a group of diseases that plague millions in tropical areas in developing countries. It describes the 17 NTDs profiled by the WHO, which are caused by a variety of pathogens including parasites, bacteria and viruses. NTDs disproportionately impact those living in poverty without access to clean water and sanitation. While some NTDs can be cured, many cause long-term disability and social stigma. The WHO's strategies to control NTDs include preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control, and improving water/sanitation.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
An epidemic curve (or epi curve) is a graphical depiction of the number of illness cases by date of onset that can help characterize outbreaks. The shape and features of the curve can reveal the pattern of spread (e.g. common source, point source, propagated), magnitude, outliers, time trends, and estimate the exposure period. Epi curves are useful for outbreak investigation and response.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
This document presents information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. It describes the five species of Ebolavirus, including Zaire ebolavirus which causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Current outbreaks are occurring in West Africa.
This document provides information about influenza. It defines influenza as an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the orthomyxoviridae family that attacks the respiratory system. Seasonal influenza epidemics result in millions of cases, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths in the US each year, making influenza a leading cause of death from vaccine-preventable illness. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Risk groups include young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, cough, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
This document discusses infection prevention procedures for Ebola virus disease outbreaks. It provides objectives of recognizing epidemiological features of EVD and the role of infection control. It summarizes the causative agents of EVD, including the five species and the 2014 West African outbreak being caused by the Zaire species. It also discusses transmission occurring through contact with bodily fluids, with human-to-human transmission driving the 2014 outbreak. The document outlines safety precautions for health care settings, including strict standard precautions, personal protective equipment, and patient placement in isolation rooms.
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans with high mortality. It is transmitted to humans from bats or through contaminated foods. The symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments. Prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to bats, bats' secretions and sick pigs.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further divided into subtypes based on two surface proteins and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and fatigue. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat influenza.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses Nipah virus infection. It covers the organism, history, epidemiology, transmission, disease in humans and animals, and prevention/control. Nipah virus is transmitted from its reservoir in fruit bats to pigs and humans. It causes severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in these hosts. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh through contact with infected pigs or bats/contaminated fruit. The disease poses a serious public health risk with fatality rates up to 75% in humans.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that was first identified during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia in 1999. It can cause respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in humans. Fruit bats are the natural reservoir, and transmission occurs via contact with infected bat secretions or through consuming contaminated fruit. Subsequent outbreaks have primarily occurred in Bangladesh and India through contact with infected bats or their food sources. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available, so care is supportive. Reducing exposure to bats and properly handling and cooking their food sources can reduce risk of infection.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
The lecture gives concise review about the main four groups of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever i.e. Flavivirues, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses and Bunyaviruses.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that causes hemorrhagic fever. It first appeared in 1976 and is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife such as fruit bats or primates, or through human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, several are in development. Fruit bats are considered the natural host for the virus in Africa.
This document provides information on Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. It notes that EVD is caused by one of five viruses in the family Filoviridae, is highly fatal in humans and nonhuman primates, and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and severe hemorrhaging. While there are no approved vaccines, prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected hosts and bodily fluids through safe burial practices and hygiene.
The document provides an overview of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its origins, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and recovery. Some key points:
- EVD first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo. The current 2014 outbreak in West Africa is the largest on record.
- The virus is transmitted through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Early symptoms are nonspecific but progress to hemorrhagic fever, vomiting, diarrhea and organ failure.
- Diagnosis involves detecting the virus or antibodies in blood, with RT-PCR being the most sensitive test. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is largely supportive
Malaria Epidemics : Prevention and Control - Conférence du 3e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - FALL Socé - Regional Office for Africa Malaria Unit, Zimbabwe - SoceF@afro.who.int
The document summarizes information about the H1N1 influenza virus (swine flu), including its origins, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. It notes that the first cases of human infection with the novel H1N1 virus were detected in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and it spreads through respiratory droplets. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir. Preventive measures include hand washing, cough etiquette, and staying home when sick.
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
This document provides information about H1N1 Swine Flu. It defines swine flu and explains that it is caused by influenza A viruses that regularly infect pigs. It describes how genetic reassortment between human, avian and swine influenza viruses can lead to new pandemic strains. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was a quadruple reassortant containing genes from North American and Eurasian swine, avian and human influenza strains. Diagnostic testing methods like PCR, viral culture, rapid antigen tests and serology are discussed. Sample collection, handling, storage and transport procedures are also summarized.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which are a group of diseases that plague millions in tropical areas in developing countries. It describes the 17 NTDs profiled by the WHO, which are caused by a variety of pathogens including parasites, bacteria and viruses. NTDs disproportionately impact those living in poverty without access to clean water and sanitation. While some NTDs can be cured, many cause long-term disability and social stigma. The WHO's strategies to control NTDs include preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control, and improving water/sanitation.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
An epidemic curve (or epi curve) is a graphical depiction of the number of illness cases by date of onset that can help characterize outbreaks. The shape and features of the curve can reveal the pattern of spread (e.g. common source, point source, propagated), magnitude, outliers, time trends, and estimate the exposure period. Epi curves are useful for outbreak investigation and response.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
This document presents information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. It describes the five species of Ebolavirus, including Zaire ebolavirus which causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Current outbreaks are occurring in West Africa.
This document provides information about influenza. It defines influenza as an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the orthomyxoviridae family that attacks the respiratory system. Seasonal influenza epidemics result in millions of cases, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths in the US each year, making influenza a leading cause of death from vaccine-preventable illness. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Risk groups include young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches, cough, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. Treatment involves antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
This document discusses infection prevention procedures for Ebola virus disease outbreaks. It provides objectives of recognizing epidemiological features of EVD and the role of infection control. It summarizes the causative agents of EVD, including the five species and the 2014 West African outbreak being caused by the Zaire species. It also discusses transmission occurring through contact with bodily fluids, with human-to-human transmission driving the 2014 outbreak. The document outlines safety precautions for health care settings, including strict standard precautions, personal protective equipment, and patient placement in isolation rooms.
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans with high mortality. It is transmitted to humans from bats or through contaminated foods. The symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments. Prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to bats, bats' secretions and sick pigs.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further divided into subtypes based on two surface proteins and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and fatigue. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat influenza.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
The document discusses Nipah virus infection. It covers the organism, history, epidemiology, transmission, disease in humans and animals, and prevention/control. Nipah virus is transmitted from its reservoir in fruit bats to pigs and humans. It causes severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in these hosts. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh through contact with infected pigs or bats/contaminated fruit. The disease poses a serious public health risk with fatality rates up to 75% in humans.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that was first identified during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia in 1999. It can cause respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in humans. Fruit bats are the natural reservoir, and transmission occurs via contact with infected bat secretions or through consuming contaminated fruit. Subsequent outbreaks have primarily occurred in Bangladesh and India through contact with infected bats or their food sources. There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available, so care is supportive. Reducing exposure to bats and properly handling and cooking their food sources can reduce risk of infection.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
The lecture gives concise review about the main four groups of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever i.e. Flavivirues, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses and Bunyaviruses.
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that causes hemorrhagic fever. It first appeared in 1976 and is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife such as fruit bats or primates, or through human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, several are in development. Fruit bats are considered the natural host for the virus in Africa.
This document provides information on Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. It notes that EVD is caused by one of five viruses in the family Filoviridae, is highly fatal in humans and nonhuman primates, and is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and severe hemorrhaging. While there are no approved vaccines, prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected hosts and bodily fluids through safe burial practices and hygiene.
An introduction to the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak for educational use, with additional sources for health professionals in need of up-to-date information.
Updated on 7th December, 2014, with additional infographics and WHO data.
Infographics may be requested for professional use on a creative commons/source attribution basis (micrognome.priobe.net). An interactive version will be available for educational use via the Nearpod share site.
Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus. The virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The 2014 outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history, infecting thousands and killing over 11,000. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness. While there is no approved vaccine, treatment involves supportive care to improve symptoms.
Ebola virus causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates. It was first identified in 1976 and is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain and bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, recovery depends on supportive care. Outbreaks have occurred in central Africa and prevention focuses on isolation, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and safe burials.
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
.
.
.
for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans caused by five strains of the Ebola virus. It spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected people or contaminated environments. Common symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache and sore throat followed by vomiting, diarrhea and rash. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, experimental drugs are being tested. The 2014 outbreak in West Africa was the largest and most complex as it spread rapidly in urban environments through human-to-human transmission. Prevention efforts focus on careful hygiene, avoiding contact with infected people and burial rituals.
Ebola virus is suspected to be zoonotic, transmitted from bats and primates to humans through contact with bodily fluids. It infects macrophages, causing them to release cytokines that produce symptoms like fever and vascular problems. This leads to small blood clots, disruption of coagulation, bleeding, and multi-organ failure. The incubation period is 2-21 days on average. Laboratory diagnosis involves non-specific tests like leukopenia and elevated liver enzymes, as well as specific tests detecting the virus's RNA, proteins, or antibodies.
The document presents information on Ebola virus from its initial outbreak in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Southern Sudan. It discusses how Ebola is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually for up to 7 weeks after recovery. Signs and symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and internal and external bleeding. While vaccines are being tested, currently there is no approved vaccine or treatment. Prevention relies on controlling the virus in animals, proper hygiene and protective equipment when handling infected individuals or meat, and safe burials.
Evolution of the benfits and risks of introducing Ebola Community CAre Center...Emergency Live
The document discusses using community care centers (CCCs) to treat Ebola patients in Sierra Leone as Ebola treatment centers (ETCs) have reached capacity. An transmission model was used to evaluate the benefits and risks of introducing CCCs. The model suggests CCCs could help reduce cases if they offset increased risk of exposure for non-infected persons waiting for test results and sufficiently reduced transmission from infected patients. Expert opinion estimated a median 63% reduction in transmission from CCCs would be beneficial, and introducing 500 CCC beds could help slow the epidemic if certain exposure and transmission risks are managed.
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Amit Bhagat
This report is about the Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola Hemmorhagic fever) in Liberia, which occurred mainly in most parts of the West Africa starting from Guinea and reaching to heart of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and most other places. EVD is an epidemic disease and also highly infectious. This disease is very severe, rare and deadly, with a fatality rate of approx 90%. There is no such cure or vaccine is present, only some experimental drugs have been using (till date). Thus, many organizations viz WHO, CDC, Red Cross etc are working for prevention and relief of patients to fight against this epidemic disease.
Dr. Bryan Lewis and Dr. Madhav Marathe (both at Virginia Tech) will present a data driven multi-scale approach for modeling the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. We will discuss how the models and tools were used to study a number of important analytical questions, such as:
(i) computing weekly forecasts, (ii) optimally placing emergency treatment units and more generally health care facilities, and (iii) carrying out a comprehensive counter-factual analysis related to allocation of scarce pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical resources. The role of big-data and behavioral adaptation in developing the computational models will be highlighted.
The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). It was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus and can spread it to humans through contact with their blood/body fluids. Ebola causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with symptoms like fever, muscle pain and bleeding, often leading to death within 6-16 days. The 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest on record, spreading from Guinea to Liberia and Sierra Leone. There is currently no approved vaccine or
The document provides information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola virus disease first appeared in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. It belongs to the filovirus family and species Zaire ebolavirus which caused the 2014 West African outbreak. The virus infects and kills its host efficiently by attacking the lymph nodes and bloodstream. While there is no proven cure, several vaccine candidates and antiviral treatments are being studied.
The 2013-2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa was the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history. It began in Guinea in December 2013 and spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone. By October 2014, there were over 9,000 cases and 4,500 deaths. The index case was a 2-year old boy in Guinea who died in December 2013, and the outbreak was not recognized as Ebola for several months allowing it to spread. Several experimental treatments are being studied for this outbreak, including Zmapp monoclonal antibodies, TKM-Ebola RNA interference drug, and the antiviral drug Favipiravir.
The document summarizes ethical issues that arise in treating patients with Ebola virus disease. It discusses principles of medical ethics like utilitarianism and deontology. It describes the author's experience working in an Ebola treatment unit in Sierra Leone. Key issues discussed include health worker safety, patient selection and triage if resources become overwhelmed, experimental treatments, and stigmatization of survivors.
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa has killed over 1,000 people and experimental treatments are being considered. While Ebola virus disease has a high fatality rate, the current outbreak's magnitude may be underestimated. Countries have taken extreme precautions like cordoning off infected areas, but health officials say such measures must proceed humanely. No approved vaccine or treatment exists, so controlling transmission through safe burials and protective equipment is critical.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as a progressive loss of renal function over months or years that is identified by increased creatinine levels and protein or blood in the urine. The two main causes of CKD are diabetes and high blood pressure, which together account for two-thirds of cases. Symptoms of CKD may not appear until later stages and include fatigue, poor appetite, and swollen limbs. Anyone can develop CKD, but those with diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, or certain ethnicities are at higher risk. CKD is diagnosed through tests of kidney function and imaging and staged based on glomerular filtration rate.
The document summarizes information about the 2014-2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, the Ebola virus itself, symptoms and transmission of Ebola virus disease, treatment and prevention. It provides statistics showing over 8,000 cases and 4,800 deaths across Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone as of October 2014. The Ebola virus is an RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected people or contaminated materials. There is no approved vaccine but experimental treatments are being developed.
This document provides information from a training bulletin about Ebola virus disease (EVD) for EMS providers, including that EVD can only be transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids from a symptomatic, infected person. It outlines signs and symptoms of EVD, precautions EMS providers should take when evaluating patients, and disinfection procedures after transporting a patient. It notes collaboration between EMS agencies and health organizations to provide timely information during the Ebola outbreak.
In light of the of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report.
Since most of our student are not back yet from summer break I reached out to past alumni and members of Team Rubicon to assist in putting this report together.
The report was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Any students, past alumni, or volunteers who would like to work on future slides let me know. Assistance is always welcome.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It describes Ebola as a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a filovirus that has resulted in outbreaks in Africa, including a 2014 outbreak in West Africa that caused over 28,000 cases. The virus is transmitted between wild animals and humans and then spreads through human-to-human transmission. It outlines the clinical presentation of Ebola virus disease and laboratory findings. The document also discusses diagnosis, clinical management through supportive care, and investigational therapies.
The document discusses Ebola virus disease (EVD), including that it is a deadly virus transmitted through contact with infected body fluids that causes hemorrhagic fever. It outlines the virus's history, symptoms, transmission, treatments being tested including vaccines, and current outbreak statistics showing exponential growth in West Africa.
The document discusses the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO. It provides details on the Ebola virus, including its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013 and involved the Zaire species of the Ebola virus. As of August 2014, there were over 2,000 suspected and confirmed cases reported across Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Ebola is a severe and often fatal viral disease that first appeared in 1976. It is caused by the Ebola virus and results in viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus likely originates from fruit bats and is transmitted between humans via contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and bleeding both internally and externally. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though several are in development. Prevention relies on isolation of infected individuals and safe burial practices.
The document provides information about the Ebola virus, including its classification, symptoms, transmission, outbreak history, and current 2014 West Africa outbreak. It describes how Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. As of August 2014, over 4,000 cases and 2,500 deaths have been reported in the ongoing outbreak affecting Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Ebola is a severe and often fatal disease that is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals.
The document provides information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, current outbreak, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and efforts to contain it. It discusses how EVD was first identified in 1976 and is caused by the Ebola virus. The current outbreak in West Africa is the largest to date. The virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids and symptoms include bleeding from openings and organs. There is no proven vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive.
2014 2015-update-on-ebola-virus-dr-bryna-warshawsky (1)Elyas Mohammed
This document provides an overview and summary of three topics: Ebola virus disease, Enterovirus D68, and influenza. For Ebola, it discusses the origins and progression of the current outbreak in West Africa, symptoms and transmission of the disease, treatment and prevention strategies. For Enterovirus D68, it summarizes the current outbreak in the US and Canada and associated acute flaccid paralysis cases. For influenza, it reviews past seasonal patterns in Ontario and the vaccine strains for the current year.
This document summarizes information about the Ebola virus presented by Shabir Ahmad Gania. It discusses the origin and strains of Ebola virus, how it is transmitted from animals to humans, symptoms and progression of Ebola viral disease in humans. It also summarizes current treatment options, vaccines under development, methods to control and prevent transmission, and concludes with the need for continued scientific and public cooperation to prevent future large outbreaks.
A 35-year-old man presents with a 3-day history of diarrhea, vomiting and fever. He reports attending the funeral of a family member who died from bleeding 2 weeks ago. On exam, he has mild conjunctival injection, a faint rash, epigastric tenderness and hepatomegaly. His differential diagnosis includes Ebola virus disease. Ebola virus is transmitted through contact with infected wildlife or humans. Management involves isolation, standard precautions, oral rehydration and symptom control through a syndromic approach.
1) Ebola virus disease is caused by five species of the Ebolavirus genus. It was first recorded in 1976 and causes high fatality rates due to internal and external bleeding.
2) Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and diarrhea early on, and later bleeding from mucous membranes, skin and organs. There is no approved vaccine or treatment.
3) A 1976 case study describes a researcher who was infected via a needle prick. He was treated with interferon and convalescent serum and recovered slowly over 10 weeks despite developing severe symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea and organ dysfunction.
- Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans and nonhuman primates, with a high fatality rate of up to 90%.
- The virus is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids of infected animals or humans. During the 2014 outbreak in West Africa, over 17,000 cases were reported in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
- There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive to maintain hydration and treat symptoms. Isolating patients suspected of infection and proper disposal of contaminated materials is crucial to control spread of the disease.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines emerging diseases as new diseases caused by newly discovered pathogens, while re-emerging diseases are old diseases that were previously controlled but have risen again as health problems. The document then covers the epidemiology of these diseases, including factors contributing to their emergence such as human behavior, travel, and climate change. Examples are provided of diseases like SARS, Ebola, Zika, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Strategies for prevention and the roles of doctors, public health authorities, and public health measures are also outlined.
Fighting Against Ebola: Public Health and NepalMMC, IOM, Nepal
Ebola virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness in humans that was first identified in 1976. The current 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history. While supportive care can improve survival rates, there are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments for Ebola. Approximately 3,000-5,000 Nepalese citizens work in the affected regions of West Africa, placing Nepal at risk of an outbreak. However, Nepal is ill-prepared to handle Ebola cases, as its airports lack proper screening and designated treatment hospitals lack necessary resources and isolation facilities. Some experts argue that market incentives have led to a lack of Ebola research by pharmaceutical companies, as the disease primarily affects poor regions of Africa
The document discusses key concepts related to groups and communication. It defines what a group is and different types of groups. It then covers stages of group development and properties of groups including roles, norms, status, size and cohesiveness. It discusses reasons why people join groups and models of group development. The document also covers group decision making techniques and factors that influence effectiveness. Finally, it discusses concepts related to group dynamics and the communication process within groups.
This document discusses the doctor-patient relationship and communication. It outlines Parsons' model of the sick role and doctor's role, and types of doctor-patient relationships including paternalism, mutuality, consumerism, and default. It covers influences on the relationship like time constraints, patient/doctor characteristics, and structural context. Effective communication skills, health literacy, consent, and partnerships in treatment decision making are also examined. The relationship has evolved from traditional paternalism to emphasize patient-centered care and shared decision making.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on health. It introduces the topic and outlines the presentation format which includes discussing indicators of climate change, causes such as greenhouse gas emissions, and impacts on health. Climate change is projected to negatively impact health determinants like food, water and shelter by increasing risks from issues like malnutrition, extreme weather events, and spread of diseases. Adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed to address the health challenges posed by climate change.
This document discusses rapid epidemiological assessment methods. It introduces various sampling techniques used for rapid health assessments including WHO EPI 30x7 cluster sampling, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS), and case-control methodology. It describes how to conduct LQAS surveys including identifying target populations, setting assessment criteria, calculating sample sizes, counting lots, setting thresholds, and selecting decision values. The document compares different rapid assessment methods and explains which technique would be most appropriate based on factors like whether inferences need to be made about individual populations, population heterogeneity, ability to obtain a full population list, and desired precision levels.
This document outlines the presentation on evaluating a national health programme. It discusses key topics like monitoring versus evaluation, the history and purpose of evaluation, different types of evaluation including formative, summative and participatory evaluation. The document details the evaluation process including planning evaluations, gathering baseline data, implementing evaluations and using evaluation results. It also covers standards for effective evaluation including ensuring the utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy of evaluations. The overall summary is that the document provides an overview of best practices for conducting program evaluations of national health initiatives.
The document summarizes a seminar on rabies that covers the disease's introduction, historical perspective, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Key points include that rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through animal bites, especially from dogs; it has been known since ancient times but was discovered in the 15th century; and while incurable once symptoms appear, post-exposure prophylaxis including vaccination and immunoglobulin administration can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
EBOLA VIRUS
1. A Seminar
on
Ebola Virus Disease
Presenters: Dr. Joymati Oinam
Dr. Shanthosh Priyan S
Moderator: Dr. P. Romola Devi
Associate Professor
2. OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. History of past outbreaks
3. Overview of current outbreak
4. Case definition & Exposure risk levels
5. Epidemiology
Classification of Ebola virus
Reservoir and transmission to humans
Pathogenesis
Clinical presentation and prognosis
6. Diagnosis
7. Treatment
8. Case management
9. Control and Prevention
10. Guidelines for prevention
11. Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
• Ebola virus disease (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic
fever) is an acute, severe, often-fatal disease caused by
infection with a species of Ebola virus.
• The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and
spreads in the human population through human-to-
human transmission.
• The average EVD case fatality rate is around - 50%
(25% to 90% )
4. • Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2
simultaneous outbreaks -
Nzara, Sudan, and
Yambuku, Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)
near the Ebola River.
• Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically.
• No cure & treatment is largely supportive.
• Therefore, prevention of the spread of Ebola is
particularly important.
8. • Largest and most complex Ebola outbreak.
• More cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others
combined.
• Spread between countries
• Bushmeat is believed to be the origin of the current
Ebola outbreak
9. • The origin has been traced to a two-year-old child from
the village of Gueckedou, south-eastern Guinea
• The child, dubbed Child Zero, died on 6 December
2013.
• Spread to a number of health care workers and then
among their family members
January to March 2014
First cases notified in a WHO communiqué on 23 March
2014
10. • On Aug 8, the WHO Director-General declared this
outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern (PHEIC)
• WHO estimates that some 10,141 people have
contracted the disease so far.
• Heath officials put the death toll at around 4,922
meaning that one in two people who get Ebola in this
outbreak die
11. • But the true toll maybe three times as much: by a
factor of 1.5 in Guinea, 2 in Sierra Leone and 2.5 in
Liberia, and death rate to be 70% of all cases
12. • According to the WHO the fatality rate of Ebola-
infected healthcare workers is 57 per cent.
• This compares with an overall case fatality rate of the
2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak of 49 per cent.
• Around the globe, about 450 health care staffs have
contracted Ebola, and a total of 244 have died.
13. Country reports fall into two categories:
• those with widespread and intense transmission
(Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone)
• those with or that have had an initial case or cases, or
with localized transmission
(Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, and USA)
WHO Ebola Response Roadmap
15. • In August 2014, DRC confirmed an outbreak of
EVD in the Djera area of Equateur Province
• The index case-patient was a pregnant woman
• 7th confirmed EVD outbreak in DRC
• This current outbreak has no association with the
ongoing outbreak in West Africa.
16.
17.
18.
19. • Countries with widespread transmission
Country Total
cases
Total
death
CFR
%
Lab
confirm
cases
Lab
confirm
death
HCWs
LIBERIA 4665 2705 58 965 1241 228(103D)
SIERRA
LEONE
3896 1281 33 3389 1008 127(95D)
GUINEA 1553 926 60 1312 732 80(41D)
TOTAL 10,114 4912 49 5666 2981 435(239D)
20. • Countries that reported a case/ imported
case/s
Country Total
cases
Total
deaths
Prob/
Suspect
Lab
confirm
cases
Lab
confirm
death
HCWs
USA 4 1 * 4 1 3(0D)
SPAIN 1 0 * 1 0 1(0D)
MALI 1 1 * 1 1 0
TOTAL 6 2 * 6 2 4
21. • Outbreaks of EVD in Senegal and Nigeria were
declared over on 17 October and 19 October 2014,
respectively
Country Total cases
(HCWs)
Lab confirmed
cases
Total deaths
NIGERIA
(Lagos)
20(11) 19 8(5)
SENEGAL 1 1 0
TOTAL 21(11) 20 8(5)
22. • DRC will therefore be declared free of EVD 42 days
after the date of the second negative test if no new
cases are reported.
Country Total
cases
Lab
confirm
cases
Prob
case
Sus
case
Total
death
HCWs
DRC 67 38 28 1 49 8(8D)
24. - Person Under Investigation (PUI)
• A person who has both consistent symptoms and risk
factors as follows:
1. Clinical criteria,
fever >38.6⁰ Celsius or 101.5⁰ Fahrenheit,
additional symptoms such as severe headache, muscle
pain, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or
unexplained hemorrhage; AND
25. 2. Epidemiologic risk factors
within the past 21 days before the onset of symptoms,
such as contact with blood or other body fluids or
human remains of a patient known to have or
suspected to have EVD;
residence in—or travel to—an area where EVD
transmission is active; or
direct handling of bats or nonhuman primates from
disease-endemic areas.
26. • Probable Case
A PUI whose epidemiologic risk factors include
high or low risk exposure(s)
• Confirmed Case
A case with laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence
of Ebola virus infection
27. • High risk exposures
A high risk exposure includes any of the following:
Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or mucous membrane
exposure to blood or body fluids of EVD patient
Direct skin contact with, or exposure to blood or body
fluids of, an EVD patient without appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE)
28. Processing blood or body fluids of a confirmed EVD
patient without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety
precautions
Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate
PPE in a country where an EVD outbreak is occurring
29. • Low risk exposures
A low risk exposure includes any of the following
Household contact with an EVD patient
Other close contact with EVD patients in health care
facilities or community settings.
30. • Close contact is defined as
a. being within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of an
EVD patient or within the patient’s room or care area for
a prolonged period of time (e.g., health care personnel,
household members) while not wearing recommended
personal protective equipment (PPE)
.
31. b. having direct brief contact (e.g., shaking hands) with
an EVD patient while not wearing recommended
personal protective equipment
• Brief interactions, such as walking by a person or
moving through a hospital, do not constitute close
contact
32. • No known exposure
Having been in a country in which an EVD outbreak
occurred within the past 21 days and having had no
high or low risk exposures
33. Ebola case-classification criteria
(WHO)
• SUSPECT:
Any person, alive or dead, who has (or had)
sudden onset of high fever and had contact with a
suspected, probable or confirmed Ebola case, or a
dead or sick animal
OR
34. any person with sudden onset of high fever and at least
three of the following symptoms: headache, vomiting,
anorexia/ loss of appetite, diarrhoea, lethargy, stomach
pain, aching muscles or joints, difficulty swallowing,
breathing difficulties, or hiccup;
OR
any person with unexplained bleeding
OR
any sudden, unexplained death.
35. • PROBABLE:
Any suspected case evaluated by a clinician
OR
any person who died from ‘suspected Ebola and had an
epidemiological link to a confirmed case’ but was not
tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the
disease.
36. • CONFIRMED :
A probable or suspected case is classified as
confirmed when a sample from that person tests
positive for Ebola virus in the laboratory.
38. Category I: low risk, asymptomatic, arrived or transited
from the endemic countries in the past 21 days.
Report in case the symptoms develop.
Category II: medium risk, asymptomatic, arrived or
transited from the endemic countries, history of contact
with the known case of EVD or were involved in taking
care of the suspect or known case in the last 21 days.
39. Category III: high risk, showing symptoms of EVD and
are arriving from endemic countries with history of
contact with known or suspect case or were involved in
taking care of such case in the last 21 days
42. Ebolavirus species
Zaire ebolavirus: 1976, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Sudan ebolavirus: 1976, Sudan.
Bundibugyo ebolavirus: 2007, Uganda.
Taї Forest ebolavirus (formerly Côte d’Ivoire
ebolavirus): 1994, Ivory Coast.
- Single case, veterinary worker handling primate.
Reston ebolavirus: 1989, Philippines.
- Macaques, swine.
- Human lab workers seropositive but no clinical disease.
43. NATURAL
RESERVIOR
• Suspected – Zoonotic
• Fruit bats are considered
the most likely natural reservoir of the Ebola virus;
• Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which
the first cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were
employed, and they have also been implicated
in Marburg virus infections in 1975 and 1980.
44. TRANSMISSION
• EVD is believed to occur after an ebola virus is
transmitted to an initial human by contact with an
infected animal's body fluids.
• Airborne transmission has not been documented during
previous EVD outbreaks
45. FRUIT BATS (?)
NON HUMAN
PRIMATES
SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS
OTHER INDIVIDUALS
Direct contact (broken skin or
mucous membrane) with blood /
body fluids/contaminated medical
equipments like needles syringes
& surfaces & materials ( bedding
, clothings) contaminated with
infected fluids
Blood, secretion , organs & other
bodily fluids
Consumption of Bushmeat(?)
Partially eaten fruits
47. • During an outbreak - health care workers and close
contacts of those with the infection
• Burial ceremonies can also play a role
• People remain infectious as long as their blood and
body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain
the virus after recovery from illness
• Transmission through the semen can occur upto 7
weeks after recovery from illness.
49. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days
(most commonly 8-10 days)
• Nonspecific presentation
• Most common symptoms - fever (87%), fatigue (76%)
vomiting (68%), diarrhea (66%), loss of appetite (65%).
• GIT symptoms-
• Respiratory symptoms-
• Skin-
50. • Bleeding does not affect every patient with Ebola and
usually presents as small subcutaneous bleeding vs
frank hemorrhage.
• More severe symptoms at presentation - predict a
higher risk for mortality.
51. • Symptoms become increasingly severe –
mental confusion, coma
bleeding (internal & subcutaneous)
shock, and
multi-organ failure.
• Most patients with fatal disease die between days 6 and
16 of complications.
53. • Early symptoms of EVD may be similar to those
of malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, dysentery,
influenza or other tropical fevers, before the disease
progresses to the bleeding phase.
• Laboratory findings: Low WBC count,
Low Platelets count,
Elevated liver enzymes
• People are infectious as long as their blood and
secretions contain the virus
54. DIAGNOSIS
• Difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious
diseases
• Medical history, especially travel and work history
along with exposure
• The diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the virus,
detecting its RNA or proteins, or
detecting antibodies against the virus in a person's
blood
55. Timeline of infection Diagnostic tests available
Within a few days after symptoms begin • Antigen-capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing
• IgM ELISA
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• Virus isolation
Later in disease course or after recovery • IgM & IgG antibodies
Retrospectively in deceased patients • Immunohistochemistry testing
• PCR
• Virus isolation
56. • Filovirions can be seen and identified in cell culture
by electron microscopy due to their unique filamentous
shapes
• Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk;
laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples should be
conducted under maximum biological containment
conditions
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. TREATMENT
Approach considerations:
• Currently, no specific therapy is available that has
demonstrated efficacy
• General medical support is critical, which should be
administered with strict attention to barrier isolation
• Surgical intervention generally follows a mistaken
diagnosis, which may be fatal for the patient and for any
surgical team members who become contaminated with
the patient’s blood
62. • Survivors can produce infectious virions for prolonged
periods. Therefore, strict barrier isolation in a private
room away from traffic patterns must be maintained
throughout the illness
• Steroid therapy has no role
• No role for antibiotics unless there is evidence of
secondary bacterial infection
63. Supportive care:
• Supportive therapy - rehydration with oral or intravenous
fluids is one of the most important supportive measures
• For high grade fever - Tepid sponging and tablet
paracetamol. No other analgesic, particularly tablet
aspirin should not be given
• Bone marrow suppression - platelets transfusion when
the count is below 20000/cu.mm or bleeding from any
sites irrespective of platelet count
64. • In case of severe shock and vomiting patient may be
treated with intravenous fluid with crystalloid or colloid
• Blood transfusion - In severe gastrointestinal bleeding
and shock (replacement of coagulation factors and
heparin if DIC develops)
• Dialysis in case of renal failure
• Co-infection with EVD should be immediately treated
with proper antibiotic
65. Pharmacologic therapy:
• Nucleoside analogue inhibitors of the cell encoded enzyme
SAH have been shown to inhibit Zaire Ebola virus replication
in adult BALB/c mice infected with mouse-adapted Ebola
virus
• Interferon beta early after exposure led to a significant
increase in survival time, in rhesus macaques infected with a
lethal dose of Ebola virus
• Passive immunity- Equine-derived hyperimmune globulins
and human-derived convalescent immune globulin
preparations
66. • Ebolavirus -infected cynomolgus macaques, use of human
recombinant interferon alfa-2b in conjunction with
hyperimmune equine immunoglobulin G (IgG) delayed
but did not prevent death
• A recombinant human monoclonal antibody directed
against the envelope glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola virus has
been demonstrated to possess neutralizing activity
• DNA vaccines expressing either envelope GP or
nucleocapsid protein (NP) genes of Ebola virus have been
demonstrated to induce protection in adult mice exposed
to the virus
67. ZMAPP
• Under development for treatment of EVD
• First used experimentally to treat some people with EVD
in the present outbreak, but as of August 2014 it had not
yet been tested in a clinical trial to support widespread
usage in humans
• Like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, ZMapp
contains neutralizing antibodies that provide passive
immunity to the virus by directly and specifically
reacting with it in a "lock and key" fashion
68. • Composed of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),
chimeric monoclonal antibody c13C6 from a previously
existing antibody cocktail called "MB-003" and two
chimeric mAbs from a different antibody cocktail called
ZMab, c2G4 and c4G7
• ZMapp is manufactured in the tobacco plant Nicotiana
benthamiana in the bioproduction process known as
"pharming"
69. Vaccines:
• Currently no vaccine is available
• Two candidate vaccines in phase 1 clinical trial:
One (cAd3-ZEBOV) has been developed by GlaxoSmithKline
in collaboration with the US National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases which uses a chimpanzee-derived
adenovirus vector with an Ebola virus gene inserted
The second (rVSV-ZEBOV) was developed by the Public
Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg which uses an
attenuated or weakened vesicular stomatitis virus, a pathogen
found in livestock; one of its genes has been replaced by an
Ebola virus gene
70. CONTROLAND PREVENTION
• Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of
interventions, namely case management, surveillance
and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe
burials and social mobilisation
• Community engagement is key to successfully
controlling outbreaks
• Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and
protective measures that individuals can take is an
effective way to reduce human transmission
71. Risk reduction messaging should focus on:
• Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission
• Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission
• Outbreak containment measures
72. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission
• From contact with infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes
and the consumption of their raw meat
• Animals should be handled with gloves and other
appropriate protective clothing
• Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly
cooked before consumption
73. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission
• From direct or close contact with people with Ebola
symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids
• Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment
should be worn when taking care of ill patients at home
• Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients
in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at
home
74. Interim guidelines for hospital infection control
while managing the suspect/ case of Ebola Virus Disease
(EBVD)
Component Recommendation Comments
Patient Placement Single patient
room (containing a
private bathroom)
with the door
closed
To maintain a log
of all persons
entering the
patient's room
To ensure
appropriate and
consistent use of
PPE by all
persons entering the
patient room
75. Component Recommendation Comments
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
All persons entering the patient room should
wear at least:
• Gloves
• Gown (fluid resistant or impermeable)
• Eye protection (goggles)
• Facemask to prevent
• splashes on nose and
• mouth
• Face shield, if used, will
• protect eye, nose and
• mouth
• Closed shoes
Additional PPE might be required in certain
situations
(e.g., copious amounts of blood, other body
fluids, vomit, or feces present in the
environment), including but not limited to:
• Double gloving
• Disposable shoe covers
• Leg coverings
To ensure appropriate
and
consistent use of PPE
by all
persons entering the
patient room
76. Component Recommendation Comments
Patient Care
Equipment
• Dedicated medical equipment (preferably
disposable, when possible) should be used
for the provision of patient care
• All non-dedicated, non-disposable medical
equipment used for patient care should be
cleaned and disinfected according to
manufacturer's instructions
The Equipment should
be as far as possible
dedicated to isolation
rooms
Patient Care
Considerations
• Limit the use of needles and other sharp
objects as much as possible
• Limit the use of phlebotomy and laboratory
testing to the minimum necessary for
essential diagnostic evaluation and patient
care
• If the use of sharp objects cannot be
avoided, ensure to follow safe injection
practices.
All needles and sharps
should be handled with
extreme care and
disposed in puncture-
proof, sealed containers
& follow as per hospitals
guidelines for disposal
77. Component Recommendation Comments
Aerosol Generating
Procedures on
patients
To be avoided as far as possible
If unavoidable follow a procedure to
minimize exposures from aerosol-generating
procedures when performed on Ebola HF
patients
Visitors /relatives should not be present
Limit the number of health care providers
present during the procedure for the activity
Conduct the procedures in a isolation room
as far as possible
HCP should wear complete PPE with N95
masks during the procedure
Disinfect the room after the procedure
If re-usable equipment is used, they should
be cleaned and disinfected
Collection and handling of soiled re-usable
respirators must be done by trained individuals
using PPE
Because of the potential
risk to individuals
reprocessing reusable
respirators, disposable
filtering face piece
respirators &
equipment's should be
preferred.
Define a list of
procedures like
intubation, etc.
78. Component Recommendation Comments
Hand Hygiene • To perform hand hygiene frequently,
including before and after all patient
contact, contact with potentially infectious
material, and before putting on and upon
removal of PPE, including gloves.
• Ensure that supplies for performing hand
hygiene like hand rub or soap & water are
freely available.
Hand hygiene in
healthcare settings can
be performed by
washing with soap and
water or using alcohol-
based hand rubs. If
hands are visibly soiled,
use soap and water, not
alcohol-
based hand rubs.
Environmental
Infection Control
• Environmental cleaning and disinfection and
safe handling of potentially contaminated
materials is paramount
• Health care providers performing
environmental cleaning and disinfection
should carry out all activities after wearing
complete set of PPE & follow hospital
infection control guidelines strictly
Ebola virus is
susceptible to all
commonly used
disinfectants eg. sodium
hypochlorite (1%)
79. Component Recommendation Comments
Safe injection
practices
• Any injection equipment or parenteral
medication container that enters the patient
treatment area should be dedicated to that
patient and disposed of at the point of use
disposable syringes & needles are only to be
used
Follow safe injection
practices
Duration of
Infection Control
Precautions
• Till the patient is in hospital & as the patient
is infectious even after he /she is
asymptomatic hence even at home safety
precautions to be followed till two months
from the date of onset of the symptoms
appeared
It will help in
containment
Self health
monitoring
• Recommended for all health care providers
and visitors & contacts. For a period of 21
days of last exposure.
Supports spread of
disease & containment
there off
80. Outbreak containment measures
Contact tracing:
• Any person who has had close contact with a patient under
investigation/treatment for suspected, probable or confirmed
case of Ebola Virus Disease infection (should be carefully
monitored for the appearance of symptoms of Ebola Virus
Disease
• Close contact:
– Anyone who provided care for the patient, including a health care
worker or family member, or who had other similarly close physical
contact;
– Anyone who stayed at the same place (e.g. lived with, visited) as a
probable or confirmed case while the case was ill.
81.
82. Guidelines for healthcare providers:
Health workers while taking care of these patients should
observe the following, in addition to universal precautions to
avoid exposure to infected blood, fluids, or contaminated
environments or objects :
Should use personal protection equipment
Should not reuse protective equipment or clothing unless they
have been properly disinfected with 1% bleach or phenolic
products
Should change gloves between caring for each patient
suspected of having Ebola
83. Invasive procedures should be carried out under strict,
safe conditions
For aerosol generating procedures PPE should include
respiratory protection N95 and in airborne isolation room
Infected patients should be kept separate from other
healthy patients
Dedicated medical equipment should be used
All non-dedicated, non-disposable medical equipment
used for patient care should be cleaned and disinfected as
per manufacturer’s instructions and hospital policies
84. Use of injections and sharps should be limited
If the use of sharp objects cannot be avoided, ensure that
the precautions are observed
85. Advisory for Airlines on Ebola Virus Disease (EVD):
1. In flight announcement as below:
“In view of the current threat of Ebola Virus Disease
(EVD): which has high mortality and is currently reported in
West African Countries, travelers who have any fever, weakness,
muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash,
bleeding should report immediately to the airlines crew and at the
immigration/medical unit on arrival. This is important for early
diagnosis for prompt management and preventing spread. In case
any of these symptoms develop within 30 days of arrival in the
country the traveler should seek medical assistance from the
designated hospitals and also inform the airport health office.”
86. 2. All airlines should keep
a. First aid kits, universal precaution kits as per the ICAO
guidelines and
b. A stock of triple layer masks (25 Nos.), disposable hand
gloves (around 25) hand sanitizer and disposal bags: these
are to be used for any passenger reporting with symptoms
of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and co-passengers who are
likely to have contacted the disease.
87. 3. Assist the staff of Health unit at the airport during
disembarkation for contact tracing of travelers identified as
suspect by providing Public Health Passenger Locator cards
(as requested by the Airport Health officer).
4. Follow aircraft disinfection procedures (as
recommended by WHO/ICAO).
88. Advisory for specific public health measures for travelers
suspected of EVD
• Distancing of other passengers , if possible from the
symptomatic passenger(reseating)
• Covering nose and mouth of the patient with a surgical
facemask (if tolerated)
• Limiting contacts to the passenger to the minimum necessary
• Only one or two (if ill passenger requires more assistance)
cabin crew should be taking care of the ill passenger and they
should be using the Universal Precaution Kit
89. • Hand washing with soap after any direct or indirect
contact with the passenger
• Immediate notification of authorities at the destination
airport in accordance with procedures promoted by the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• Immediate isolation of passenger upon arrival
90. • The possibility of transmission to other co-passengers
and crew on board the aircraft should be assessed by
health care providers on arrival
• Based upon proximity to the index patient, contact
tracing should be considered:
Passengers and crew with reported direct contact
Passengers seated in an adjacent seat to the index patient
Cleaning staff of affected aircraft section
91.
92.
93. Conclusion
• Prevention of world wide outbreak lies within the
education of what the virus is capable of doing, how
Ebola virus can be properly treated and by performing
prompt action to isolate the virus before it has dispersed
• Because of the nature and extent of international travel
today, it is possible that importations of diseases like
Marburg, Lassa and Ebola will take place
• Comprehensive national programs for the diagnosis,
management and surveillance of such patients and their
personal contacts should be developed
94. • Control of person to person transmission remains as a
greatest challenge in control and prevention of the
infection
• Our approach to the future management of these
problems must remain dynamic and adaptable to new
developments in the epidemiology, control and
prevention of these diseases
95.
96. REFERENCES
• The Ebola Response Roadmap is available at:
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/res
ponse-roadmap/en/. Accessed October 28, 2014
• WHO | Ebola virus disease. Available at:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/
1/7. Accessed October 22, 2014
97. • National Institute for Communicable Diseases | Alerts | Ebola Virus
Disaease Outbreak: Situation Update, 27 October 2014. Available at:
http://www.nicd.ac.za/?page=alerts&id=5&rid=430.
Accessed October 28, 2014.
• Ebola: What Clinicians Need to Know. Available at:
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/832353?src=wnl_cme_revw.
Assessed October 28, 2014.
• Case Definition for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD):Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention . Available at :
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/distribution-
map.html#areas. Accessed October 22, 2014
• Advisories on (EVD) Ebola Virus Disease. Ministry of health and
family welfare. Available at
http://mohfw.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=4362&lid
=2884. Last accessed on October 28, 2014.