Eating disorders
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The document discusses eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It covers the characteristics, etiology, complications, treatment and nursing care for those suffering from these disorders. Anorexia has a high mortality rate and causes issues like osteoporosis and heart problems from malnutrition. Bulimia involves binge eating and purging, with risks such as electrolyte imbalances. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including medical stabilization, psychotherapy, and addressing the psychosocial factors contributing to the disorders. Nurses play a key role in providing a supportive environment, education, and setting limits to help patients gain weight and break unhealthy cycles of behavior.
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Eating disorders
- 2. Topics Covered: Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Not Covered: Overeating and Binge Eating Disorder (DSM) Obesity Bariatric Surgery www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 4. Anorexia Nervosa: Incidence and Characteristics Affects 3.7% of women Less common than bulimia 6 to 20% die as a result of the illness Higher death rate than any other psychiatric disorder www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 5. Anorexia Nervosa Characteristics, cont’d Females, 90% (Male numbers are growing) Onset: Adolescence to early adulthood Age of onset is decreasing Often insidious Occurs during important life transitions No loss of appetite Deliberate Weight loss www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 6. Cultural Influences Weight and Shape are very important Computer Graphics: make thin models even thinner Preoccupation with food, eating, fitness Unrealistic Ideals www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 7. DSM IV-TR Criteria Refusal to maintain normal weight Intense fear of gaining weight, even if underweight Body image disturbances In female adults or adolescents, absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles Types are: Restricting and Binge/Purging www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 8. Psychosocial Factors May be avoidant or have social problems Rigid, competitive, perfectionistic Compulsive and obsessive Hyperactive Anxious Compliant “people pleasers” www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 9. Food-Related Behaviors in Anorexia Nervosa Restricting intake, fasting Hoarding food Highly avoidant of certain foods Preoccupation with calories, meals, recipes, etc. Preparing/serving elaborate meals for others Rituals before and during eating become compulsions www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 10. Purging Behavior in Anorexia Purgers and vomiters Eat normally in a social situations Amount of food eaten is not excessive Purge if no success with severe restricting (Not on the test) www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 12. Anorexia: More Consequences Decreased peristalsis is exacerbated by overuse of laxatives or enemas Delayed gastric emptying Feel full much longer Dehydration www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 13. Anorexia: Consequences Amenorrhea, decreased development of secondary sex characteristics Osteopenia or Osteoporosis Bone mass loss may be irreversible Weakness and fatigue But will persist in excessive exercising to burn calories www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 14. Anorexia: Complications Heart failure, life threatening arrhythmias Cardiac ventricular dilation Decreased thickness of the ventricular wall Decrease oxygenation of the cardiac muscle Renal failure www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 15. Complications, cont’d Electrolyte imbalance Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Metabolic imbalance Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 16. Complication of Treatment: Re-feeding Syndrome Severe Fluid Shifts from too rapid re-introduction of food Extracellular to intracellular Cardiovascular, neurological and hematologic complications Refeed slowly Close supervision www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 17. Nursing Diagnosis: Critical thinking Write a nursing diagnosis for each of these consequences of Anorexia Nervosa: 1) Severe weight loss to 60% of average body weight 2) Bradycardia 3) Overuse of laxatives to achieve wt. loss 4) Refeeding Syndrome www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 18. Nursing Diagnosis: Critical thinking Some possible choices 1) Nutrition less than body requirements r/t refusal to eat; r/t excessive exercise 2) R/F falls r/t hypotension 3a) Fluid volume deficit r/t laxative overuse 3b) Constipation r/t altered gastric motility 4a) Imbalanced fluid volume r/t fluid shifts 4b) Impaired cardiac or peripheral tissue perfusion r/t decreased cardiac output www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 19. Mental Health Problems Associated with Anorexia Fear of losing control (Anxiety) Low sex drive Feelings of helplessness Feel abandoned or inadequate Combat by controlling what they eat Obsessive-compulsive disorder Major Depression (Dx and tx only after weight gain is established) Substance abuse Personality disorders www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 20. Etiology of Anorexia High levels of serotonin SSRIs are not effective If used should not be started until weight restoration is established www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 21. Etiology: Anorexia and the Family Emotional restraint Enmeshed relationships Rigid organization Tight control Drive for thinness is a way to seek control Avoidance of conflict Odd eating habits Emphasis on appearance www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 23. Bulimia Means to have an insatiable appetitive Begins in adolescents Primarily in women 4% of young adults Symptom overlap with Anorexia, making diagnosis difficult www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 24. Bulimia Characteristics Hide their eating-disordered behaviors Lack of weight loss Coexisting mental disorders: Major Depression Personality disorders Post traumatic Stress Disorder Purging develops as a way to compensate for massive amounts of food eaten Restrictive eating….then purging….cycle www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 25. Binge Episode Massive Amounts of Food www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 26. Binge Eating Feelings of lack of control Often done in secret High calorie-High carbohydrate Consumed in less than 2 hours Addicted to the high experienced when eating www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 27. Purging = Compensatory Behavior for Binge Eating May use manual stimulation, laxatives, and/or emetics Over time, self-induced vomiting occurs with minimal stimulation Post-purging: sense of relief, calm www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 28. Consequences and Complications of Purging Electrolyte imbalances Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Cardiomyopathy Enlarged salivary glands Erosion of dental enamel Russell’s sign Pancreatitis www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 30. Differences in Bulimia from Anorexia Lowered serotonin activity Binge eating raises levels of serotonin Treatment with SSRI, particularly fluoxetine (Prozac) Depression; shame; hide their eating www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 31. Bulima: Associated Family Characteristics Mood disorders Substance abuse Conflict Disorganized Lacking nurturance Food is a symbolic form of nurturing Evidence Bulimia is a response to chaos www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 32. Management of Eating Disorders Anorexia Increase weight to 90% of average body weight Increase self-esteem Decrease need for perfection (provided by thinness) Bulimia Stabilize weight without purging www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 33. Management of Eating Disorders Both Anorexia and Bulimia: Inpatient treatment for medical stabilization and dietary management Long-term outpatient tx. addresses psychosocial issues www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 34. Management: Starvation Phase of Anorexia Assess labs: Monitor intake/output Assess for cardiovascular, neurological and complications Refeed slowly; careful dietary supervision Intravenous lines and feeding tubes if client refuses food www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 35. Nurse Patient Relationship Anorexia Nervosa Usually forced into tx. Tx means loss of control over eating Nurse is the enemy Bulimia Nervosa More likely to want help: break the cycle More likely to enter treatment of their on volition Tendency to manipulate Hide the degree of the problem www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 36. Critical Thinking: Nursing Interventions Give rationales for each of the following interventions listed on next slide www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 37. Nurse Patient Relationship: Some Interventions for Eating Disorders Do not confront denial, but encourage feelings identification Honesty Collaborate TEACH patient about their disorder Assist to identify positive qualities Eat with the client Set appropriate limits Encourage decision making concerning issues other than food Behavior modification: Patient input Reward for weight gain www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 38. Psychopharmacology Anxiolytics when re-feeding is occurring SSRI for Bulimia Equally effective for depressed and non- depressed patients Psychotherapy for Anorexia Use antidepressant for co-morbid severe depression www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 39. Milieu Management Orientation Warm nurturing environment Convey an understanding of their fears Close observation Do we let these patient go to the rest room alone? Should we let them go to their room right after a meal? Nonjudgmental confrontation CONSISTENCY Encourage the patient to talk to staff when they feel the need to purgewww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 40. Milieu Management, cont’d Weighing Family Therapy Group Therapy Which groups would be best for clients with eating disorders? Dietitian Follow-up Therapy (outpatient) www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
- 41. Scenarios: Communication 1) Two clients on the eating disorders unit are overheard discussing recipes and meal plans in the day room. How should the nurse respond? 2) An inpatient with Anorexia Nervosa complains of feeling very full after eating and says she is being given too much to eat. How should the nurse respond? www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in