Eating disorders ( Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa)kalyan kumar
Eating disorders are a range of psychological conditions that cause unhealthy eating habits to develop. They might start with an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape.
In severe cases, eating disorders can cause serious health consequences and may even result in death if left untreated.
Binge Eating - A psychological disorderchandan28may
Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating that is characterized by episodes of uncontrolled eating. It refers to a psychological disorder, where their is lack of control. Know more by going through the presentation.
Eating disorders ( Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa)kalyan kumar
Eating disorders are a range of psychological conditions that cause unhealthy eating habits to develop. They might start with an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape.
In severe cases, eating disorders can cause serious health consequences and may even result in death if left untreated.
Binge Eating - A psychological disorderchandan28may
Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating that is characterized by episodes of uncontrolled eating. It refers to a psychological disorder, where their is lack of control. Know more by going through the presentation.
Eating disorder is now known to reflect an interaction between an organism’s physiological variables include the balance of various neuropeptide and neurotransmitters, metabolic state, metabolic rate, condition of the gastrointestinal tract, amount of storage tissue, and sensory receptors for taste and smell.
A crash-course ED 101 for dietitians not familiar with eating disorders
- What does "normal eating" mean and when does it become "disordered eating?"
- What are the spectrum of eating disorders?
- What are the causes of eating disorders and what does treatment involve?
- What is the dietitian's role in eating disorders?
- What are some ways to screen eating disorders and obsessive/compulsive exercise?
- Why are "Health at Every Size" and "Intuitive Eating" effective approaches in preventing clinical eating disorders?
this presentioation will help individuals learn about the most popular eating disorders known around the world, and how these disorders are spreading in the arab countries.
Feeding and Eating disorders are one of the devastating disorders , Anorexia is a killer disease , very common in childhood and adolescent, mainly in girls more than boys. Bulimia is charecterize by binge eating followed by compulsive purging . Binge eating disorders and night eating syndrome are becoming very prevalent
Feeding disorders as avoidant restrictive food intake disorder , rumination disorders and pica are the types of feeding disorders in infant and childhood period
psychological rehabilitation, nutritional plan and medical therapy are the most effective lines of treatment foe eating Disorders
Eating disorder is now known to reflect an interaction between an organism’s physiological variables include the balance of various neuropeptide and neurotransmitters, metabolic state, metabolic rate, condition of the gastrointestinal tract, amount of storage tissue, and sensory receptors for taste and smell.
A crash-course ED 101 for dietitians not familiar with eating disorders
- What does "normal eating" mean and when does it become "disordered eating?"
- What are the spectrum of eating disorders?
- What are the causes of eating disorders and what does treatment involve?
- What is the dietitian's role in eating disorders?
- What are some ways to screen eating disorders and obsessive/compulsive exercise?
- Why are "Health at Every Size" and "Intuitive Eating" effective approaches in preventing clinical eating disorders?
this presentioation will help individuals learn about the most popular eating disorders known around the world, and how these disorders are spreading in the arab countries.
Feeding and Eating disorders are one of the devastating disorders , Anorexia is a killer disease , very common in childhood and adolescent, mainly in girls more than boys. Bulimia is charecterize by binge eating followed by compulsive purging . Binge eating disorders and night eating syndrome are becoming very prevalent
Feeding disorders as avoidant restrictive food intake disorder , rumination disorders and pica are the types of feeding disorders in infant and childhood period
psychological rehabilitation, nutritional plan and medical therapy are the most effective lines of treatment foe eating Disorders
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Eating Disorder A Threat To Life | Solh Wellness.pdfSolh Wellness
Eating disorders are caused due to uncontrollable eating habits that harm your health, emotions, and ability to perform in day-to-day activities. Solh Wellness explains about its types, causes and risk factors.
Improving the lives of those suffering from psychiatric and behavioral disorders is what we strive to achieve at the CNS Center of Arizona. Our psychiatrists specialize in severe and dual neuropsychiatric disorders. They understand and care for the patient medically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. They teach what they know to patients and their families. This approach, we have found, helps empower patients to manage their lives, over time, and achieve the best outcome possible. Our approach at CNS Center of Arizona is a collaborative model of care involving other professionals and therapists. We expect patients who are currently in therapy to maintain contact with their primary therapist. CNS Center AZ
http://www.cnscenteraz.com
This is for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological aliment. For questions about this blog project or its contents please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org.
More than 11 million men and women in the United States struggle with an eating disorder. To raise awareness and understanding of these devastating diseases, Eating Recovery Center, a behavioral hospital focused on comprehensive treatment and sustainable recovery for eating disorders, has developed this Blogger’s Guide to Eating Disorders. This guide offers information and resources to support your stories about America’s deadliest mental illness.
For downloadable eating disorder resources, please visit http://bit.ly/8ZbVAO.
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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2. Presenter
Jaspreet Kaur
M.Sc.(Foods And Nutrition)
Reg.No. 04- HOMMA- 01229
Minor Guide
Dr. (Mrs.) S. Ahlawat
Professor and Head
Department of Ext. Edu. and
Communication
SDAU, S.K.Nagar.
A SEMINAR ON
Effects of Eating Disorders on Health
2
Major Guide
Dr. V. H. Kanbi
Associate Professor
Department of Food Science and
Nutrition
SDAU, S.K.Nagar.
3. 3
4. AETIOLOGY
2. NEED OF STUDY
3. CLASSIFICATION
.
5. MOST PREVALENT EATING DISORDERS
6. CASE STUDIES
1. Introduction
7. ASSESSMENT
9. CONCLUSION
Content
10. Future Thrust
8. TREATMENT
.
4. INTRODUCTION
An eating disorder is when a person experiences severe disturbances
in eating behaviour, such as extreme reduction of food intake or
overeating, or feelings of intense distress or concern about body
weight or shape.
Society, today promote the ideals of a slim body and models are often
taken as role models of success. conversely they may be
underweight to look perfect on televisions and magazines. In order to
look good they practice abnormal pattern of eating. Socioeconomic-
cultural changes and westernization could result of eating disorders in
India (Shroff and Thompson 2004).
4
5. DEFINITION
Eating disorders are psychological illnesses
defined by abnormal eating habits that may
involve either insufficient or excessive food
intake to the detriment of an individual's physical
and mental health.
5
6. WHY WE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS
Eating disorders involves self-starvation and over eating. The body is
denied the essential nutrients which needs to function normally, so it is
forced to slow down all of its processes to consume energy and other
nutrient. This slowing down can have serious medical consequences
(Gupta, 2007).
The prevalence of eating disorders in India is lower than that of
western countries but appears to be increasing significantly in the
country.
Thus a study on eating disorders is felt needed realizing the increased
current prevalence, incidence of eating disorder, its complications and
increasing mortality in different age groups mainly in adolescent girls.
The study also fulfils the need to improve knowledge and attitude
regarding eating disorders to promote a disease free or healthy life.
6
7. 7
CLASSIFICATION OF EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
Binge eating disorder
(BED)
Other Specified
Eating Disorder
(OSED)
Compulsive Overeating,
(COE)
Diabulimia
Orthorexia nervosa
Drunkorexia
Pregorexia
Food Craving
Pica
Other Prevalent Eating
Disorders
Currently not
recognized
in medical
manual
Currently
recognized
in medical manual
12. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
The term anorexia nervosa was first formulated in 1873
by Sir William Gul. The term is Greek origin which
means : A lack of desire to eat.
It is characterised by self-induced weight loss of at least
15% below the expected weight.
12
13. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA
A PERSON WITH ANOREXIA STARVE HER OR HIM SELF SO SHE
OR HE CAN BE SKINNY.
Dramatic weight loss
Constipation or Diarrhoea
Electrolyte imbalance
Cavities
Cardiac arrest
Amenorrhea
Osteoporosis
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Brain atrophy
13
14. 14
Chilblains, also known as Perniosis.
Heart rate problems Slow
heart rate (bradicardia)
Optic neuropathy
Osteopenia
Lanugo
Tooth loss
Leukopenia
15. CONTI....
Preoccupation with food, recipes or cooking, may cook elaborate
dinners for others but not eat themselves.
Cuts food into tiny pieces, refuses to eat around others.
Hides or discards food.
Perceives self to be overweight despite being told by others they are
too thin.
Purging: uses laxatives, diet pills, ipecac syrup, or water pills; may
engage in self-induced vomiting.
May run to the bathroom after eating in order to vomit and quickly
get rid of the calories.
Becomes intolerant to cold.
15
16. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA-ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Refusal or inability to maintain body weight over a
minimum normal weight.
Intense fear of gaining weight despite being underweight.
Disturbance in perception of body shape.
Absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles.
16
19. BULIMIA NERVOSA
Bulimia Nervosa literally means ‘hunger of an ox for nervous
reasons’ .
Bulimia is characterised by cycles of bingeing (eating a large
amount of food) and then experiencing guilt, fear, or stomach
pains, causing sufferers to purge. Those who suffer from the non-
purging type compensate for binges by exercising.
A person with bulimia eats a lot of food in a short amount of time.
This is called binging. Binging can cause feelings of shame and
guilt. So, the person tries to "undo" the binge by getting rid of the
food by throwing it up.
19
20. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BULIMIA NERVOSA
Chronic gastric reflux after eating
Dehydration and hypokalemia caused by frequent vomiting
Oral trauma, in which repetitive insertion of fingers or other
objects causes lacerations to the lining of the mouth or throat
Gastroparesis or delayed emptying
Constipation
Infertility
20
21. CONTI....
Inflammation of the esophagus
Peptic ulcers
Electrolyte imbalance, which can lead to cardiac arrest and even
death.
Russell's sign :scarring of the knuckles from placing fingers
down the throat to induce vomiting.
21
22. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA-BULIMIA
Minimum of 2 binge-eating episodes weekly for 3
months/recurrent binge eating.
A feeling of lack of control over binge-eating behavior.
Regular use of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics,
or vigorous exercise to prevent weight gain.
Disturbance of body shape perception.
22
24. FAMOUS ATHLETES AND CELEBRITIES
WITH BULIMIA
Nadia Comaneci (9x gold medalist gymnast)
Victoria Beckham (Posh Spice)
Kelly Clarkson (American Idol Winner)
Princess Diana (Princess of Wales)
Elton John (Musician)
26. BINGE EATING DISORDER(BED)
Binge eating disorder is characterized by consuming large
quantities of food in a very short period of time until the
individual is uncomfortably full.
Binge eating disorder is much like bulimia except the
individuals do not use any form of purging (i.e. vomiting,
laxatives, fasting, etc.) following a binge.
26
27. CONTI....
Individuals usually feel out of control during a binge episode,
followed by feelings of guilt and shame.
Many individuals who suffer with binge eating disorder use food as
a way to cope with or block out feelings and emotions they do not
want to feel.
Individuals can also use food as a way to numb themselves, to cope
with daily life stressors, to provide comfort to themselves.
Like all eating disorders, binge eating is a serious problem but can
be overcome through proper treatment.
27
28. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Significant weight gain
Digestive problems
Breathlessness
Periodically does not exercise control over consumption of
food.
Eats an unusually large amount of food at one time, far
more than an average person would eat in the same amount
of time.
Eats much more quickly during binge episodes than during
normal eating episodes.
Eats until physically uncomfortable and nauseated due to
the amount of food just consumed. 28
29. CONTI....
• Eats large amounts of food even when not really hungry.
• Usually eats alone during binge eating episodes, in order to
avoid discovery of the disorder.
• Often eats alone during periods of normal eating, owing to
feelings of embarrassment about food.
• Feels disgusted, depressed, or guilty after binge eating.
• Rapid weight gain, and/or sudden onset of obesity.
29
31. FOOD CRAVING
Food Craving is an intense desire to consume a specific
food and is different from normal hunger. It may or may
not be related to specific hunger.
31
32. CRAVING SPECIFIC IN MALE & FEMALE
Male typically crave protein, fat and sodium : Roast beef,
burgers, fries, steak, pizza and chips etc.
Female are more likely to crave sweet, high-carbohydrate and
high-fat foods : Chocolate, cookies, ice cream, pasta, and bread
etc.
32
37. PICA
Comes from the Latin word magpie - a bird which eat anything.
An eating disorder in which non-nutritional objects are eaten.
Characterized by a compulsive craving for eating, chewing or
licking non-food items or foods containing no nutrition.
37
38. MOST PREVALENT IN
Children ages 1-6
Pregnant women
Certain cultures
Mentally deficient
38
39. POSSIBLE CAUSES
Nutrient deficiencies- especially iron and zinc
Stress
OCD- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Developmental disorders
Mental disorders
39
40. SUBTYPES
Subtypes are characterized by the substance eaten
Amylophagia (consumption of starch)
Coprophagy (consumption of feces)
Geophagy (consumption of soil, clay, or chalk)
Hyalophagia (consumption of glass)
Lithophagia (consumption of pebbles or rocks)
Mucophagia (consumption of mucus)
Pagophagia (consumption of ice)
Trichophagia (consumption of hair or wool)
40
41. CONTI...
Urophagia (consumption of urine)
Xylophagia (consumption of wood or paper)
Consumption of paint.
Self-cannibalism (rare condition where body parts may be
consumed)
Odowa (soft stones eaten by pregnant women in Kenya)
Consumption of dust or sand has been reported among iron-
deficient patients.
41
42. EFFECTS OF PICA
In children:
Malnutrition
Severe stomach ache
Muscle weakness
Brain damage
In adults :
Infertility
Increase blood pressure
Nerve disorders
Muscle/joint pain
42
43. CASE STUDIES RELATED TO PICA
Sample size &
characteristic of
population
Prevalence References
500 (school age children) 6 % Bhandari and Agarwala
(1996)
246(learning disabled
adults)
10.1% Tewari et al., (1995)
43
45. Increased production of ACTH
Reduced production of TSH
Changes in the production of specific hormone-releasing factors
Reduced production of FSH and LH
Reduced production of thyroxine,
resulting in slowed heart rate, low blood
pressure, poor thermal response
and cold extremities
THYROID GLAND
Increased production of cortisol as a
normal stress response, resulting in release
of protein from muscle and muscle wasting
GONADS
ADRENAL CORTEX
Reduced production of testosterone
in males resulting in impotence
Reduced production of oestrogen
and progesterone in females,
resulting in loss of ovulation
and menstruation
Trotter (1997) Endocrine effects of eating disorder 45
46. CONTI….
Skeletal
oestrogen and cortisol levels are largely implicated
If menstruation interrupted for a prolonged period of time, bone loss results.
risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
Refeeding syndrome
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyperglycaemia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, possible cardiopulmonary
failure….. death
46
47. GIT
Salivary gland hypertrophy
Occasionally pancreatitis
Oesophagitis
Gastric dilatation – poses risk of gastric rupture
Loss of bowel control
Constipation
Steatorrhoea
47
48. Pulmonary
Aspiration pneumonia
Recurrent chest infections
Dental
Erosion of dental enamel
Projection of fillings above the surface of the teeth
Chronic Diseases
Obesity
CVD (include: dyslipidaemia and HT)
Diabetes
48
50. 50
Result Source
Affect up to 24 million Americans and 70
million individuals worldwide.
Renfrew Centre Foundation for
Eating Disorders, (2002)
20% of people suffering from anorexia will
prematurely die from complications related
to their eating disorder, including suicide
and heart problems.
Renfrew Centre Foundation for
Eating Disorders, (2002)
High prevalence of eating disorders among
athletes, models, dancers and performers.
ADA, (2001)
50
51. 51
Effect Subject Resource
38.6% engaged in NSSI
(non-suicidal self-injury).
70 female patients with EDs Claes et al ., (2004)
A number of micronutrient
deficiencies have been
identified.
100 Anorexic Patient Hadigan et al ., (2000)
Suicide attempts
approaching approximately
17%.
1000 people
(Anorexia Nervosa )
Bulik et al ., (2008)
Disturbed eating attitudes
and behaviours were
present in 26.6% of
adolescents girls and they
had earlier menarche and
lower BMI.
120 adolescent girls from
Crosthwaite Girl’s College,
Allahabad, UP.
Upadhyah et al., (2014)
51
52. 52
Result Place Subject Resouce
32 were diagnosed as
anorexia nervosa (AN), 12 as
bulimia nervosa (BN) and 30
as eating disorders not
otherwise specified
(EDNOS).
Bangalore,
India
74 patient with
eating disorders
Prabha et al., (2011)
Particularly among urban girls
from families with a higher
economic status are about two
times more likely to report
dissatisfaction with their body
weight and these girls are five
times more likely to report the
need for dieting.
Sikkim,
India
577 adolescent
girls about
eating and
weight concerns
Mishara and
Mukhopadhyay, (2010)
52
53. SOME STUDIES RELATED TO CAUSES OF EATING DISORDERS
Result Reference
Prevalence of anorexia nervosa has shown an increase in
India. Socio-cultural variables like familial interaction
patterns, parental attitude towards weight control,
desirability for slimness, and thinness have a deciding
role. Stress of any kind can act as a precipitating factor.
Chadda et al., (1987)
Many religions, including Judaism, Christianity,
Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam, include some dietary
exclusion or periods of fasting as part of religious
observance.
Collins et al ., (1993)
Abnormal serotonin metabolism may play a greater role
in individuals with Bulimia nervosa.
Murphy et al., (2001)
A portion of the vulnerability to develop eating disorders
can be inherited.
Patel et al., (2002)
53
54. CASE STUDIES RELATED TO WESTERNISATION INFLUENCED
54
Westernisation
influenced case
Place No. of subject
(Pt. with ED)
Source
54 Patients with AN South
Africa
100 Norrois (1979)
5 case United Arab 80 Abou-Saleh et al., (1998)
5 cases India 60 Gandhi et al., (1991)
3 cases India 33 Chandra et al., (1995)
7 cases reported – 1 case
with no formal
education from lowest
social class
Malaysia 71 Ong et al., (1982)
54
55. CASE STUDIES RELATED TO PREVALENCE OF EATING
DISORDER BY GENDER
Country Year Sample size and
type
Incidence Resource
Australia 2008 1,943 adolescents
(ages 15–17)
1.0% male 6.4%
female
Patton et al., (2008)
Brazil 2004 1,807 students
(ages 7–19)
0.8% male 1.3%
female
Vilela et al., (2004)
USA 1992 799 college
students
0.4% male 5.1%
female
Heatherton (1995)
Norway 1995 19,067
psychiatric
patients
0.7% male 7.3%
female
Gotestam et al.,
(1995)
55
59. ASSESSMENT
Full physical examination & appropriate medical investigations is
required for proper treatment.
Assess patients height & weight
If any of the following features are present in patient then treatment is
indicated:
Wt < 70% of that expected Or BMI < 15
Acute rapid weight loss
Marked dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Convulsions
Uncontrolled vomiting
GIT bleeding
Acute pancreatitis
Self - injurious behaviour
Severe depression, suicide risk
Intolerable family situation
59
60. 60
TREATMENT
Treatment varies according to type and severity of eating disorder and usually
more than one treatment option is utilized.
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION
Goals of Nutrition Intervention
To normalise the relationship with food.
To gain an understanding of nutrient needs for growth, development, tissue
maintenance, wt control, appropriate body weight.
To provide an increased/ adequate energy intake (macronutrient) to promote
weight gain (initially 800-1200kcal/d and gradually increased to achieve goal
weight gain of 0.5 to 1 kg/ wk) OR weight stabilisation.
Introduction of fear foods
Adequate vit & min intake (Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, B-vits)
Promote energy expenditure in BED.
61. FORMULATION OF NUTRITIONAL PLAN
Nutrient Requirements:
Energy
Must observe energy intake with regard to weight gain
Must be aware that refeeding in AN increases
Be aware of individual response may be a period of abnormal
energy requirements for weight gain and maintenance
Restrictors have greater energy requirements than BN’s and BED.
Protein
1.2 - 1.5g/ kg IBW
Vitamins
B-complex
Vit D
Vit E
Vit A and B-carotene 61
62. CONTI.....
Minerals
Calcium
Zinc
Iron
Zinc: supplementation has been shown in various studies to be
beneficial in the treatment of AN even in patients not
suffering from zinc deficiency, by helping to increase weight
gain.
Ideally use low-dose multivit-mineral .
62
63. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) : which
postulates that an individual's feelings and behaviours
are caused by their own thoughts instead of external
stimuli such as other people, situations or events, the
idea is to change how a person thinks and reacts to a
situation even if the situation itself does not change.
Teach the patient to recognize the cognitions around
eating and to confront the maladaptive cognitions.
Introduce “forbidden foods” and regular diet and help
the him/her confront irrational cognitions about these.
63
64. CONCLUSION
Eating disorders are unhealthy diet practices that
can easily get in of hand and are difficult habits to
break.
Eating disorders are serious clinical problems that
require professional treatment by doctors,
therapists, and nutritionists.
64
65. FUTURE THRUST
Future studies are needed to explore the risk of autoimmune diseases and
immunological mechanisms in individuals with eating disorders and their
family members.
It is imperative that practices which increases the risk of eating disorders
are minimized as they appear to inadvertently increase the risk of
depression in athletes and other performers.
Further research needs to formulate comprehensive and holistic theoretical
framework .
Future research should examine gene–environment interactions for dieting.
Efforts are needed to raise awareness of the clinical implications of
different types of eating disorders for all age groups so that their
appropriate screening and treatments can seek out.
65