introduction to mental health nursing Jasleen Kaur
It explains the perspectives of mental health & mental health nursing..It define mental health,mental health nursing,components of mental health,mental health act,mental health program...
This slide contains information regarding Community Mental Health Nursing. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
Nature and scope of meantal health nursing - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Ra...Haroon Rashid
Subject - Mental Health Nursing and topic is Nature and Scope of Mental health nursing , Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
introduction to mental health nursing Jasleen Kaur
It explains the perspectives of mental health & mental health nursing..It define mental health,mental health nursing,components of mental health,mental health act,mental health program...
This slide contains information regarding Community Mental Health Nursing. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
The basic about the principles of psychiatric nursing , what all are the basic we have to follow while providing care to the psychiatric patients in hospital and in the community area
Nature and scope of meantal health nursing - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Ra...Haroon Rashid
Subject - Mental Health Nursing and topic is Nature and Scope of Mental health nursing , Presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College of Nursing
International level :The first predecessor was a Greek sanctuary at epidaurus.
In the fourth century, institution specifically for mentally ill were established in byzantium and jerusalem.
First psychiatric hospital was built in baghdad (705AD) and then at Fes and cairo.
In london (1247), first modern mental hospital named as bethlehem hospital was established.
Till 18th century, mental ill were not treated human. They got neglected, restrained, abused, were given poor nutrition and kept in torn clothing chained hands and feet.
Pinel revolution changed the focus of mental health care. He mandates the human approach for caring mentally sick patients.
Dorothea dix is said to be first nurse to be recognized to work with resident; she was in charge of union Army nurses during american civil war.
Linda Richards (1882) opened Boston city college which was specifically designed to train nurses to take care of mentally sick patients.
Johns hopkins university (1913) offered psychiatric nursing as a part of curriculum in nursing.
Till 1950, nurses who care for mentally sick patients were called attendants.
Discovery of chlorpromazine, i.e. anti-psychotic drug also revolutionized modern psychiatric in mid 1950’s.
Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill patients was known as antipsychiatry movement led by goffman, szaz and other which resulted in the concept of community psychiatry.
Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill patients was known as antipsychiatry movement led by goffman, szaz and other which resulted in the concept of community psychiatry.
Deinstitutionalization means mentally sick person will not be treated in institutions but in community.
From 1975-1983, more of the improvements in mental health care and mental hospitals were made.
In late 19th and 20th century , extensive educational upgrades for psychiatric nurses came into existence; M.Sc. Nursing, M Phil and doctorate in Psychiatric nursing.
National Level
Ancient vedic times
In scripture of ancient India, mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are mentioned. The bhagavad Gita is also an exemplary form of crisis intervention psychotherapy . In those ancient times , psychiatric illness was considered as a punishment for sin and witchcraft. Therefore, mentally ill were used to be restrained with chains and kept in jails and asylums in ancient times.
Pre-colonial times:
During the time of king Ashoka, Hospitals were established for mentally sick patients.
Under rule of first governor general Warren Hastings , first mental hospital at Calcutta was established.
Colonical times
In 1745, the earliest mental hospital for 30 in–patient capacity was established in Mumbai.
Indian lunacy act was also enacted in 1858 .
In 1912, pervious lunacy act was replaced and Indian lunacy act , 1912 came being.
CIP was the first institution in India to start diploma in psychological medicine,
CIP got the largest library on the subject of mental health in India.
mental Health Nursing,MENTAL HEALTH TEAM OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMJayesh Patidar
Definition – mental health,componenetes ,indicaters,charecterstics of Mentally healthy person and illness .
Characteristics of a mentally health person
Evolution of mental health services and treatment
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
PREVALENCE & INCIDENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
CURRENT ISSUES AND TRENDS IN NURSING
NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
MENTAL HEALTH TEAM OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM
'Mother role' tasks were carried out by mental health nurses. Both custodial companionship care and patient punishment were part of their duties. Treatment methods for mental patients included the introduction of insulin shock therapy in 1935, psychosurgery in 1936, and electroconvulsive therapy in 1937.
By positing that certain actions and attributes have been favourable throughout evolution, the evolutionary life history approach sheds light on mental health. Some symptoms of mental diseases, for example, may have an adaptive or even useful purpose. An example would be the potential benefits of being in a bad mood. However, as time goes on and social standards change, these displays could be seen as harmful to mental health and even as signs of psychopathology.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. PERSPECTIVES OF MENTAL HEALTH
AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING:
EVOLUTION OF MENTAL HEALTH
SERVICES AND TREATMENT
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND
DISORDERS
PREPARED BY
MRS.AKILA.A , M.Sc (N),M.Sc (PSY)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
2. INTRODUCTION
Psychiatric nursing can be seen as a
dynamic interplay between the nurse
and the patient, that encompasses ,
knowledge and skilful application of the
concept of behaviour, personality, the
mind, psychopathology and most
importantly, the process of
interpersonal relationship.
3. DEFINITION
MENTAL HEALTH:
A state of well being in which an individual
realizes his or her own abilities and can
cope up with the normal stressors of life ,
can work productively and is able to make a
contribution towards his or her community.
(WHO)
4. DEFINITION
MENTAL ILLNESS :
Mental and behavioural disorders are
understood as clinically significant
conditions characterized by alterations in
thinking, mood (emotions)or behaviour
associated with the personal distress and/
impaired functioning.
(WHO,2001)
5. DEFINITION
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING:
it is a specialized area of nursing practice,
employing theories of human behaviour as it is
a science, and the purposeful use of self as it is
an art, in the diagnosis and treatment of human
responses to actual or potential mental health
problems.
(ANA – 1994).
6. DEFINITION
PSYCHIATRY:
It is a branch of medicine that deals with the
diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
mental illness.
7. PERSPECTIVES OF MENTAL
HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH
NURSING:
• The psychiatric nurse must use herself
and her total personality as the main
implementation for an effective care.
• Physical manipulative skills are limited
here, since the nurse meets the patient on
a communication level, social and
recreational activities serve as a bridge to
open communication.
8. • Psychiatric nursing is comprehensive
nursing care.
• This suggests that acknowledging the
patient as a total person.
• Disease and injury are crisis situations
emotionally and physically. Crisis brings
disorganisation of patient and families.
• Reactions like uncooperativeness,
aggressiveness are common due to crisis.
• Constant stress leads to psychosomatic
disorders.
9. EVOLUTION OF MENTAL HEALTH
SERVICES AND TREATMENT
• Historically mental illness was viewed as a
demonic possession, the influence of
ancestral spirits, the result of violating a
taboo or neglecting a cultural, ritual and
spiritual condemnation.
• As a result, the mentally ill were often
starved, beaten, burnt, amputated and
tortured in order to make the body an
unsuitable place for the demon.
10. Gradually, man began the inquest for
scientific knowledge and truth, which can be
traced as follows:
Period of persecution (1552 BC – 1400
AD)
Earlier, treatment of mentally ill depended on
men’s various superstitious beliefs. Patients
with mental illness were avoided, thrown out of
society and beaten up by people. Since nobody
was allowed to interact with them, it was felt
that nursing care was not needed.
11. Egyptians, Chinese and Greeks believed
that the mental illness was caused by
demons.
They were treated by exorcism (prayer,
Noise making).
Hippocrates stressed that brain pathology
led to mental illness and recommended
marriage for mental illness.
Gradually Man began the quest for scientific
knowledge and the truth.
12. Period of segregation : (1545 AD – 1800AD)
To prevent the mentally ill patients from
straying into streets they were kept
separately in asylums. In England they were
kept in Bethlam asylum for the first time.
However the living condition was not
suitable for the patients. The aim was to
segregate patients from general public.
14. Humanitarian period: (1745 AD –
1826AD)
• Philippe Pinel in France and William Tuke
in England opened the chains of mentally
ill, paving the way for humanitarian care.
At last total care was provided to the
patients without restraints or chains. In
1773, in the U.S. mental patients were
admitted to Pennsylvania Hospital. No
specially trained nurses, only General
nurses took care of the patients.
15. Beginning of Scientific Attitude:
(1796 –1878 AD)
•Gradually insanity was regarded as an
illness.
• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)founder of
psycho analysis believed in hypnotism for
easing psychic tension.
• Emile krapelin (1856 – 1926) classified the
mental illness.
16. • First Florance Nightingale School was
opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
• In 1873, Linda Richards the first psychiatric
nurse was graduated from England.
• In 1956, an integral basic psychiatric
nursing concept was introduced in General
nursing programme.
17. Period of prevention: (1885 –
1960 AD)
In the 20th century, psychological clinics for
problem children were established.
In 1950, the National association of mental
health was formed.
In 1950, Paplau’s theory provided a
framework for practicing psychiatric nursing.
In 1960, first the first worldwide mental
health year was celebrated.
18. In 1960, first Doctoral programme in
psychiatric nursing was started in Boston.
The role of psychiatric nursing was widened
in caring mentally ill patients with Maxwell
Jone’s concept of Therapeutic Community.
In 1963, Journal of psychiatric nursing and
Mental health services was published.
19. Some important mile stones:
•1773, The first mental hospital in US was
built in Williamsburg, Virginia.
•1793, Phillip pinel unchained the mentally ill
patients.
•1812, The first American text book in
Psychiatry was written by Benjamin
Rush.(Father of American Psychiatry).
•1912, The Indian Lunacy Act was passed.
20. • 1908- Clifford Beers, an ex-patient of
mental hospital, wrote the book, ‘ The
mind That find itself’ based on his bitter
experiences in the hospital.
• 1912- Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss Psychiatrist
coined the term ‘ Schizophrenia’.
• 1912- Indian Lunacy act was passed.
• 1927, Insulin shock treatment was
introduced for Schizophrenia.
• 1936-Frontal Lobotomy was advocated for
the management of mental illness.
21. • 1938- ECT was used for the treatment of
Psychosis.
• 1946, Bhore Committee established an All
India Institute of Mental Health at
Bangalore.(currently known as
NIMHANS).
• 1949- Lithium was first used for the
treatment of mania.
• 1952- Chorpromazine was introduced
which brought about a revolution in
Psychophamacology
22. • 1963- The Community Mental Health
Centers Act was passed.
• 1978- The Alma –Ata declaration of
“ Health for All by 2000 AD” posed a major
challenge to Indian mental health
Professionals.
• 1981- Community Mental Health Centers
were set up to experiment with Primary
mental health care approach at Rajpur
Rani, Chandigarh and Sakalwara,
Bangalore.
23. • 1982- The focus shifted to community
based care, which became the basis for
the national Mental Health Programme.
• 1982- National Health Policy was
accepted by the Central Council of Health
and brought the National Mental Health
Programme in India (NMHP).
• 1987- Indian Mental Health Act was
Passed.
• 1990- Indian Government Formed the
Action group at Delhi to pool the opinions
of Mental health expert about NMHP.
24. • 1997- National Human Rights commission
prepared a Plan of action for improving the
conditions in Mental hospitals in country.
• 2001- On August 6th, 27 more mentally ill
people died as they were tied to their beds
when fire engulfed the thatched roof of the
Moideen Badusha Mental Home at Erwadi.
Following this incident major changes occured
in mental hospitals and in the lives of mentally
ill in a positive way by the Government.
25. • 2002- National Survey of mental health
resources carried out by the Directorate
General of Health services.
• 2007- under the eleventh five year plan,
Centers of Excellence in the field of mental
health was established , there by 11
mental health institutes were funded.
• 2008- WHO Mental Health Gap Action
Programme was launched which aims at
scaling up services for mental,
neurological and substance use disorders.
26. • 2013- WHO launched the Mental Health
Action Plan 2013- 2020 on 7 october
2013.
• 2013- Under the Twelfth five year plan,
Government of Indian integrated different
components of NMHP with National Rural
health mission.
• 2013- The Mental Health Care bill was
introduced in the rajya Sabha on 19,
August 2013.
27. • 2013- under central Sector, the Ministry of
Social justice and Empowerment launched
Deenadayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme
and provided financial assistance to NGOs.
• 2014- The National Mental health Policy 2014
is in accordance with the intent of World
health Assembly resolution.
• World Health day is observed on 10th October
every year, with overall objective of raising
awareness of mental health issues and
mobilising resources in support of mental
health.
28. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Some important Miles stones:
• 1840s- Florence Nightingale made an attempt to
meet the needs of Psychiatric patients with Proper
hygiene, better food, light and Ventilation and use
of drugs to Chemically restrain the violent and
aggressive Patients.
• 1872- First training School for nurses, based on
the Nightingale System was established by the
New England Hospital. Linda Richards, the first
nurse to graduate one-year course developed 12
training schools in USA.
29. • 1882- First School to prepare nurses, to
care for the mentally ill was opened at
McLean Hospital in Waverly.
• 1913- John Hopkins became the first
school of nursing to include a fully
developed course for Psychiatric nursing
in the curriculum.
• Major growth in Psychiatric nursing
occurred after World war-II, because of the
emergence of Services related to
Psychiatric Problems.
30. • 1921-short training courses of 3 to 6
months were conducted in Ranchi.
• 1943- Psychiatric nursing course was
started for male nurses.
• 1946- Health Survey Committee’s report
recommended preparation of nursing
personnel in Psychiatric nursing also.
• 1948-1950- Four nurses were sent to UK
by the Government of India, for training in
mental health nursing
31. • 1952- Dr. Hildegard Peplau defined the
therapeutic roles that nurses might play in
the mental health setting.
• 1953- Maxwell Jones introduced
therapeutic community.
• 1953-1954: The urgent need for nurses
trained in psychiatric care was felt by the
Government of India.
• 1954- Nur Manzil Mental Health centre,
Lucknow , started psychiatric nursing
orientation courses of 4-6 weeks duration.
32. • 1956- One year post- certificate course in
Psychiatric nursing orientation couses of
4-6 weeks duration.
• 1958- All the wards at the Agra Mental
Hospital were ordered to be kept open and
ward locks were removed from the charge
of the ward attendant.
• 1960-the focus began to shift to primary
prevention and implementing care and
consultation in the community.
33. • 1960- the focus began to shift to primary
prevention and implementing care and
consultation in the community. The name
‘psychiatric nursing’ was changed into
psychiatric and mental health nursing, further
it was renamed as Psycho social nursing in
1970s.
• 1963- Journal of Psychiatric nursing and
Mental health services was Published.
• 1964- Mudaliyar committee felt the need for
preparing a large number of psychiatric
nurses and recommended inclusion of
psychiatry in the nursing curriculum
34. • 1965- The Indian nursing Council included
Psychiatric nursing as a compulsory
course in the B.sc Nursing Programme.
• 1967- TNAI, formed a separate committee
for psychiatric nursing to improve the
perception of psychiatric nursing as well
as to set guidelines for nursing teachers to
conduct theory and practical sessions.
• 1973- Standards of psychiatric and mental
health nursing practice were enunciated to
provide a means of improving the quality
of care.
35. • 1975- Psychiatric Nursing was offered as
an elective subject in MSC Nursing at the
RAK college of nursing, Newdelhi.
• 1986- The Indian nursing Council (INC)
made psychiatric nursing a component of
General nursing and Midwifery course.
American Psychiatric nurses association
was established.
• 1990-ICN declared 1990 as the year of
mental health nursing.
36. • 1991- Indian society of Psychiatric nurses
formed at NIMHANS, Bangalore.
• 1994- Standards of Psychiatric Nursing was
revised.
• 1995- Journal of American Psychiatric Nurses
association was formed.
• 2000- American Nurses association
Published the Scope and standards of mental
health nursing.
• 2003- ANA began certifying psychiatric
mental health Practioners.
• 2010- ISPN published journal titled Indian
Journal of Psychiatric Nurses.
37. INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION
• It is a professional body of Psychiatry in india.
• Largest association of Indian Psychiatrists.
• 1929- Berkeley Hill of Ranchi founded the
Indian Association for Mental Hygiene .
• 1935- the Indian division of the royal medico
Psychological association was formed.
• 1946- The Indian Psychiatric Society was
inaugurated.
38. Aims of this Association:
- Promotion of mental health and mental health
education
- Promote and advance the subject of
Psychiatry.
- Formulation and advise on the standards of
education and training in Psychiatry.
- Promote research in the field of Psychiatry.
- Deal with matters relating to mental health
concerning the country and promote ethics in
practice of Psychiatry in india.
39. INDIAN SOCIETY OF
PSYCHIATRIC NURSES
• Indian society of psychiatric nurses was
started in 1991 at NIMHANS, Bengalaru
under the guidance of Dr.Reddemma with
the motive of enhancing the advanced
knowledge and skills in the field of
Psychiatric nursing.
• ISPN is publishing its own journal –Indian
Journal of Psychiatric Nurses.
40. Conferences by ISPN:
• The first national conference theme(2002)
was ‘ Child Psychiatric nursing’.
• The First international conference theme
(2005) ‘ Adolescent Mental Health issues.
In 2005, ISPN became a member of
Indian Confederation of Health
Accreditation.
41. PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND
DISORDERS
• The WHO declared the World Health day
theme for the year 2001 as “ Mental
Health: Stop Exclusion- Dare to Care”, in
order to focus global public health
attention on this neglected problem.
• The Bhore committee Concluded that
mental patients requiring institutional
treatment would be 2 per 1000 in the
country.
42. • The prevalence reported from the
epidemiological studies stated that, range
from the population of 18 to 207 per 1000
with the median 65.4 per 1000.Most of
these patients lives in rural areas remote
from any modern mental health facilities.
Large number of adults coming to general
OPD are diagnosed mentally ill.
44. Global Disability adjusted life years
estimation:
• 10% of world population are having mental
illness(2010)
• world wide 700 million people suffering with
mental health problems (2010)
• 7.4% world population struggled with mental
Health Problems.
• 0.5 % world population suffering with
Schizophernia
• Prevalence of unipolar depressive episodes to be
1.9% for men and 3.2% for women ,and the one
year prevalence be 5.8% for men and 9.5% for
women
46. PREVALENCE OF MENTAL DISORDERS
(analysis of 15 epidemiological studies-
Ganguli HC, 2000)
• All mental disorders- 73/1000 Population
( with rural and urban rates of 70.5 and
73/1000, respectively)
• Schizophrenia- 2.5/ 1000 Population
• Affective disorder (Depression)- 34/1000
Population
• Anxiety Neurosis- 16.5/1000 Population
• Hysteria- 3.3/1000 Population
• Mental retardation- 5.3/1000 Population
47. NATIONAL PREVALENCE OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
(analysis of 10 epidemiological studies-Madhav
MS, 2001)
• Schizophrenia- 2.3/1000 population
• Affective disorder- 31.2/ 1000 population
• Anxiety Neurosis- 18.5/ 1000 population
• Hysteria – 4.1/ 1000 Population
• Mental Retardation- 4.2/ 1000 Population
48. COMMUNITY BASED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDIES UNDER THE WHO MENTAL HEALTH
ACTION PROGRAMME
• In India the estimated life time prevalence of
mental disorders ranges from 122.2 to
48.6%.
• The ministry of health and Family welfare
Suggests that 6-7% of India’s People suffer
from mental disorders with about 1%
suffering from severe mental disorders while
3 in 10,000 people experience an episode an
episode of acute psychosis every year, about
25% of mentally ill people are homeless.
49. • Mental Illnesses like schizophrenia and
Bipolar disorder are prevalent in about 200
cases per 10,000 People.
• The burden of these disorders is likely to
increase 15% by 2020.
• The prevalence of Psychiatric illness is
58.2 per thousand which means that there
are about 5.7 crore people suffering from
some sort of Psychiatric illness.
50. • Out of this 5.7 crore,
- 4 lakh People- Organic Psychosis
- 26 lakh People- Schizophrenia
- 1.2 Crore People- Affective Psychosis
- 1.5 Crore People- Severe mental
disorders
- 12,000 patients- Government mental
hospitals - Reddy.1991.
51.
52.
53.
54. MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY
WELFARE, ANNUAL REPORT -2012-2013
• Various Community based surveys show the
Prevalence of mental disorders in India as 6-
7% for common mental disorders and 1-2%
for severe mental disorders.
• In India, the rate of Psychiatric disorders in
children aged between 4 to 16 years is about
12%
• Treatment gap for severe mental disorders is
approximately 50% and in case of Common
Mental Disorders it is over 90%.
55. • Common Psychiatric illnesses in General
Hospital:
- Neurotic disorders
- Psychosomatic disorders
- Functional Psychosis
• In Child Guidance Clinic:
- Mental retardation
- Conduct disorder
- Hyperkinetic disorder
- Enuresis