This document discusses techniques for earthquake resistance in buildings. It begins by defining earthquakes and their effects. Common techniques for earthquake resistance discussed include shear walls, bracing, dampers, rollers, base isolation, and use of light materials. Frame types used in construction that can resist earthquakes are also examined. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak columns, providing thick slabs and cross walls, and using symmetrical building shapes and reinforcement. Popular techniques for earthquake resistant design discussed are base isolation devices and seismic dampers.

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
What is earthquake……?
Techniques to resist Earthquake.
Different methods to resist to buildings.
Types of frames used for construction.

3. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and
intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all
round the world, except in some places where
earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and
towns is one of the effects of earthquake.

4. What is Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the result
of a sudden release of energy
in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area refers to the
frequency,type and size of
earthquakes experienced over
a period of time

5. disaster picture from Kashmir earthquake
2005

6. Damage to high rise building in Bhuj

7. Techniques to resist Earthquake
• Active & Passive system
• Shear walls
• Bracing
• Dampers
• Rollers
• Isolation
• Light weight material
• Bands
• Others
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8. Active System
Active control systems are devices integrated with real-time
processing evaluators for improved service and safety.
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Passive control systems are conventional devices to resist or
absorb the energy produced during Earthquake.
For example: Viscous Dampers

9. Inertial Forces
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11. Bracing
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Link
Beams
Diagonal Cross Chevron Eccentric

12. Bracing
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13. Cross Bracing
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15. Rollers
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16. Isolation
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17. Bands
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18. Waste Tire pads
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Source: www.homeimprovementpages.com

19. Waste Tire Pads
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Source: www.homeimprovementpages.com

20. Light weight material
In recent times, many new systems and
devices using non-conventional civil
engineering materials have been
developed, either to reduce the
earthquake forces acting on a structure
or to absorb part of seismic energy.
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21. Avoid Hammering & Pounding
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22. Suggestions
• Avoid weak column and strong beam design
• Provide thick slab which will help as a rigid diaphragm
• Provide cross walls which will stiffen the structures
• Provide shear walls in a symmetrical fashion
•Increase in the transverse (Shear) reinforcement.
• Horizontal lintel band should be provided
• Revision/ updation of building code of Pakistan
• The building must be regular and symmetrical in shape
• Reinforcing bars should be provided at the corners and the
junctions of the walls
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23. • Earthquakes affect
RCC
structures too…
• Slabs forces the
beam
to bend with it when
horizontal forces act.
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24. Earthquake resistant designs
• Design - but it is analysis of forces - buildings due
to loads acting on it.
• If a building is enough to resist the earthquake,
then such building is called Earthquake resistant
structure.
• Such design is called Earthquake resistant designs
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25. Popular Earthquake resistant
Techniques
• Earthquake may not be able to damage entire
building but it damages members of it.
• So special techniques are adopted:
Base Isolation Devices and
Seismic Dampers.
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27. Frames Resisting EQ’
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