This document discusses techniques for constructing earthquake-resistant buildings. It begins by providing background on earthquakes and defining key terms. It then reviews traditional and modern construction methods that improve earthquake resistance, such as using reinforced concrete, shape memory alloys, seismic dampers, and carbon fibers. Reasons why buildings commonly fail in earthquakes are discussed, such as lack of wall confinement and shear walls. The role of civil engineers in designing and building earthquake-resistant structures is also outlined. Finally, the document lists general requirements and strategies for improving earthquake resistance, such as proper site selection, building geometry, and reinforcement details.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Project Guidance Seminar for Civil Engineering final year studentsEr.Karan Chauhan
It is a guidance based seminar presentation for specially civil engineering students in final year project
Also it is very much informative for current new research are and new innovative topics in civil engineering
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Micro-piling is one of the efficient and cost effective ground improvement technique which can be use various condition. It can use to support foundation as well as soil retention.
Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in ...ijtsrd
Looking to the past records of earthquakes, theres expansion inside the interest of quake opposing structures which may be fulfilled by giving the shear wall frameworks inside the structure. Furthermore inferable from the principal quakes inside the new taps the codal arrangements updated and executing extra weight age on seismic tremor style of construction. Typically shear divider will be illustrated as the underlying vertical part that is prepared to oppose a blend of shear, second and hub load iatrogenic by parallel burden and gravity load move to the wall from various help. This research work centers on the correlation of seismic investigation of private structures utilizing supporting and shear walls. The investigation of the building is conveyed in each of the four seismic which are Zone III and Zone IV. This investigation contains understanding the key parts responsible for the construction to perform severely during a seismic tremor, with the goal that they acquire their reasonable attributes for the further quakes. Demonstrating of the design will be done through STAAD professionals. V8i programming. Times pan of the design in bidirectional is reestablished from the programming itself just according to IS 1893 part 1 2002 Sonal Asnani | Prof. Rashmi Sakalle "Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in Seismic Zones III and IV" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46437.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46437/comparison-of-seismic-analysis-of-multi-storyed-building-using-shear-wall-in-seismic-zones-iii-and-iv/sonal-asnani
Analysis of 3 Dimensional Building Frame Considering Outrigger and Hexagrid T...ijtsrd
The advancement of high strength underlying materials just as the presentation of dominating improvement strategies gave a lift in the advancement of tall constructions. As the tallness of the design builds, they become logically defenseless against wind load and seismic force. The resistance of tall designs to lateral loads is the central determinant in the detailing of new fundamental underlying systems that create by the steady undertakings of primary specialists to continue expanding the structure tallness while keeping the diversion inside commendable places of imprisonment and restricting the proportion of materials. In this proposed work a logical review will be consider on such frameworks like outrigger framework with center shear divider and hex lattice frameworks, to decide their primary productivity in moving the horizontal loads securely to the ground.A correlation of outrigger framework with center shear divider and a hex matrix framework was made on a 15 story building built up substantial structure by utilizing standard bundle ETABS by looking at changed boundaries like Maximum Story Displacement, Maximum Story Drift, Forces, Moment and Story Shear. Gavaskar Kumar | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Analysis of 3-Dimensional Building Frame Considering Outrigger and Hexagrid Technology using ETABs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50689.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50689/analysis-of-3dimensional-building-frame-considering-outrigger-and-hexagrid-technology-using-etabs/gavaskar-kumar
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Project Guidance Seminar for Civil Engineering final year studentsEr.Karan Chauhan
It is a guidance based seminar presentation for specially civil engineering students in final year project
Also it is very much informative for current new research are and new innovative topics in civil engineering
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Micro-piling is one of the efficient and cost effective ground improvement technique which can be use various condition. It can use to support foundation as well as soil retention.
Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in ...ijtsrd
Looking to the past records of earthquakes, theres expansion inside the interest of quake opposing structures which may be fulfilled by giving the shear wall frameworks inside the structure. Furthermore inferable from the principal quakes inside the new taps the codal arrangements updated and executing extra weight age on seismic tremor style of construction. Typically shear divider will be illustrated as the underlying vertical part that is prepared to oppose a blend of shear, second and hub load iatrogenic by parallel burden and gravity load move to the wall from various help. This research work centers on the correlation of seismic investigation of private structures utilizing supporting and shear walls. The investigation of the building is conveyed in each of the four seismic which are Zone III and Zone IV. This investigation contains understanding the key parts responsible for the construction to perform severely during a seismic tremor, with the goal that they acquire their reasonable attributes for the further quakes. Demonstrating of the design will be done through STAAD professionals. V8i programming. Times pan of the design in bidirectional is reestablished from the programming itself just according to IS 1893 part 1 2002 Sonal Asnani | Prof. Rashmi Sakalle "Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in Seismic Zones III and IV" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46437.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46437/comparison-of-seismic-analysis-of-multi-storyed-building-using-shear-wall-in-seismic-zones-iii-and-iv/sonal-asnani
Analysis of 3 Dimensional Building Frame Considering Outrigger and Hexagrid T...ijtsrd
The advancement of high strength underlying materials just as the presentation of dominating improvement strategies gave a lift in the advancement of tall constructions. As the tallness of the design builds, they become logically defenseless against wind load and seismic force. The resistance of tall designs to lateral loads is the central determinant in the detailing of new fundamental underlying systems that create by the steady undertakings of primary specialists to continue expanding the structure tallness while keeping the diversion inside commendable places of imprisonment and restricting the proportion of materials. In this proposed work a logical review will be consider on such frameworks like outrigger framework with center shear divider and hex lattice frameworks, to decide their primary productivity in moving the horizontal loads securely to the ground.A correlation of outrigger framework with center shear divider and a hex matrix framework was made on a 15 story building built up substantial structure by utilizing standard bundle ETABS by looking at changed boundaries like Maximum Story Displacement, Maximum Story Drift, Forces, Moment and Story Shear. Gavaskar Kumar | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Analysis of 3-Dimensional Building Frame Considering Outrigger and Hexagrid Technology using ETABs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50689.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50689/analysis-of-3dimensional-building-frame-considering-outrigger-and-hexagrid-technology-using-etabs/gavaskar-kumar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of B...ijtsrd
In Addressing the role of architects and the architectural aspects of earthquake performance of buildings, this paper has had three objective: First to show that earthquake construction is not merely an engineering activity for structural engineers, it is an activity to be shared by both engineers and architects; Second to demonstrate the role that non computal or architectural aspects plays in determining the earthquake resistance of building, and third to emphasise the need for engineers to understand characteristics of traditional construction and for architects to understand the problem and nature of earthquake effect on building. Prof. Y. P. Singh"Earthquake Resistance Architecture: A Study for the Architectural Design of Buildings in Sesmic Zones" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2229.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2229/earthquake-resistance-architecture-a-study-for-the-architectural-design-of-buildings-in-sesmic-zones/prof-y-p-singh
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31636 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1609
FIG.2 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA
FIG.3 COLLAPSING OF BUILDING
II. LITERATURE SURVEY:
In the recent and complex society, people's requirement for
building structures has improved and many people
expecting buildings to stay on fully equipped after large
earthquakes. Consequent to these demands, a different
seismic design methodology to produce flexible building
structures due to large earthquakes is needed [1–4]. Unique
structures provide the predominant functions, such as
power plants, fire-fighting stations and hospitals, are
constructed to stay on fully operational even though after
large earthquakes. Plastic distortionsare permittedforlarge
seismic risks below the hypothesis of ductile actions in steel
members and RC structures. The objective of this
amendment was to defend efficiently human lives against
large seismic risks by permitting building destruction. Thus,
the building Damage was deemed for saving lives [5].
Multistory unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings were
used, significantly in quite a few decades, and a large
quantity of buildings are still established at economical for
the period of urbanization in China. They structure provides
many advantages, but their accomplishmentsduringseismic
risks are not satisfactory in the Tangshan earthquake, 1976
[6]. SCC relate with masonry involvement by horizontal
reinforcements. In horizontal reinforcements vertical
interval is usually 500mm, and horizontal reinforcements
might be observed from design details of different
experimental specimens. Largest ratio of longitudinal
reinforcement is just over 1.0%. The longitudinal
reinforcement ratio of SCC is low [7]. SCC is a primary
structural design in seismic construction of masonry
buildings in China, and masonry buildings with SCC are still
counted as URM system propagating to the very low
reinforcement ratio and also for small section of SCC [8].
Opinion of seismic destruction to URM piers, masonry piers
endangered to in-plane packing may exhibition two
characteristic types ofbehaviorsheardeformations,flexural,
and consistent conceivable disaster modes perform such as
diagonal tension,rocking,toecompression,diagonal stepped
cracking and bed-joint sliding [9–10].
III. MODERN-DAY CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
The Prestressed concrete components in seismic risk
resistant construction which ensures proper relationship
between different elements of a structure. But this
methodology have been generally implemented in New
Zealand.
A. Shape-memory alloys
This demonstrate exceptional characteristics desirable in a
seismic risk resistant building. They have a capability to
disintegrate considerable energy without permanent
deformation or considerabledestruction.Generallycommon
shape memory alloys are makeup of metal blends
comprising, nickel titanium, copper-aluminum-nickel and
copper-zinc-aluminum-nickel. This is more suitable for
extensive applications.
B. Seismic Dampers
In Seismic Dampers are the diagonal braces in a moment
resisting frame which is used for efficient lateral load
resisting scheme. In modern area the structural seismic
retort to control have taken the lead to the alternative of
these bracings with seismic dampers. These dampers
behaves similar to the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars
considerably in case the sudden jerks are engaged in the
hydraulic fluids and only small is transferred to the chassis
of the car. In this case the seismic energy is conveyed
through it and dampers is absorbed a small part of it and
decrease the magnitude of the force which is acting on a
structure. Generally used types of seismic dampers are
included the friction dampers (energy is fascinated by
surfaces within the friction between them rubbing beside
each other), viscous dampers (energy is absorbed by
silicone-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder
structure), and yielding dampers (energy is fascinated by
metallic components that produce). The friction dampers
were delivered in an 18-story RC frame structure in
Gurgaon, India.
C. Steel Plate Shear walls
Shear walls are deemed as an important component of a
lateral load resisting systems and steel is known for its
flexible behavior.Mergingthesetwoattractiveproperties,an
efficient load resisting system was established and has
noticed wide applications in NorthAmerica andJapan.These
walls are intended and also, they turn as a bend as an
alternative of buckling below the action of lateral loads. The
walls are substantially lighter and thinner; thus, they reduce
the building weight. So, these walls not needed to be cured
and consequently, it leads to increase the speed of the
construction process.
D. Carbon Fibers
The tensile features and the constant nature of a spider web
was studied by many researchers in Japan. This is the
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31636 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1610
world’s first seismicreinforcementstructuremadeofcarbon
fiber material. An seismic risk Resistant Building Rendered
with Carbon Fabric and it is redolent of a giant spider web
has been erected in Nomi City of Ishikawa Prefecture in
Japan.
E. Ecological ductile cementations composite (EDCC)
spray
A many researcher from the University of British Columbia
(Vancouver, Canada) has established a newextrememethod
to make up the buildings resist against seismic risks. EDCC
blends the fly ash, cement with polymer-based fibers, and
other extracts in making it ecological and has been provided
the molecular level to be malleable and strong at the same
time. This material when utilized as a slim coating (10mm),
was noticed to have enhanced seismic resistance of the
structure by enduring a seismic risk of intensity 9 to 9.1 on
Richter scale (Tohoku earthquake, Japan 2011). So this
method has been proposed for retrofitting of the vacant
structures such as an uncomplicated school building in
Vancouver.
F. Blue mussels
It is found sea decks and clinging to rocks all laterally the
coast of New England. They are affixed in place by a gristly
outcrop of cabling that occurs from among their twin shells.
Generally the most ferocious of high tides Can’t pry them
very loose. To remain affixed to their precarious perches,
mussels secrete sticky fibers well known as byssal threads.
These threads are inflexible andstiffwhileothersareflexible
and elastic. Researchers are annoying to combine this
particular element into structures in order to make up the
building endure the seismic risks.
G. Seismic Invisibility Cloak
A sequence of the borehole is mined about the periphery of
the structure that needs to be endangered. These boreholes
seem to work as a seismic cloak‖ that could hide a building
or possibly an complete city from an earthquake’s deadly
waves. This makes the use of dampers, isolators, and also
other vibration response control devices obsolete.
1. ISSUES INFLUENCE THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF
A BUILDING
various factors influence the Seismic performance of a
building and are given below.
A. Height of the building
The seismic response of a building to a ground vibration is a
function of its natural frequency. it is inherent mass and
stiffness. These impacts vary with the height of the building
and vulnerability. this outcome, in high seismic zones, the
building height is constrainedinaccordancewiththeseismic
hazard estimate for the specific to a region.
B. Irregularities
The obstacle to the load path in transporting the forces from
roof to the foundation is produced by the vertical and
horizontal irregularities present in the building. It is
described about the irregularities is given in IS 1893.
C. Quality of Construction
The quality informed by the local construction practices in
terms of compliance with coal provisions and the Status of
maintenance or visual appearance is a major factor.
D. Ground Slope
Sloping terrain is often encountered in Himalayas, north
eastern states, and also along with the eastern and western
gates consequently a large number of buildings are in hill
slopes. Based on the sloping angle, the slopes are classified
into two types they are as the gentle slope (≤ 20°) and steep
slope (> 20°). If the houses are built on gentle slopes, the
ground is naturally leveled before construction. If the
building is constructed on a steep slope, the foundation will
differ in terms of elevation beside the plan of the building.
Consequently the vertical members with changing massand
stiffness which leads to the vertical irregularity. The
constancy of the ground plays the major constraints that
impact the seismic performance of a building constructions.
2. REASONS WHY BUILDINGS FAILURE
A. Absence Of Joints Confinement
Requiring and appropriate confinement is very significant
not only for the suitable implementation of the structures
but for the protection of the structure as well as living lives.
B. No Usage Of Horizontal Bands
Horizontal bands are the most significant seismic Resistant
feature in masonry building. Thebandsareprovidingtohold
masonry buildings as a single unit by binding all the walls
together and are alike to a closed belt delivering around
cardboard boxes are the most significant of all and needs to
be provided in nearly all buildings.
C. No Use Of Shear Wall
Intended to resist lateral forces and these are the
outstanding structural system to resist earthquake and also
offered throughout the complete height of wall. It offers
large asset and stiffness in the direction of positioning. This
is well-organized in terms of structurecostandeffectiveness
in minimalizing earthquake damages.
IV. EFFECTIVE ROLE OF CIVIL AND EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERS
This is not the earthquake which extinguishes the societies,
but it is in the insecure buildings which is accountable for
the destruction. Keeping in opinion the huge loss of being
and things in modern tremors, it has become a warm issue
and worldwide lot of study is successful on to understand
the purposes of such failures and understanding suitable
lessons to ease the repetition of such destruction. The
professionals complicated in this projectandconstruction of
these responsible structures iscivil engineers.Whoareliable
for the building construction the earthquake resistant
buildings and retain the society in a safe environment.
V. GENERAL NECESSITIES FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION:
A. Suitable Site Selection
The construction site has to be unchanging and safe enough
to struggle the total building load, comprising that of its
inhabitants and their properties. An appropriate site for the
buildings shall be designated in accord with this guideline.
B. Appropriate planning.
The form and sizes of a building are significantforitsseismic
safety rendering to the rules. Buildings with irregular plans
and elevations are feebler to seismic risks than those having
regular ones. The optional form and proportion of buildings
will be made by these guidelines.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31636 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1611
C. Appropriate Bonding Between Masonry Walls
The quality and category of the bond within the in folding
elements is the main contributor to the strength and
integrity of the walls. All the masonry units have to be
appropriately revitalized to provide the consistency.
VI. STRATEGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
CONSTRUCTION
In accumulation to the earthquake design code 1893 the
Bureau of Indian Standards has distributed to applicable
earthquake design codes for earthquake resistant
construction Masonry structures (IS-13828 1993).
Delivering vertical reinforcementatsignificantlocations
such as internal corners, and external wall junctions as
per code.
Horizontal bands should be providedatlintel,plinthand
roof levels as per code
Proper workmanship and Quality assurance must be
guaranteed for all cost without any concession In RCC
framed structures (IS-13920)
Grade of mortar should be as per codes definite for
dissimilar earthquake zones.
Asymmetrical shapes should be evaded both in vertical
and plain configuration.
In RCC framed structures the arrangementoflateral ties
should be retained closer as per the code
Whenever laps are to be offered,thelateral ties(stirrups
for beams) should be at nearer spacing as per code.
The hook in the ties should be at 135 degree as an
alternative of 90 degree for better anchoragement.
The planning of lateral ties in the columns should be as
per code and must be sustained through the joint as
well.
VII. PROPOSED DESIGNED EARTHQUAKE
RESISITANT TECHNIQUES
Combination of Triangular building designed Structure
(withstand large pressure) along with cross bracing. (Two
steel rods connected in the walls of the unctions are used). It
is avoid the vibration and collapsing. Move less during
earthquakethanrectangular building(increasedResistance).
Triangular frameworks are provided. Provide high
performance concrete wall construction. Fundamental core
delivers the torsional resistance of the building.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Seismic Invisibility Cloak – A series of the borehole is dug
around the periphery of the structure that needs to be
protected. These boreholes appear to work as a seismic
cloak that possibly will hide a building or perhaps a whole
city starting an earthquake’s deadly waves. This makes the
use of isolators, dampers, and other vibration response
control devices obsolete.
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