The document discusses earthquake-resistant design, including the causes and types of earthquakes, the seismic zones of India, and essential techniques for building structures that can withstand seismic activities. It emphasizes the need for construction quality control, effective design elements such as shear walls, and advanced techniques like base isolation and energy dissipation devices. The conclusion highlights the importance of fostering a culture of safety and prevention to mitigate the impact of earthquakes.

1. EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
PRESENTED BY:-
1. ZAKIR KHAN
2. OSAMA FAROOQUIE
B.ARCH. 2ND YEAR, 4TH SEM.
OYSTER C.O.A.
DATE: 17/03/2018

2. WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
AN EARTHQUAKE OCCURS
WHEN EARTH RELEASES ENERGY
SUDDENLY IN THE FORM OF SEISMIC
WAVES. THE TECTONIC PLATES IN THE
EARTH’S CRUST WHICH ARE ALMOST
HUNDRED KILOMETRES IN THICKNESS
GETS DISLOCATED BECAUSE OF
SEISMIC WAVES. AN EARTHQUAKE IS A
NATURAL PHENOMENON.
STRUCTURE OF EAR
BUT SOMETIMES ACTIVITIES LIKE OIL DRILLING, COAL MINING,
AND CONSTRUCTION OF BIG DAMS ALSO ADD UP TO THE SEISMIC
ACTIVITY.
EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY IS MEASURED WITH THE HELP
OF SEISMOMETERS.
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS RICHTER SCALE. A MAGNITUDE OF 3 ON
RICHTER SCALE IS INDISCERNIBLE WHEREAS A MAGNITUDE HIGHER
THAN 7 USUALLY CAUSES DAMAGE AND DESTRUCTION.

3. TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE:-
 TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE.
WHEN THE EARTH'S CRUST BREAKS DUE TO GEOLOGICAL FORCES ON ROCKS
AND ADJOINING PLATES CAUSING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES.
 VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE.
ANY EARTHQUAKE THAT RESULTS FROM TECTONIC FORCES WHICH OCCUR IN
CONJUNCTION WITH VOLCANIC ACTIVITY.
 COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKE.
SMALL EARTHQUAKES IN UNDERGROUND CAVERNS AND MINES THAT ARE
CAUSED BY SEISMIC WAVES PRODUCED FROM THE EXPLOSION OF ROCK ON THE
SURFACE.
 EXPLOSION EARTHQUAKE.
AN EARTHQUAKE THAT IS THE RESULT OF THE DETONATION OF A NUCLEAR
AND/OR CHEMICAL DEVICE.

4. HOW EARTHQUAKE
OCCURS?
EARTHQUAKES ARE USUALLY
CAUSED WHEN UNDERGROUND ROCK
SUDDENLY BREAKS ALONG A FAULT.
FAULT IS NOTHING BUT A
CRACK OR WEAK ZONE INSIDE EARTH.
WHEN TWO BLOCKS OF ROCK RUBS
AGAINST EACH OTHER ALONG A FAULT,
THEY DON’T JUST SLIDE SMOOTHLY.
WHEN THE ROCKS BREAK, THE
EARTHQUAKE OCCURS.
THESPOTUNDERGROUND
WHERETHEROCKBREAKSIS
CALLEDTHEFOCUSOFTHE
EARTHQUAKE.
THEPLACERIGHTABOVETHE
FOCUS(ON TOPOFTHEGROUND)IS
CALLEDTHEEPICENTRE OFTHE
EARTHQUAKE.

5. EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
GROUND MOTION.
LAND SLIDES.
GROUND DISPLACEMENMENT.
LIQUEFACTION.
TSUNAMI.
AFTERSHOCKS.

6. SEISMIC ZONE OF INDIA
GEOGRAPHICAL
STATISTICS OF INDIA SHOW
THAT ALMOST 54% OF THE
LAND IS VULNERABLE TO
EARTHQUAKES.
THE LATEST VERSION
OF SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF
INDIA GIVEN IN THE
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN CODE OF INDIA [IS
1893 (PART 1) 2002] ASSIGNS
FOUR LEVELS OF SEISMICITY
FOR INDIA IN TERMS OF ZONE
FACTORS.
 ZONE II.
ZONE III.
ZONE IV.
ZONE V.

7. SEISMIC WAVES
A SEISMIC WAVE IS AN ELASTIC WAVE GENERATED BY AN IMPULSE
SUCH AS AN EARTHQUAKE OR AN EXPLOSION. SEISMIC WAVES MAY TRAVEL
EITHER ALONG OR NEAR THE EARTH'S SURFACE
(RAYLEIGH AND LOVE WAVES) OR THROUGH THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
(P AND S WAVES).

8. SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
ABILITY OF A STRUCTURE TO SUSTAIN ITS
STRUCTURE’S PERFORMANCE & IT’S
SERVICEABILTY.
i.e. SAFETY & SERVICEABILITY DURING
EARTHQUAKE.
SEISMIC DESIGN
IT IS AUTHORIZED ENGINEERING:-
PROCEDURE.
PRINCIPAL.
CRITERIA.

9. RESISTANCE OF A MINOR
BUILDING
SIZE OF BUILDING
Simpler the plan,better the
performance
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
‘R.C.C.’ Preferable then
P.C.C.

10. RESISTANCE OF A MINOR
BUILDING
1. STRONG-COLOUMN , WEAK-BEAM
2. HORIZAONTAL BAND NECESSARY THROUGHOUT THE
MASONARY

11. RESISTANCE OF A MINOR
BUILDING
HORIZAONTAL BAND NECESSARY THROUGHOUT THE MASONARY

12. RESISTANCE OF A MINOR
BUILDING
LATUR EARTHQUAKE INCIDENT.

13. RESISTANCE OF A MINOR
BUILDING
•SOFT STOREY CONTINUE WALLS MUST BE AVOIDED IN GROUND STO
•NOT TO IGNORE STAIRCASE SLABS.
BHUJ INCIDENT

14. CONFIGURATION OF A BUILDING

15. QUALITY CONTROL
SPECIAL CARE IS NEEDED
IN CONSTRUCTION TO ENSURE
THAT THE ELEMENTS MEAN TO BE
DUCTILE ARE NEEDED TO PROVIDE
WITH FEATURES THAT GIVE
ADEQUATE DUCTILITY.
THUS STRICT ADHERENCE
TO PRESCRIBED STANDARDS OF
CONSTURCTION & CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS IS ESSENTIAL IN
ASSURING AN EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT BUILDING.

16. ELEMENTS OF GOOD QUALITY
CONTROL
1. REGULAR TESTING OF
CONTRUCTION MATERIALS
AT QUALIFIED
LABORATORIES.
(AT SITE OR IN LAB.)
1. PERIODIC TRAINING OF
WORKMEN AT
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
HOUSES.
2. ON-SITE EVALUATION OF
THE TECHNIQUE WORK.

17. SHEAR WALLS
 VERTICALLY ORIENTED
WIDE BEAMS.
 IT CARRIES SEISMIC
LOADS DOWN TO THE
BOTTOM OF
FOUNDATION.
 PROVIDES LARGE
STRENTH & STIFFNESS
TO BUILDING.
 THICKNESS
GENERALLY VARIES
FROM 150MM TO
400MM IN HIGH RISE

18. SHEAR WALLS
 SHOULD BE
SYMMETRICAL IN
PLAN ALONG BOTH
THE AXIS.
 THE OPENING
PROVIDED IN SHEAR
WALLS SHOULD BE
SYMMETRICAL.
 EFFECTIVE WHEN
LOCATED ALONG
THE EXTERIOR
PERIMETER OF THE
BUILDING.

19. ADVANTAGE OF SHEAR WALLS
 EFFICIENT IN TERMS OF:
 COST.
 EFFECTIVENESS.
 CONSRTUCTION.
HELPS IN MINIMIZING THE
EFFECT OFNON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE
GLASS & WINDOWS.
IT IS SAID THAT,
“WE CANNOT AFFORD TO
BUILD CONCRETE
BUILDINGS MEAN TO
RESIST SEVERE
EARTHQUAKE WITHOUT
SHEAR WALLS.”

20. EARTHQUAKE RESISTING
STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES
BASE ISOLATION METHOD.
ENERGY DISSIPATION
DEVICE.
-(SEISMIC DAMPERS)
KEEPING BUILDING

21. 1. INTRODUCE
FLEXIBILITY TO THE
STRUCTERS.
2. BUILDING IS RESTED
ON FLEXIBLE PADS (
BASE ISOLATORS.)
3. WHEN EARTHQUAKE
STRIKES THE
BUILDING DOES NOT
MOVES.
4. IT IS SUITABLE FOR
BASE ISOLATION

22. TYPES OF BASE
ISOLATOR
1.LEAD RUBBER BEARING.
2.SPHERICAL SLIDING
ISOLATION.

23. 1.LEAD RUBBER BEARING.
1.FREQUENRTLY USED
FOR BASE ISOLATION.
2.MADE FROM LAYERS OF
RUBBER SANDWICHED
TOGETHER WITH
LAYERS OF STEEL.
3.VERY STIFF & STRONG
IN VERTICAL
DIRECTION.
4.FLEXIBLE IN
HORIZONTAL
DIRECTION.

24. 2.SPHERICAL SLIDING
ISOLATION.
1. IT USESA BEARING
PADS THAT HAVE A
CURVE SURFACE &
LOW FRICTION
MATERIALS
SIMILAR TO
TEFLON.
2. DURINGAN EARTHQUAKE THE BUILDING IS FREE TO
SLIDE BOTH HORIZONTALLY & VERTICALLY.
3. ITWILLRETURN TO ITS ORIGINALPOSITIONAFTER THE
GROUND SHAKING STOPS.

25. DISSIPATION
DEVICE
• THESE ARE USED IN PLACE OF STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS SUCH AS DIAGONAL BRACES.
• ACT LIKE HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSORBERS.
• WHEN SEISMIC ENERGY TRANSMITTED
THROUGH THEM, DAMPERS ABSORB PART
OF IT, & THUS DAMP THE MOTION OF THE

26. DISSIPATION
DEVICE
DAMPER

27. TYPES OF SEISMIC DAMPERS
VISCOUS DAMPERS:ENERGY IS
ABSORBED BY SILICON BASED FLUID
PASSING BETWEEN PISTON CYLINDER
ARRANGEMENT.
FRICTION DAMPERS:ENERGY
ABSORBED BY SURFACE WITH FRICTION
BETWEEN THEM RUBBING AGAINST EACH
OTHER.
YIELDING DAMPERS:ENERGY IS
ABSORBED BY METALLIC COMPONENTS
THAT YIELD.
VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS:ENERGY
IS ABSORBED BY UTILIZING THE
CONTROLLED SHEARING OF SOLIDS.

28. KEEPING BUILDING
UPRIGHT/UPTHRUST
•THIS TECHNIQUE WAS DISCOVERED IN JAPAN.
•IT HAS FOUND YO BE SURVIVED IN EXTREME
EARTHQUAKE.

29. KEEPING BUILDING
UPRIGHT/UPTHRUST
•WHEN THE ERATHQUAKE STRIKES THE SYSTEM
DISSIPATES ENERGY IN THE BUILDING CORES &
EXTERIORS.
•THE FRAMES ARE FREE TO ROCK UP & DOWN
WITHIN FITTINGS FIXED AT THEIR BASES.

30. CONCLUSION
WHILE EARTHQUAKES ARE INEVITABLE,
EACH EARTHQUAKE NEED NOT CONVERT INTO A
DISASTER... AS WHAT COMES IN BETWEEN IS A
CULTURE OF SAFETY & PREVENTATION.
LET US WORK TOGETHER TO BUILD A
CULTURE OF SAFETY & PREVENTION.

31. ANY QUERIES
If ... Then plz google it;P

32. Thank You