This document discusses dynamic ecosystems, including abiotic and biotic factors, stratification due to varying conditions, intertidal zonation, qualitative and quantitative data collection, geographic range and distribution of organisms, population sampling techniques like transects and quadrats, and capture-mark-recapture estimates of mobile species populations. It also covers density, carrying capacity, and a example calculation to estimate a frog population using the capture-mark-recapture method.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Environmental Science Table of Contents 37 L.docxYASHU40
Environmental Science Table of Contents
37
Lab 3
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Concepts to Explore
• Biodiversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity
• Natural selection
• Extinction
Introduction
Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, includes the genetic variation between all organisms, species, and
populations, and all of their complex communities and ecosystems. It also reflects to the interrelatedness of
genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. Biodiversity is not evenly distrib-
uted across the globe; rather, it varies greatly and even varies within regions. It is partially ruled by climate,
whereas tropical regions can support more species than a polar climate. In whole, biodiversity represents
variation within three levels:
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity
It should be noted that diversity at one of these levels may
not correspond with diversity within other levels. The degree
of biodiversity, and thus the health of an ecosystem, is im-
pacted when any part of that ecosystem becomes endan-
gered or extinct.
The term species refers to a group of similar organisms that
reproduce among themselves. Species diversity refers to
the variation within and between populations of species, as
well as between different species. Sexual reproduction criti-
cally contributes to the variation within species. For exam-
ple, a pea plant that is cross-fertilized with another pea plant
can produce offspring with four different looks! This genetic
mixing creates the diversity seen today.
Figure 1: There are more than 32,000 species of
fish – more than any other vertebrate!
39
Biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity examines the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes in
the biosphere, as well as variation within an individual ecosystem. The differences in rainforests and deserts
represent the variation between ecosystems. The physical characteristics that determine ecosystem diversity
are complex, and include biotic and abiotic factors.
? Did You Know...
A present day example of natural
selection can be seen in the cray-
fish population. The British crayfish
are crustaceans that live in rivers in
England. The American crayfish
was introduced to the same bodies
of water that were already populat-
ed by the British crayfish. The
American crayfish are larger, more
aggressive and carry an infection
that kills British crayfish but to
which they are immune. As a re-
sult, the British crayfish are de-
creasing in number and are ex-
pected to become extinct in Britain
within the next 50 years. Thus, the
American crayfish have a genetic
variation that gives them an ad-
vantage over the British crayfish to
survive and reproduce.
The variation of genes within individual ...
Marine Biodiversity : A Global Pattern Essay
Biodiversity And Biodiversity
Big Idea Biodiversity
Biodiversity And Its Impact On Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
Biological Diversity
The Importance Of Biodiversity
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Essay On Endangered Plants
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Reflection Essay On Biodiversity
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Biodiversity And Its Effects On The Environment
Essay on Biodiversity
The Study of Biodiversity
Biodiversity And Its Effects On Biodiversity
Biological Diversity Essay
The Importance of Biodiversity
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
2. The environment refers to all the factors
present that impact on an organism. We
categorise an environment into the abiotic
and biotic factors.
3. Abiotic factors are the physical and chemical
factors present in an environment. Some
examples are temperature, light intensity, pH
of the soil, concentration of oxygen in water,
etc.
4. Biotic factors refer to the living things within
the environment. Some examples include the
presence of organisms of the same species,
competitors (compete for food, water, etc),
collaborators (work with the species to an
advantage), predators, parasites, etc.
5. Differences in physical conditions vertically
across a habitat give rise to stratification.
6. Differences in abiotic conditions give rise to
stratification. These differences include the
amount of light present, the strength of the
wind and the humidity.
These different conditions support different
communities of organisms.
7. Just are varying abiotic factors in a rainforest
lead to stratification, the changing water
level associated
with tides creates
intertidal zonation.
8.
9. It is important to measure factors within environments to
better understand how they function. This knowledge is vital
to conservation and restoration of the natural environment.
Qualitative data refers to descriptions not involving
numbers. E.g. the environment on the side of the cliff is
rocky and very exposed to the elements.
Quantitative data involves measurements e.g. the average
temperature during the day was 32 degrees.
10. Geographic range refers
to the area over which
can organism is found.
Geographic distribution
refers to the spread of an
organism within an
ecosystem.
Abundance refers to the
number of organisms
Geographic Range of the
present in an ecosystem
Platypus.
11. What limits range and distribution? The resources
available in an environment and the ability of the
organism to obtain these resources (dependent on
adaptations) limit the organisms range and
distribution. Generally the greater the tolerance
range of an organism the greater its range and
distribution. Biotic factors can be responsible for
limiting distribution within an ecosystem. Such
factors include food sources and predators.
12.
13. It is important to know not only which species
of organisms are present in an ecosystem and
the relationships that exist between then but
also where exactly these species are located
within the ecosystem and how many of them
are alive.
Species are rarely spread evenly through an
ecosystem rather they occur in patterns of
distribution. Some common patterns are:
14. Random distribution-
organisms are irregularly
spaced and the location
of one species does not
appear to affect the
location of another;
more common in plant
populations.
15. Uniform or continuous
distribution- organisms
are evenly spaced the
presence of one
organism determines
how close or distant
another organism will
be; common in animal
populations that are
territorial.
16. Clumped or grouped
distribution- a number
of individuals are
grouped together and
the groups make up
the population as a
whole; this may be to
do with social
behaviours such as
schools of fish
17. It is not always possible to directly measure a
population. How can you count all of the
birds within an ecosystem or all of the blades
of grass?
Instead ecologists use sampling techniques
to provide estimates of populations.
Such techniques include transects, quadrats,
and capture-mark-recapture.
18. For organisms that do not move a quadrat can be a good
method of estimating distribution and abundance.
Quadrats can also be used to measure density. The
position of quadrats within an ecosystem is selected at
random. The number of particular species within the
quadrat are counted and recorded. The total of all of the
quadrats are averaged.
19. A line transect can be used to
measure the distribution of species
in an ecosystem. They are especially
helpful where we see environmental
gradients- gradual changes in an
ecosystem.
We can also use vertical transect to
investigate stratification in forests
for example where different
amounts of light, humidity and wind
levels impact different species.
20. Capture-mark-recapture is a method used to
estimate the population of mobile species.
Step 1 is to capture organisms randomly in a
way that they are not harmed.
Step 2 is to mark these organisms ensuring that
the marking does not attract predators or cause
harm. Tagging is a common form of marking
animals. Insects are usually marked with a dot of
ink. The animals are then returned to the
environment.
21. Step 3 occurs some time after
release. Organisms are
captured again and the number
of marked organisms is
counted. From this information
the population is estimated
using the formula below:
22. Dr. T., an ecologist, wanted to
find out how many frogs live in
a small pond.
On the first trip to the pond, 55
frogs were caught, banded, and
released.
The second trip to the pond, 72
frogs were caught, of those 72
frogs, 12 were banded.
Assuming the banded frogs had thoroughly mixed with the
unbanded frogs, how many frogs live in the pond?
24. Density refers to the number of individuals in
a given area. Knowing the density of a
population can help assess whether or not an
ecosystem is able to provide sufficient
resources to support populations. This is
known as the carrying capacity of the
ecosystem.