The document discusses the basic structure and organization of cells. It begins by outlining the main characteristics of living things and then describes the different levels of organization, from atoms and molecules up to biomes and the biosphere. It then provides details on the basic structure of plant and animal cells, including the organelles and their functions. It discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes specialized cell types.

1. Basic Structure of a Cell

2. Review Facts About Living Things

3. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? Made of CELLS Require ENERGY (food) REPRODUCE (species) Maintain HOMEOSTASIS ORGANIZED RESPOND to environment GROW and DEVELOP EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)

4. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: ATOM (element) MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)

5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: CELL (makes up ALL organisms) TISSUE (cells working together ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) ORGANISM

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: POPULATION (one species in an area) COMMUNITY (several populations in an area ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …) BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving things on Earth)

7. Please select a Team. Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Team 5

8. Which is NOT a characteristic of all living things Respond to environment Maintain homeostasis Movement Use energy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

9. Your heart is an example of A cell A tissue An organ An organ system 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

10. Cells that work together are Tissues Organs Organ systems organisms 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

11. One species living in an area is: An organism A population An ecosystem A biome 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

12. Different species living in an area makes a(n): Organism Population Community Ecosystem 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

13. Team Scores 0 Team 1 0 Team 2 0 Team 3 0 Team 4 0 Team 5

14. Team MVP Points Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant

15. History of Cells & the Cell Theory Cell Specialization

16. First to View Cells In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) What he saw looked like small boxes

17. First to View Cells Hooke is responsible for naming cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

18. Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth

19. Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory

20. Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells Schwann also cofounded the cell theory

21. Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

22. CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

23. Who was the first person to see a living cell? Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

24. Who was the first person to see a cell? Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

25. Who was the first person to state all animals are made of cells? Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

26. Team MVP Points Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant

27. Team Scores 0 Team 1 0 Team 2 0 Team 3 0 Team 4 0 Team 5

28. Discoveries Since the Cell Theory

29. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY In 1970, American biologist, Lynn Margulis , provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA Chloroplast and Mitochondria

31. Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

32. Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular - composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.

33. CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

34. Which Cell Type is Larger? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria

35. How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ? 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

36. Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?

37. Factors Affecting Cell Size Surface area (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W) Volume of a cell (inside the cell) is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H) Therefore, Volume increases FASTER than the surface area

38. Cell Size When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the cell must divide Therefore, the cells of an organism are close in size

39. Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? About the same size, but … The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!

40. Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

41. Cell Specialization Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off This is known as DIFFERENTIATION

42. Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Cheek cells

43. Specialized Plant cells Xylem cells Pollen Guard Cells

44. Organization Levels of Life Atoms to Organisms

45. ATOMS  MOLECULES  ORGANELLES Nonliving Levels

46. CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together Living Levels  

47. ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM Different tissues working together Different organs working together   More Living Levels

48. Simple or Complex Cells

49. Prokaryotes – The first Cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Includes bacteria Simplest type of cell Single, circular chromosome

50. Prokaryotes Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins

51. Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells

52. Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles

53. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell

54. Organelles

55. Organelles Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound

56. Animal Cell Organelles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

57. Plant Cell Organelles

58. Cell or Plasma Membrane Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins Surrounds outside of ALL cells Controls what enters or leaves the cell Living layer Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains

59. Phospholipids Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water) Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water) Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O 2 , CO 2 , & H 2 O to enter)

60. The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

61. Cell Membrane Proteins Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer) Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane

62. Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition

63. Cell Membrane in Plants Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape Cell membrane

64. Cell Wall Nonliving layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria Made of cellulose in plants Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria Made of chitin in Fungi Cell wall

65. Cell Wall Supports and protects cell Found outside of the cell membrane

66. Cytoplasm of a Cell Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place cytoplasm

67. More on Cytoplasm Contains organelle s to carry out specific jobs Found in ALL cells cytoplasm

68. The Control Organelle - Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contains the DNA in chromosomes Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores Usually the largest organelle

69. More on the Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Nucleus

70. Nuclear Envelope Double membrane surrounding nucleus Also called nuclear membrane Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus Connected to the rough ER Nuclear pores

71. Inside the Nucleus - The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

72. What Does DNA do? DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins

73. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Disappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteins

74. Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain cell shape Also help move organelles around Made of proteins Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN

75. Cytoskeleton MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS

76. Centrioles Found only in animal cells Paired structures near nucleus Made of bundles of microtubules Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

77. Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

78. Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) “ Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP) More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

79. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) Has its own DNA Interior called MATRIX

80. Interesting Fact --- Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … You inherit your mitochondria from your mother !

81. Cell Powerhouse Rod shape Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )

82. What do mitochondria do? Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP “ Power plant” of the cell

83. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER Network of hollow membrane tubules Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

84. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Has ribosomes on its surface Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell

85. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

86. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface Is attached to the ends of rough ER Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell

87. Functions of the Smooth ER Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

88. Endomembrane System Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

89. Ribosomes Made of PROTEINS and rRNA “ Protein factories” for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Process called protein synthesis 

90. Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

91. Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side ( trans face ) and receiving side ( cis face ) Receive proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle CIS TRANS

92. Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell

93. Golgi

94. Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES

95. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (AUTOLYSIS) Lyse (break open) & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

96. Lysosome Digestion Cells take in food by phagocytosis Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes

97. Cilia & Flagella Made of protein tubes called microtubules Microtubules arranged ( 9 + 2 arrangement ) Function in moving cells , in moving fluids , or in small particles across the cell surface

98. Cilia & Flagella Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

99. Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella

100. Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System

101. Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for storage Small or absent in animal cells Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole No vacuoles in bacterial cells

102. Vacuoles In plants, they store Cell Sap Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes

103. Contractile Vacuole Found in unicellular protists like paramecia Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis) Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting) Contractile vacuole animation

104. Chloroplasts Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll ) Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars

105. Chloroplasts Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

106. Chloroplasts Contains its own DNA Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis Never in animal or bacterial cells Photosynthesis – food making process

107. Please select a Team. Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Team 5

108. Which types of cells do not have a nucleus? Animal Plant Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

109. Which types of cells have no membrane bound organelles? Animal Plant Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

110. Which types of cells contain chloroplasts? Animal Plant Both 1 & 2 Neither 1 nor 2 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

111. In prokaryotes, what makes proteins? Nucleus Ribosomes ER Mitochondria 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

112. What part of a cell controls what can get in and out of the cell? Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell wall Plasma membrane 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

113. Team Scores 0 Team 1 0 Team 2 0 Team 3 0 Team 4 0 Team 5

114. Team MVP Points Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant

115. Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells? Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleus mitochondria 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

116. Which organisms do NOT have cell walls? Plants Animals Fungi Bacteria 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

117. What organelle helps keep cell shape and mover organelles? ER Nucleus Ribosomes Cytoskeleton 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

118. Which organelle makes cell products and transports them? ER Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

119. Which organelle produces energy for the cell? ER Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

120. What does the mitochondria store energy as? Ribosomes Microfilaments ATP Capsids 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

121. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages material from the ER? Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Nucleolus 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

122. What makes proteins in your cells? Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondria 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

123. Which organelle digests worn out cell parts? Ribosomes Cilia Vacuoles Lysosomes 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

124. Short hair like structures on cells Cilia Flagella Microtubules Vacuoles 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

125. The part of a cell where photosynthesis occurs. Nucleus Chloroplasts ER Ribosomes 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

126. A storage organelle that is much larger in plant cells than animal cells. Nucleus Chloroplasts Vacuoles Centrioles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

127. Team MVP Points Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant 0 Team Participant

128. Team Scores 0 Team 1 0 Team 2 0 Team 3 0 Team 4 0 Team 5