1. Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in a given region. It takes into account both the number of species and how evenly abundant they are.
2. There are three main types of species: endemic, exotic, and cosmopolitan. Endemic species are restricted to a particular area while exotic species have been transported by humans.
3. Factors that affect species diversity include speciation, extinction, migration, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species. Speciation occurs through geographic isolation or reductions in gene flow. Extinction can be caused by overharvesting, pollution, and habitat loss.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Species diversity introduction, types and importance, examples of species diversity, threats and conservation to species diversity, Biodiversity conservation.
M.SC (BOTANY) 2nd Year
Ecosystem and Stability - Population Dynamics, Population density, Spatial Distribution patter, Population range, reproduction pattern,
Limiting population Growth - Dependent and independent Factor
Population Growth Rate
Ecosystem Stability - Resistance and Resilliance
Reference : Exploring Life Through Science 10
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
Species diversity introduction, types and importance, examples of species diversity, threats and conservation to species diversity, Biodiversity conservation.
M.SC (BOTANY) 2nd Year
Ecosystem and Stability - Population Dynamics, Population density, Spatial Distribution patter, Population range, reproduction pattern,
Limiting population Growth - Dependent and independent Factor
Population Growth Rate
Ecosystem Stability - Resistance and Resilliance
Reference : Exploring Life Through Science 10
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3: Biodiversity. Introduction that explains the definitions and reasons to conserve biodiversity on a genetic, species and ecosystem level.
Answer (6)THREE WAYS HUMAN HAVE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BIODIVERSITY .pdfangelsfashion1
Answer (6)
THREE WAYS HUMAN HAVE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BIODIVERSITY :-
(A) Population:-
Growth of the human population is a major factor affecting the environment. Simply put,
overpopulation means that there are more people than there are resources to meet their needs.
Almost all the environmental problems we face today can be traced back to the increase in
population in the world. The human population is at 6 billion; with an annual global growth rate
of 1.8%, three more people are added to the earth every second.
(B) Habitat Removal and Alteration :-
Habitat fragmentation is the loss and subdivision of a habitat and the corresponding increase in
other habitats in the landscape. Conversion of habitat represents the greatest threat to
biodiversity, since almost all human activities cause alterations to the natural environment to a
greater or lesser degree. Almost 10% of Canada\'s ecoregions are estimated to be at high risk for
loss of biodiversity because of habitat removal.
(C) Overharvesting/Overexploitation :-
Overharvesting has had the greatest effect on biodiversity. In fact, overharvesting and habitat
loss often occur simultaneously, as removal of an organism from its environment can have
irreversible impacts on the environment itself.
Humans have historically exploited plant and animal species in order to maximize short-term
profit, at the expense of sustainability of the species or population. This exploitation follows a
predictable pattern: initially, a species harvested from the wild can turn a substantial profit,
encouraging more people to get involved in its extraction. This increased competition encourages
the development of more large-scale and efficient methods of extraction, which inevitably
deplete the resource.
(D) Pollution :-
Toxic discharges: This includes metals, organic chemicals, and suspended sediments usually
found in industrial and municipal effluents that are discharged directly into waterbodies. Toxic
discharges can inversely impact the biota (living organisms) in an ecosystem by killing them,
weakening them, or affecting their ability to carry out essential biological functions (feeding,
reproducing, etc.).
bacterial contamination: For example, fecal coliforms that come from human waste are found in
municipal effluent discharges. Potable water is treated to destroy fecal coliforms which can make
people ill if ingested.
nutrient buildup: Most concern are phosphorus and nitrogen which often originate as run-off
from fertilizers applied on agricultural fields. These nutrients, naturally present in very low
concentrations, stimulate rapid growth of algae and aquatic plants, ultimately limiting the amount
of oxygen and light available to other organisms in the ecosystem. As well, aquatic environments
can be degraded by habitat alteration and presence of invasive species.
Answer (7);
SPECIES DIVERSITY
This refers to the variety of species within a particular region. The number of species in a region
is a measure for such.
Lecture note on Biodiversity conservationTalemos Seta
Describes about the concept, scope, definition of Biodiversity, threats of biodiversity, centre of Origin/diversity, Biodiversity hotspots, strartegies of BD conservation
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
3. • Species- Largest group of organisms capable
of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring.
• Diversity- A state of being diverse or variety.
- A range of different things.
Species diversity
4. SPECIES DIVERSITY
- number or variety of species in a particular region.
Species diversity
- number of different species that are represented in
a given community (a dataset)
-incorporates both the number of species in a
community (species richness)and the
evenness of species‘ abundances.
7. 3 Types of Species:
• Endemic species
- is one whose habitat is restricted to a particular
area; often endangered
- differs from “indigenous,” or “native,” (although it
occurs naturally in an area, is also found in other
areas.)
Species diversity
8. 2 Types of Endemic Species:
• paleoendemic
-confined to just one area.
• neoendemic species.
-two populations evolve differently, because they
cannot interbreed with one another, and eventually
they are sufficiently different from one another to be
classified as separate species.
Species diversity
9. • Exotic Species
-is any species intentionally or accidentally
transported and released by man into an
environment outside its present range.
-most severe agents of habitat alteration and
degradation, and major cause of the continuing loss
of biological diversity throughout the world.
• Cosmopolitan Species
-Pertinent or common to the whole world.
-Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both
in extinct and extant species.
Species diversity
11. Speciation
-is the evolutionary process by which new
biological species arise.
4 modes:
1. Allopatric- speciation that occurs when biological
populations of the same species become isolated from
each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with
genetic interchange.
Species diversity
12.
13. • Parapatric
– relationship between organisms whose ranges do
not significantly overlap but are immediately
adjacent to each other; they only occur together
in a narrow contact zone.
Species diversity
16. • Sympatric
– is the process through which new species evolve
from a single ancestral species while inhabiting
the same geographic region.
Species diversity
17. 2 causes of Speciation:
• Geographic Isolation
– populations were prevented from interbreeding
by geographic isolation.
– rivers change course, mountains rise, continents
drift, organisms migrate.
Species diversity
19. • Reduction of Gene Flow
– a population extends over a broad geographic
range, and mating throughout the population is
not random. Individuals in the far west would
have zero chance of mating with individuals in the
far eastern end of the range.
Species diversity
21. • Extinction
-is defined as “the reduction of a species to such
low abundance that, although it is still present in
the community, it no longer interacts significantly
with other species.
Causes:
Taking for Profit
Hunting and Trapping
Overharvesting
Introduced Species
Destruction of Habitat
Pollution
Species diversity
23. • Migration
- is the moving of individuals of a species from one
place to another
• Immigration
- is the migration seen as the settling in one region
(permanently or temporarily) of individuals coming
from another region.
• Emigration
- is the migration seen as an exit of individuals
from one region (to another where they will settle
permanently or temporarily).
Species diversity
25. • Helps to keep the environment in a natural
balance
- an ecosystem which is species-rich is more resilient
and adaptable to external stress than one in which
the range of species is limited.
- In a system where species are limited, the loss or
temporary reduction of any one could disrupt a
complex food chain with serious effects on other
species in that same system.
Species diversity
26. • Provide beneficial products
- tropical rainforests, in particular, have provided
many beneficial products, from natural
medicines to biological control agents for
agriculture.
• Food
- access to a wide variety of species and genes
within those species can be used to meet the
changing needs of the worlds population in many
ways, by using techniques such as selective breeding
crossbreeding or even genetic manipulation.
Species diversity
27. Negative impacts of alien
invasive species
(Salva , Jabol, Visto, Ebcas,Acle)
Species diversity
28. Invasive species
Species diversity
-is an organism that causes ecological or economic
harm in a new environment where it is not native.
Here are some ways invasive species impact native ecosystems:
• Habitat modification
• Compete with native species for resources
• Predation of native species
• Herbivory on native plants
• Bring in pathogens
• Hybridize with natives, leading to loss of genetic diversity
29. • Economic
– loss or reduced efficiency of production.
– the introduction and spread of alien invasive
species can have major implications for trade
which will depend on the policy response of
trading partners.
• Predators
-reduce the population sizes of native species, or
even drive them extinct, because native prey species
may not have evolved defenses against the novel
predators
Species diversity
30. • Genes
- If introduced or spread into habitats with closely
related species, alien invasive species could
interbreed with native species resulting in changes
to the genetic makeup of either species
• Hybridization:
- species' genetic compositions can change
drastically by mating with closely related species,
making the less common species extinct by
hybridization.
Species diversity
31. • Species
- Alien invasive species can influence species diversity,
richness, composition and abundance.
- At the species level, direct effects of alien invasive
species occur through processes such as;
a. Predation
b. Competition
c. Pathogens/diseases
d. Parasite transmission to individual organisms
*eventually leading to population declines and species
extinctions
Species diversity
32. • Habitats
- through their impacts on species and
ecosystem processes, alien invasive species can
result in;
a. Fragmentation
-is the process by which habitat loss results in the
division of large, continuous habitats into smaller, more
isolated remnants.
Species diversity
33. b. Destruction
-is the process in which natural habitat is rendered
functionally unable to support the species present.
c. Alteration
-is a change in land
d. Complete replacement of habitats
*which in turn affects pecies and ecosystem processes.
Species diversity
34. • Ecosystems
-the impacts of alien invasive species at the
ecosystem level include changes to;
a. trophic structures
b. changes in the availability of resources
- water
- nutrients
c. changes in the disturbance regimes.
Species diversity
35. • Social and Health
- a loss of food sources and traditional
medicines may be experienced thereby
compromising not only the health of local people
but also the livelihoods of those dependent on the
collection and sale of such items for income.
Species diversity
37. • Species Richness
-the number of species that live in a certain
location.
- a count of species, and it does not take into
account the abundances of the species or their
relative abundance distributions.
- only residents are counted
- treats common and rare species with the same
weight
Species diversity
38.
39. Desert Lizard Diversity
Lizard Species Number of
Individuals
Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3
Cnemidophorus tigris 15
Crotophytus wislizenii 1
Holbrookia maculata 1
Phrynosoma cornutum 10
Scleoporus magister 2
TOTAL Individuals 32
40. Desert Lizard Diversity
Lizard Species Number of
Individuals
Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3
Cnemidophorus tigris 15
Crotophytus wislizenii 1
Holbrookia maculata 1
Phrynosoma cornutum 10
Scleoporus magister 2
TOTAL Individuals 32
Species Richness
42. • Relative abundance
- also known as “Heterogeneity of Species”
-is the number of individuals of each
species.
-refers to how common or rare a species is
relative to other species in a defined
location
Species diversity
43. Desert Lizard Diversity
Lizard Species Number of
Individuals
Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3
Cnemidophorus tigris 15
Crotophytus wislizenii 1
Holbrookia maculata 1
Phrynosoma cornutum 10
Scleoporus magister 2
TOTAL Individuals 32
44. Lizard Species Number of
Individuals
Cnemidophorus tesselatus 3
Cnemidophorus tigris 15
Crotophytus wislizenii 1
Holbrookia maculata 1
Phrynosoma cornutum 10
Scleoporus magister 2
TOTAL Individuals 32
Species Relative
Abundance
Desert Lizard Diversity
45. Formulas:
• Shannon Wiener Index:
s
H’ = -∑pi logepi
i=l
H’ = Value of SW diversity index.
pi = Proportion of the ith species.
loge = Natural logarithm of pi.
s = Number of species in community.
Species diversity
46. • Shannon-Wiener diversity function
H' = - (pi) [ln(pi)]
H’ = Shannon-Wiener index of species diversity
s = number of species in community
pi = proportion of total abundance represented
by ith species
Species diversity
47. Hotspots for Species Diversity
Species diversity
• The hottest spots for species diversity
are tropical rainforests.
Tropical rainforests comprise of only 7% of
all land on Earth, yet are home to nearly 50% of
all the species on Earth!