adjauia

1. Factors that affect organisms 1:
Biological indicator and
Habitat concept
Bagus Priambodo, S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc.
EKOLOGI 2019/2020

3. Definition
• Bioindicator measures the change of biological or nonbiological
factors in ecosystem focusing on a living thing in some
circumstances.
• Bioindicator indicates a living thing or a group of living things. It is
used as a representative to understand and estimate general status
of ecosystem. But more specifically or generally, it means the impact
of environmental change in habitats, community, or ecosystem as
species or group of species representing the status of living things
or inanimate objects in the environment. It could also indicate living
things or group of living things that show the diversity of taxonomic
group in an area or a subset in entire diversity (Gerhardt 2002).

4. Eleven selection standards based on domestic
and overseas studies on bioindicator selection
1. Species (or species groups) with clear classification and ecology.
2. Species (or species groups) distributed in geographically widespread area.
3. Species (or species groups) that show clear habitat characteristics.
4. Species (or species groups) that can provide early warning for a change.
5. Species (or species groups) that are easy and economically benefited for the investigation.
6. Species (or species groups) that have many independent individual groups and that is not
greatly affected by the size of individual groups.
7. Species (or species groups) that is thought to represent the response of other species.
8. Species (or species groups) that represent the ecology change caused by the pressure of
human influence.
9. Species (or species groups) for which researches on climate change have been done.
10. Species (or species groups) that is easy to observe, appears for a long time and forms a
group with many individuals.
11. Species (or species groups) that are important socially, economically and culturally.

6. Following are some of the different biological
variables currently used as indicators.
• At the individual level, there is a distinction between biochemical
indicators (enzymatic modifications, carcinogenesis), physiological
indicators (growth rates, fecundity rates, diseases), and behavioural
indicators.
• At the species level, scientists have identified indicator species that
have special habitat requirements in terms of a set of physical and
chemical characteristics. The presence or absence of such a species,
morphological modifications, or changes in its behaviour enable
assessment of the degree to which its environment is within the
range of its optimal needs.

7. Cont..
• At the population level, the focus is mainly on demographic
indicators (age and size structures, birth and death rates, gender
ratio).
• At the ecosystem level, it is possible to examine community
structures (species richness, abundance, biomass, structural
indicators), processes (primary production, secondary production,
nutrient cycles), interdependencies (trophic levels, food chains), or
landscapes (heterogeneity, fragmentation). These aspects are called
ecological indicators.

11. Types of
Indicator

12. Plant indicator
• Plants are used as very sensitive tools for prediction and recognition
of environmental stresses.
• In recent time, due to industrialization and urbanization the
problem of contamination of water and water pollution has
intensified. Marine plants provide valuable information to predict
the status of oceanic environment, as they are immobile and rapidly
obtain equilibrium with their natural surrounding.

13. Ex
• Environmental stress can be indicated by the disappearance of
lichen in forests, as caused by changes such as increases in the level
of sulfur dioxide (SO2), pollutants of sulfur and nitrogen (N2).
• Wolffia globosa is an important tool for showing cadmium sensitivity
and also used for indicating cadmium contamination. Changes in
the diversity of species of phytoplankton, including Euglena clastica,
Phacus tortus, and Trachelon anas, indicate the pollution of marine
ecosystems

14. Animal indicator
• Variations in the populations of animals may indicate harmful
changes caused due to pollution into the ecosystem. Changes in
the population density may indicate negative impacts to the
ecosystem. Changes in populations may be a result of the
relationship between populations and food sources
• Animal indicators also help in detecting the amount of toxins
present in the tissues of animals.

15. Example
• Zooplanktons like Alona guttata,
Mesocyclops edax, Cyclops, Aheyella
are zone-based indicators of
pollution
• Invertebrates can also be
Bioindicators; aquatic invertebrates
tend to be bottom feeders (also
known as Benthos or macro
invertebrates), living near the
bottom of water bodies.
Leptobrachium hasseltii as good environment
indicator

16. Microbes indicator
• Microorganisms are often used as health indicators of aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems. Due to their abundance, they are easy to test
and readily available.
• Some microorganisms when exposed to cadmium and benzene
contaminants develops new proteins known as stress proteins which
can be used as early warning signs
• In comparison to other available traditional tests, these tests are
very quick to monitor; however, their limitation is they can only
indicate the changes in the organisms due to presence of toxins

17. • Bacterium Vogesella indigofera which
reacts to heavy metals quantitatively.
Under the influence no metal pollution,
this bacterium produces blue
pigmentation which is an important
marker of morphological change that has
taken place which can be effectively
observed visually.
• Udnder pollution, the production of
pigment is blocked. This pigment
production can be attributed due to the
relationship between concentration of
chromium and the generation of blue
pigmentation by the bacterium
Vogesella indigofera

18. What is happened here?

20. Phytoplankton
• Phytoplanktons, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial
plants in that they contain chlorophyll and require daylight to live
and develop. Most are light and swim in the upper portion of the
sea, where light infiltrates the water.
• Affects development of population or photosynthesis, for the most
part, algae are as sensitive to contaminations as other species.
When there is change in the diversity of phytoplankton species, it
may indicate pollution of the marine ecosystem

21. Chlorella vulgaris
Wolffia globosa
Liverworts & mosses

22. Zooplankton
• Zooplanktons are microscopic animals living near to the surface of
the water body.
• They are poor swimmers, instead relying on tides and currents as a
transport mechanism. They feed upon phytoplanktons,
bacterioplanktons, or detritus (i.e. marine snow). Zooplanktons
constitute a vital food source for fish. They also play an important
role as Bioindicators and help to evaluate the level of water
pollution. In freshwater communities, along with fish, they are the
main food supplement to many other marine species (Walsh 1978).

23. Cladocerans

24. The advantages of Bioindicator
(a) Biological impacts can be determined.
(b) To monitor synergetic and antagonistic impacts of various
pollutants on a creature.
(c) Early stage diagnosis as well as harmful effects of toxins to plants,
as well as human beings, can be monitored.
(d) Can be easily counted, due to their prevalence.
(e) Economically viable alternative when compared with other
specialized measuring systems.

25. HABITAT CONCEPT
• Habitat ( bahasa Latin untuk "it inhabits") atau tempat tinggal
makhluk hidup merupakan unit geografi yang secara efektif
mendukung keberlangsungan hidup dan reproduksi suatu spesies
atau individu suatu spesies.
• Di dalam habitat tersebut, makhluk hidup lainnya serta faktor
abiotik yang satu dengan lainnya saling berinteraksi secara
kompleks membentuk satu kesatuan yang disebut habitat

26. Makrohabitat
• Habitat yang besifat global dengan kondisi lingkungan yang bersifat
umum dan luas,
• Contohnya gurun pasir, pantai berbatu karang, hutan hujan tropika,
dll.

28. Mikrohabitat
• Mikrohabitat adalah istilah yang sering digunakan untuk
mendeskripsikan area geografis yang lebih kecil atau keperluan
dalam skala kecil oleh organisme atau populasi.
• Mikrohabitat sering juga diartikan sebagai habitat yang lebih kecil
atau bagian dari habitat besar.

30. • Sebagai contoh, pohon tumbang di hutan dapat menyediakan
mikrohabitat bagi serangga yang tidak ditemukan di habitat hutan
lainnya di luar pohon yang tumbang tersebut. Lingkungan mikro
merupakan segala sesuatu di sekitar organisme baik faktor kimia fisik
maupun organisme lainnya di dalam habitatnya.

31. C. Purpureomaculatus in Dumai, Riau (2016)

33. Summaries
• The many-fold advantages of Bioindicators have outweighed their
restrictions. The bioindicator is helpful, objective, straightforward,
and reproducible.
• Bioindicators can be utilized at various scales, from the cell to the
environmental level, for assessing the changes taking place in a
specific biological community.
• The conclusion can be drawn that bioindication and biomonitoring
have become promising methods for studying the impacts of
external factors on an ecosystem and its development and for
differentiating polluted and unpolluted areas.

34. THANK YOU
Thank you