Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is caused by the absence of the protein dystrophin due to mutations in the DMD gene. Symptoms usually begin between ages 2-6 and include difficulty walking, climbing stairs, and rising from the floor. Affected individuals lose the ability to walk by age 12 and often die in their 20s from respiratory or cardiac failure. Diagnosis involves testing for elevated creatine kinase levels and detecting dystrophin abnormalities through muscle biopsy or genetic testing. Currently there is no cure, but treatment focuses on symptom management through bracing, steroids, respiratory support, and physical therapy
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Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Waddling gait- definition|role of muscle|gait analysis|kinematic and spatiote...jasna ok
This powerpoint is about WADDLING GAIT,muscle that cause waddling gait , its causes, reasons for why this gait is called duck gait and pregnancy gait, gait analysis , and its physical therapy treatment
This is my first presentation friends, it was my project and I selected this topic and this was my presentation, I hope it will be informative for all of you.
I am in T.Y.B.pharmacy, MGV's College of Pharmacy, Nashik.
If there is any mistake or any problem in this presentation, please let me know......, thank you.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Waddling gait- definition|role of muscle|gait analysis|kinematic and spatiote...jasna ok
This powerpoint is about WADDLING GAIT,muscle that cause waddling gait , its causes, reasons for why this gait is called duck gait and pregnancy gait, gait analysis , and its physical therapy treatment
This is my first presentation friends, it was my project and I selected this topic and this was my presentation, I hope it will be informative for all of you.
I am in T.Y.B.pharmacy, MGV's College of Pharmacy, Nashik.
If there is any mistake or any problem in this presentation, please let me know......, thank you.
So as what the title implies, this powerpoint is all about a muscular disorder ( a pretty "interesting" first uploaded powerpoint, I must say). I hope you enjoy it :)
Sesión dirigida a especialidades como Pediatría, Ortopedia infantil, Neurología infantil, Fisioterapia y Medicina física y Rehabilitación y otras especialidades relacionadas con el tratamiento de estos niños que marchan en puntillas
Duccheene muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy. The symptom of muscle weakness usually begins around the age of four in boys and worsens quickly. Typically muscle loss occurs first in the thighs and pelvis followed by those of the arms. This can result in trouble standing up. Most are unable to walk by the age of 12. Affected muscles may look larger due to increased fat content. Scoliosis is also common. Some may have intellectual disability. Females with a single copy of the defective gene may show mild symptoms.
Antihyperglycemic agents. The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. Examples include: Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
1.
2.
The disease was first described by the Neapolitan physician
Giovanni Semmola in 1834 and Gaetano Conte in 1836
DMD is named after the French neurologist Guillaume
Benjamin Amand Duchenne
In an 1868 publication, Duchenne established the
diagnostic criteria that are still used
Gowers was the first to deduce the genetic basis for the
disease
In 1986, Kunkel provided molecular genetic confirmation of
the X-linked inheritance pattern
3. The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetically
determined, progressive diseases of skeletal muscle
They are non-inflammatory and have no neurological
cause
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most
common muscular dystrophy affecting 1 in 3500 boys
born worldwide.
Seen in males only
(expect in females with TURNER’S SYNDROME)
4. DMD is inherited in an X-linked
recessive pattern(defect at Xp21
locus)
Females will typically be
carriers for the disease while
males will be affected
The son of a carrier mother has a
50% chance of inheriting the
defective gene from his mother.
The daughter of a carrier mother
has a 50% chance of being a
carrier or having two normal
copies of the gene.
5. The disorder is caused by a mutation in
the dystrophin gene, the largest gene
located on the human X
chromosome which codes for
the protein dystrophin
Without dystrophin, muscles are
susceptible to mechanical injury and
undergo repeated cycles of necrosis
and regeneration.
Ultimately, regenerative capabilities are
exhausted or inactivated
6. Dystrophin is responsible for
connecting the cytoskeleton of each
muscle fiber to the underlying basal
lamina
The absence of dystrophin permits
excess calcium to penetrate
the sarcolemma leading to
mitochondrial dysfunction
mitochondrial dysfunction gives rise
to an amplification of stress-induced
cytosolic calcium signals and an
amplification of stressinduced reactive-oxygen species
(ROS) production.
7. Increased oxidative stress within the cell damages
the sarcolemma and eventually results in the death of the
cell.
Muscle fibers undergo necrosis and are ultimately replaced
with adipose and connective tissue
8. age of onset is between 2-6 years of age
Stage 1 – Presymptomatic
Creatine kinase usually elevated
Positive family history
9. Stage 2- Early ambulatory
clumsy & Waddling gait, manifesting in children aged 2-6 years;
secondary to hip girdle muscle weakness
Inexorable progressive weakness in the proximal
musculature, initially in the lower extremities, but later involving
the neck flexors, shoulders, and arms
Meryon’s sign
child slips through examiner’s grasp when lifted under arms
Possible toe-walking
Can climb stairs
11. Stage 3- Late ambulatory
More difficulty walking
Around age 8 years, most patients notice difficulty with
ascending stairs and respiratory muscle strength begins a
slow but steady decline
Cannot arise from the floor
The forced vital capacity begins to gradually wane, leading to
symptoms of nocturnal hypoxemia such as lethargy and early
morning headaches
12. Stage 4 – Early nonambulatory
Can self-propel for some time
Able to maintain posture
Possible development of scoliosis
Stage 5 – Late nonambulatory
Scoliosis may progress, especially when more wheelchair
dependent
If wheelchair bound and profoundly weak, patients develop
terminal respiratory or cardiac failure, usually by the early 30s
poor nutritional intake can also be a serious complication in
individuals with severe end-stage DMD
Contractures may develop
13. Generally, neck flexors, wrist extensors,
quadriceps, tibialis anterior, biceps, and triceps
muscles are affected more.
Deep tendon reflexes, which tend to parallel muscle
fiber loss, slowly diminish and ultimately disappear
Calf muscle enlargement (pseudo hypertrophy)
contractures of the iliotibial bands, hip flexors, and
heel cords
Equinovarus deformity of ankle is universal
Asymmetric weakening of the paraspinal muscles
leads to kyphoscoliosis, which in turn further
compromises pulmonary and gastrointestinal
function.
14.
most are unable to ambulate independently by age 10
most are wheelchair dependent by age 15
most die of cardio respiratory problems by age 25-30
15. Similar traits to
Duchenne's
Distinguishing traits from
Duchenne's
Becker's
Calf pseudo
hypertrophy
• markedly
elevated CPK
• x-linked
transmission
Becker's has slower progression of
weakness with diagnosis made later
(~8 yrs)
• cardiac involvement is frequent
Spinal muscular
atrophy
proximal
weakness
onset of weakness is earlier in
childhood
• absent deep tendon reflexes and
fasciculations
• CPK levels are normal
• pseudo hypertrophy is absent
Emery-Dreifuss
dystrophy
similar clinical
picture
• no calf pseudo hypertrophy
• CPK levels near normal
• elbow and ankle contractures develop
early
Limb girdle
dystrophy
• progressive
motor weakness
•no calf pseudohypertrophy
• CPK levels are only mildly elevated
17.
It is elevated in patients with muscle disease and is not specific
to the muscular dystrophies
As the muscle cell degenerates, CK is released and levels can
be elevated 20 to 200 times above normal
It is elevated in the Presymptomatic phase,
falls as the disease worsens,
and approaches near-normal levels in end-stage disease
useful for carrier screening
Muscle provocation test- After strenuous exercise,cpk
levels rise more in carrier females than non carriers.
18. not
diagnostic but
excludes primarily
neurogenic processes.
Myopathic
pattern
• decreased amplitude,
short duration,
polyphasic motor
19. In
a neuropathy, nerve conduction
velocities usually are slowed
In a myopathy, nerve conduction velocities
usually are normal
21.
used for quantifying the amount of muscle dystrophin as well as
for detecting asymptomatic female carriers
the ideal muscle to biopsy is one that is easily accessible and
exhibits moderate weakness (i.e., has 80% strength)
Gastrocnemius are involved early and are a poor site to obtain
material for a biopsy
Quadriceps (esp. vastus lateralis at midthigh) & rectus
abdominis usually are the most reliable.
General anesthesia carries the known risk of anesthetic
complications, such as malignant hyperthermia. Regional
anesthesia may be used
22.
The typical muscle biopsy sample consists of 2
specimens: fresh and fixed.
A second sample of muscle tissue should be taken at the
time of biopsy and sent for dystrophin analysis
Electrocautery should not be used while obtaining a
specimen for muscle biopsy
A fresh specimen is used for histochemical studies in all
patients and for immunofluorescence in selected patients
23. It should measure approximately 0.5 X 0.5 cm in crosssection, or 0.5 cm in diameter, and 1 cm in length along the
longitudinal axis of the muscle fibers.
The sample can be sent to the laboratory on salinemoistened gauze in a sealed container on ice. This technique
keeps the specimen cold but does not cause it to freeze
A fixed specimen is used for routine microscopy and possible
electron microscopy
The preferred fixative is liquid nitrogen for light microscopy
and for electron microscopy 3% glutaraldehyde be used.
24.
increased fibrosis in and between muscle spindles with
necrosis of the fibers
deposition of fat within the fibers accompanied by hyaline
and granular degeneration of the fibers
Special histochemical stains that can show muscle fiber
type show a preponderance of type I fibers
will show absent dystrophin with immunostaining
25.
Radiographs of the spine are important for screening and
evaluating the degree of scoliotic deformity
As the disease progresses and dyspnea becomes a
complaint, chest radiography is also likely to become a
part of the evaluation
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- Individuals with dystrophinopathies can have
accelerated osteopenia/osteoporosis/fracture risk
26.
sinus arrhythmias and also may demonstrate deep Q waves
and elevated right precordial R waves.
Transthoracic echocardiography often reveals small
ventricles with prolonged diastolic relaxation.
27.
Carrier detection is an important aspect of the care and
evaluation of patients with DMD and their family members
For many years, CPK testing was the best method for carrier
detection; however, it is elevated in only two thirds of female
carriers
If affected male in family has a known deletion or
duplication of the dystrophin gene, testing for carrier status
is performed accurately by testing possible carriers for the
same deletion or duplication
28.
Absence of a DNA abnormality does not exclude them as
carriers
In families in which the affected male has no detectable
deletion or duplication, muscle immunofluorescence for
dystrophin used
- Carrier females should exhibit a mosaic
pattern, with some myofibers being normal and some being
abnormal
29.
corticosteroid therapy (prednisone 0.75 mg/kg/day)
acutely improves strength, slows progressive
weakening, prevents scoliosis formation, and prolongs
ambulation
delays deterioration of pulmonary function
• side effects
osteonecrosis
weight gain
cushingoid appearance
GI symptoms
short stature
pulmonary care with nightly ventilation
30.
physiotherapy for range of motion
exercises
adaptive equipment
power wheelchairs
KAFO bracing
The purpose of this is to keep the foot
from pointing downward and sustain the
stretch of the Achilles tendon
also used for walking or for standing and can
be used to prolong ambulation or help delay
the onset of lower limb contractures
31. The goal of orthopaedic treatment is to maintain functional
ambulation as long as possible
32. For surgical correction of lower extremity contractures,
three approaches have been used, as follows
Ambulatory approach:
goal - to correct any contractures in the
lower extremity while the patient is still ambulatory.
Rideau indications:
• first appearance of contractures in lower extremities
• a plateau in muscle strength
•difficulty in maintaining upright posture with the feet
together.
• surgery be performed before deterioration of the Gower
maneuver time
33. Rehabilitative approach:
Surgery is performed after the patient has lost the ability to
walk but with the intention that walking will resume.
Surgery during this stage usually allows for only minimal
ambulation with braces.
Palliative approach:
Treats only contractures that interfere with shoe
wear(equinovarus) and comfortable positioning in a
wheelchair.
34. Percutaneous release of
Hip flexion and
abduction contractures
and Achilles tendon
contracture
Rideau technique
a similar technique, but with an
open procedure to release the
hip flexor contractures and
lateral thigh contractures.
They also excised the iliotibial
band and the lateral
inter
muscular septum