The document discusses the approach to cough and its management. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. Cough can be initiated voluntarily or involuntarily and involves both afferent and efferent pathways. Cough receptors are located in various areas including the pharynx, sinuses, stomach and ears. The cause of cough can be extra-pulmonary. A careful history regarding onset, character, production, timing and associated symptoms is required to narrow the diagnosis. Acute, recurrent and chronic cough have different etiologies depending on the patient's age. Proper diagnosis involves assessing factors like sputum quality, color and amount.
TUBERCULOSIS HAS BEEN EXCLUDED BECAUSE IN INDIA TUBERCULOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC COUGH AND REST OTHER CAUSES OF CHRONIC COUGHS ARE IGNORED
TUBERCULOSIS HAS BEEN EXCLUDED BECAUSE IN INDIA TUBERCULOSIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC COUGH AND REST OTHER CAUSES OF CHRONIC COUGHS ARE IGNORED
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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2. Cough is an explosive
expiration that provides a
normal protective
mechanism for clearing
the tracheobronchial tree
of secretions and foreign
material.
DEFINITION
3. The bronchi and trachea
are so sensitive to light
touch that excessive
amounts of foreign
matter or other causes of
irritation initiates the
cough reflex.
4. Coughing may be initiated
either voluntarily or
reflexively
As a defensive reflex it has
both afferent and efferent
pathways
5. The afferent limb includes receptors
within the sensory distribution of the
trigeminal, glossopharyngeal,
superior laryngeal, and vagus nerves.
The efferent limb includes the
recurrent laryngeal nerve and the
spinal nerves.
6. COUGH RECEPTORS RECIDES IN
PHARYNX, PARANASAL SINUSES,
STOMACH AND EXTRA-AUDITORY
CANAL
CAUSE OF COUGH MAY BE
EXTRAPULMONARY.
7. Mechanism
About 2.5L of air is
inspired
Epiglottis closes,
vocal cords shut
tightly to entrap the
air within the lung
8. Abdominal muscles contract
forcefully, pushing against
the diaphragm
Internal intercosatal muscles also
contract forcefully
Pressure in the lungs rises to
100mmHg or more. Markedly
positive intrathoracic pressure
causes narrowing of the trachea.
9. Vocal cords and epiglottis
suddenly open widely .
The large pressure differential
between the airways and the
atmosphere coupled with tracheal
narrowing produces rapid flow
rates through the trachea.
Air is expelled at velocities ranging
from 75 to 100 miles/hr.
10. The shearing forces that develop aid in the
elimination of mucus and foreign materials
Cough is therefore PROTECTIVE
11.
12. MECHANISM OF COUGH
• How Do We Cough_ - The Mechanism of
Coughing - Cough Reflex Animation - Learn
Human Body.mp4
16. D/D
• Onset- sudden onset after choking episode-
foreign body, recurrent- atopic type, chronic- TB,
bronchiectasis
• Productive- older children with early morning
severe expectoration- Bronchiectasis, non-
productive and only when awake- habitual
• Character- Barking- croup, spasmodic- atopic type
• Variation- nocturnal and early morning- atopic
type, lying down- GERD
21. CAUTION
• Pneumonia- involves parenchyma
• Cough receptors may not be involved in the
early stages
• Hence cough may be a late feature of lobar
pneumonia- Fever with tachypnea +/-
retractions is diagnostic of pneumonia
22. Productive cough: significant amount of sputum;
Blood- hemoptysis; smell- putrid smell- lung
abscess
Color of sputum- no bearing on the diagnosis
Large amounts:-
a)regular coughing up-bronchiectasis
b)Single occasion-lung abscess,empyema
c)Pink frothy-Pulmonary edema
27. 1.Diurnal variation
Cough which gets worse in night and
early morning :- Asthma
2.Postural variation
Bronchiectasis, Lung abscess
Lying down- postnasal drip, GERD,
cardiac cause- pulmonary congestion
3.Seasonal variation
Asthma, C/c bronchitis
28. Aggravating & Relieving factors
Cold,smoke,dust,exertion: asthma
Cough and choking on swallowing of
liquids: Neuromuscular disorders-
affects swallowing
Solids- Oesophageal motility problems
Otogenic cough: impacted wax or
foreign body in external auditory
meatus- subsides with removal of
cause
29. Associated symptoms
Fever: Pneumonia, lung abscess- clubbing also+
Chest pain: Pneumonia with pleuritis
Pleuritic chest pain: lateral part of chest with
associated splinting- increases on deep inspiration/
cough- Pleurisy, pleural effusion, bronchiectasis
Frequent hawking of throat, Nasal discharge, snoring,
tickling sensation in throat- Post nasal drip
Cough with associated dyspnea on exertion/
palpitations- Cardiac cause