This document discusses antitussive drugs, which suppress coughing. It defines antitussives and expectorants, and describes the mechanism of cough production and cough center in the brain. It outlines various animal models used to test antitussive activity, including those using guinea pigs, cats, and dogs exposed to irritants. Common antitussive drugs like codeine, hydrocodone, dextromethorphan, and benzonatate are explained along with their mechanisms of action and side effects.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
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this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
Expectorants and antitussives-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
antitussive drugs, uses, lists, sideffect and many morefcapital
June 15 2016 Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing, possibly by reducing the activity of the cough center in the brain. Antitussive agents are used to relieve dry cough.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
The expectorant helps thin and loosen mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up the mucus.Antitussives, also known as cough suppressants, help prevent coughing by working on a part of the brain that controls the action.
Coughing is an innate reflex and part of the immune system’s response to get rid of foreign objects. Antitussives help suppress the urge to cough.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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2. Contents
Introduction
Definition
Mechanism of cough production
Types of cough
Classification
Antitussives MOA
Drugs
Screening methods
2
3. Introduction
Symptom of respiratory system:
no sputum---antitussives
Cough
sputum --- expectorants
Asthma ----- antiasthmatic drugs
3
4. DEFINITION
ANTITUSSIVE:-
A drug that suppresses coughing possibly by
reducing the activity of the cough center in the brain.
EXPECTORANT:-
A drug that enhances the secretion of sputum.
4
5. Cough receptors (chemo-and-mechano receptors )
lie in mucosa of the bronchial tree from the nose
to the distal bronchi.
The impulses from these receptors are
transmitted through the vagus and
glossopharyngeal nerves to the cough center in
the medulla.
5
7. Mechanism of cough production
The cough receptors lie in the mucosa of the bronchial tree.
Afferent impulses passes to the medulla.
Then an autonomic sequence of events is triggered by
medulla
causing certain effects.
7
9. Classification of cough
Acute:- less than 3 weeks.
Sub-Acute:- between 3-8 weeks.
Chronic:- longer than 8 weeks.
9
10. COUGH PHYSIOLOGY
Cough Reflex:-
-Initiated by irritation of sensory receptors in the
respiratory tract.
-To remove secretion of foreign objects.
10
11. Coughing
Most of the time, coughing is beneficial
Removes excessive secretions
Removes potentially harmful foreign
substances
11
14. ANTITUSSIVE MOA
OPIOIDS:-
Suppress the cough reflex by acting on the
cough center in the medulla.
NON-OPIODS:-
Suppress the cough reflex by numbing the
stretch receptors in the respiratory tract and preventing
the cough reflex from being stimulated
14
15. ANTITUSSIVE INDICATION
Used to stop the cough reflex when the cough is
non-productive i.e dry cough.
15
17. Codeine
Selectively suppress cough center in medulla oblongata.
Pharmacokinetics:
Well absorbed from oral and injection.
10% converted to morphine through demethylation.
Clinical Uses:
Dry cough
17
19. Codeine: Possible Side Effects
Shortness of breath
Sedation
Euphoria
allergic reactions
constipation
19
20. Hydrocodone
Antitussive agent
Analgesic agent
more potent than codeine
5mg of hydrocodone is equivalent to 30 mg of
codeine when administered orally
Is combined with an anticholinergic drug
(homatropine)
20
28. ANIMAL MODELS
1. Antitussive activity after irritant inhalation in guinea pig.
2. Cough induced by mechanical stimulation.
3. Cough induced by stimulation of the nervus laryngicus
superior.
4. Cough induced by ammonia in the cat
5. Cough induced by sulfuric acid in the dog
28
29. Antitussive activity after irritant inhalation in
guinea pig
Purpose and rationale:-
The sensitive receptars are located in bronchial tree and
stimulated mechanically and chemically.
Requirements :
Guinea pigs (300-400g),
7.5% Citric acid in water,
Test & standard substance,
Cylindrical glass vessel.
Cylindrical glass vessel
with 2 tubes at either ends. 29
30. Procedure:-
Guinea pig of either sex 300-400gm
Animal placed in cylindrical glass vessel
Guinea pig exposed to aerosol of 7.5% citric acid in water 10 min
No of tussive response is registered
One hour later test substance is applied s.c or orally
After 30 min guinea pig is subjected to aerosol again
30
31. Evaluation:-
The number of coughs after treatment is
expressed as percentage of the control period. Using
various doses ED50 values can be calculated.
31
32. Cough induce by mechanical stimulation
Purpose and rationale :
Cough can be induced by mechanical stimulation of
the trachea in anesthetized guinea pigs.
Requirements :
Thin steel wire inserted
into trachea
Male guinea pigs (350-400g), Test drug, Standard drug-codeine(
15, 30, & 60mg/kg), Thin steel wire.
32
33. Procedure :
Male guinea pigs are lightly anesthetized.
Maintain constant body temperature of 370C by means of heated plate.
Thin steel wire is gently inserted into the trachea through a small
incision near cricoid cartilage.
Coughs are evoked by pushing the steel wire to reach bifurcation of
trachea
Animals are randomly assigned to receive the test drug at various doses
or the standard (codeine 15, 30, 60mg/kg).Ten animals per dose are
used.
33
34. Evaluation :
• Evaluation of statistical significance of the result is performed
with student’s t-test.
• ED50 values determined by logit transformation.
34
35. Cough induced by stimulation of the nervus
laryngicus superior :
Purpose and rationale :
Stimulation of Nervous laryngicus superior induces
coughing. Antitussive agents with predominately central
action suppress the coughing reflex.
Requirements :
Cats of either sex(2-3kg),
Pentobarbital (40mg/kg),
Test compound,
Standard – Codeine phosphate
Fleisch tube pneumotachograph.
Fleisch tube pneumotachograph
35
36. Procedure :
Cats of either sex are anesthetized.
The fur is shaved ventrally at the neck & small incisions are made at both sides
of larynx.
The trachea is cannulated. The cannula is connected with Fleisch tube
One femoral artery and one femoral vein is cannulated
Small hook electrodes are attached to each laryngeal nerve and Wave
impulses are applied every 5min (control)
Intensity of forced expiration is measured by Fleisch pneumotachograph &
recorded with blood pressure on a polygraph. The stimuli are repeated
36
37. Evaluation :
Total or partial suppression of forced
expiration are recorded over time & expressed as
percentage of control.
37
38. Cough induced by ammonia in the cat
Purpose and rationale :
Cough is induce with the help of ammonia.
Requirements :
Cats, 6% pentobarbitone sodium, smoked paper
kymograph, Tracheal cannula, ammonia vapour, polythene
tube.
38
39. Procedure :
Cats are lightly anaesthetized.
The trachea is then cannulated; The carotid artery is connected
to a mercury nanometer.
Injections are made intravenously in the femoral vein.
Coughs are recorded on a smoked kymograph by a lightly sprung
lever
Ammonia is lead into respiratory system by means of a three way
tap.
39
40. The cat is allowed to inhale ammonia vapour for one inspiration.
The cough stimuli are applied every three minutes until 3 or 4
control
cough responses of similar intensity and duration are obtained.
The test drug is then administered intravenously and cough
stimuli are
repeated at similar intervals until the cough response returns to
normal.
40
41. Evaluation :
codeine is used as the antitussive standard, since it
supresses coughing completely at a dose of 2mg/kg or less.
Pholcodeine an dihydrocodeine are approximately as potent as
codeine. The test drugs are scored accordingly.
41
42. Cough induced by sulfuric acid in the dog
Rationale:
Cough is induce with the help of sulfuric acid
Requirments:
Dogs, De Vilbiss nebulizers,0.5M Sulfuric acid, Codeine,
dihydrocodeine, test antitussive drugs.
42
43. Procedure:
Dogs are placed in a special wooden box.
Through two holes a fine vapour of 0.5M sulfuric acid is
sprayed.
A count of the number of coughs is obtained by listening
through earphones to a microphone attached to the dog`s
throat.
After two test periods 1 hour apart, a drug is given before the
next test period.
43
44. Evaluation:
The percent inhibition is obtained by dividing the
number of coughs by the number of coughs during the control
period.
44
45. Referensces
Vogel, W.H., Scholkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Muller, G. and Vogel
W.F.,: Drug Discovery and Evaluation Pharmacological Assays.
2nd ed. Spinger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Germany,
pp. 352-376 (2002).
Turner, R.A., Hebborn, P.,: Screening Methods of
Pharmacology, Vol.-1. Academic Press, London, pp. 238
(1971).
www.wikipedia.com.
Tripathi, K.D.,: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 5th ed.
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)Ltd., New Delhi, India,
pp. 195, 209 (2004).
www.googleimages.com
45