Development of heart and fetal circulation
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The document summarizes the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It discusses how the heart begins as two endothelial tubes that fuse to form a single tube with areas of dilation. It describes the formation of the atria, ventricles, and interatrial and interventricular septa. The document outlines the fetal circulation pathway which involves blood traveling from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein and returning via the umbilical arteries. It also discusses the changes that occur after birth as the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus close.
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Development of Heart and Fetal circulation
The document summarizes the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It begins by discussing how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. It then details the formation of the atria, ventricles, and septa. The document also describes the fetal circulation, where oxygenated blood travels from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical vein and deoxygenated blood returns through the umbilical arteries. After birth, the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus close, changing the circulation to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs rather than the placenta.
Development of the heart
The heart begins developing in the third week of gestation from mesodermal cells that form the cardiac tube. This tube undergoes looping and partitioning to form the four chambers. Septa form between the atria and ventricles, dividing them into left and right sides. In fetal circulation, three shunts allow oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the lungs and mix with deoxygenated blood before returning to the placenta. After birth, closure of the shunts and changes in hemodynamics establish the postnatal circulation.
Embryology of heart and fetal circulation
The document summarizes the embryology and fetal circulation of the heart. It describes how the heart develops from a single tube into a four-chambered structure over the first 8 weeks of gestation. During this period, the circulatory system changes from receiving oxygenated blood directly from the placenta to pulmonary circulation after birth. The document then outlines several common congenital cardiac anomalies such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great vessels, and tetralogy of Fallot.
Cardiovascular Embryology and Congenital abnormalities
1. Embryology of the heart involves formation of the heart tube from mesoderm layers, cardiac looping and septation to form the four chambers.
2. Congenital heart defects can occur during development and include ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid valves, and tetralogy of Fallot.
3. The size and severity of congenital heart defects determine whether surgical intervention is needed to correct abnormalities and prevent long term complications.
Development of heart ,,embryology,,virbhan
The document summarizes cardiac embryology and fetal circulation. It discusses how the heart develops from mesoderm and the formation of the heart tube. It describes how the heart tube loops to form the primitive chambers and how the chambers further develop into the four-chambered heart. It also explains the changes in circulation from fetal to post-natal, such as how the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale normally close after birth.
Fetalcirculationfornursingstudents.
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Embryology of heart and lung
The document discusses the embryology of the heart and lungs. It describes how the heart develops from a primitive heart tube into its four-chambered structure through processes of looping, wedging, and septation of the atria and ventricles. The lungs develop as the lung buds derive blood from the splanchnic plexus and pulmonary veins grow towards them. Abnormalities during these developmental stages can result in various congenital heart defects.
Development of heart
The development of the heart occurs in several key stages:
1. Angiogenic cell clusters form in the lateral plate mesoderm and proliferate to form the initial heart tube structure.
2. The heart tube fuses into a single tube and develops an inner endocardial layer and outer myocardial layer.
3. The heart tube loops from right to left, forming the basic four-chamber structure of the heart. Local expansions form the atria, ventricles, and outflow tracts.
4. Partitioning occurs - endocardial cushions form and divide the atria and ventricles, while ridges partition the outflow tracts into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. This
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Development of Heart and Fetal circulation
The document summarizes the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It begins by discussing how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. It then details the formation of the atria, ventricles, and septa. The document also describes the fetal circulation, where oxygenated blood travels from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical vein and deoxygenated blood returns through the umbilical arteries. After birth, the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus close, changing the circulation to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs rather than the placenta.
Development of the heart
The heart begins developing in the third week of gestation from mesodermal cells that form the cardiac tube. This tube undergoes looping and partitioning to form the four chambers. Septa form between the atria and ventricles, dividing them into left and right sides. In fetal circulation, three shunts allow oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the lungs and mix with deoxygenated blood before returning to the placenta. After birth, closure of the shunts and changes in hemodynamics establish the postnatal circulation.
Embryology of heart and fetal circulation
The document summarizes the embryology and fetal circulation of the heart. It describes how the heart develops from a single tube into a four-chambered structure over the first 8 weeks of gestation. During this period, the circulatory system changes from receiving oxygenated blood directly from the placenta to pulmonary circulation after birth. The document then outlines several common congenital cardiac anomalies such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great vessels, and tetralogy of Fallot.
Cardiovascular Embryology and Congenital abnormalities
1. Embryology of the heart involves formation of the heart tube from mesoderm layers, cardiac looping and septation to form the four chambers.
2. Congenital heart defects can occur during development and include ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid valves, and tetralogy of Fallot.
3. The size and severity of congenital heart defects determine whether surgical intervention is needed to correct abnormalities and prevent long term complications.
Development of heart ,,embryology,,virbhan
The document summarizes cardiac embryology and fetal circulation. It discusses how the heart develops from mesoderm and the formation of the heart tube. It describes how the heart tube loops to form the primitive chambers and how the chambers further develop into the four-chambered heart. It also explains the changes in circulation from fetal to post-natal, such as how the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale normally close after birth.
Fetalcirculationfornursingstudents.
A brief description about the fetal circulation for BSc Nursing students. This PPT includes the slides aboute fetal circulation from the basic Anatomy and Physiology of Heart and Circulatory system till the Applied aspects of it.
Embryology of heart and lung
The document discusses the embryology of the heart and lungs. It describes how the heart develops from a primitive heart tube into its four-chambered structure through processes of looping, wedging, and septation of the atria and ventricles. The lungs develop as the lung buds derive blood from the splanchnic plexus and pulmonary veins grow towards them. Abnormalities during these developmental stages can result in various congenital heart defects.
Development of heart
The development of the heart occurs in several key stages:
1. Angiogenic cell clusters form in the lateral plate mesoderm and proliferate to form the initial heart tube structure.
2. The heart tube fuses into a single tube and develops an inner endocardial layer and outer myocardial layer.
3. The heart tube loops from right to left, forming the basic four-chamber structure of the heart. Local expansions form the atria, ventricles, and outflow tracts.
4. Partitioning occurs - endocardial cushions form and divide the atria and ventricles, while ridges partition the outflow tracts into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. This
Heart development -I
The document summarizes the development of the cardiovascular system from early embryogenesis through formation of the mature heart structure. It describes how progenitor heart cells migrate to form heart fields which fuse to become bilateral heart tubes. Through cardiac looping, the heart tube folds upon itself and changes position within the embryo. The sinus venosus contributes to formation of the right atrium, while absorption of pulmonary veins forms the left atrium. Division of the atrioventricular canal and incorporation of various structures results in the differentiated four-chambered heart.
Heart anatomy written copy
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
Development of heart cvs anatomy
1) The heart develops from angioblastic tissue in the splanchnopleuric mesoderm and initially forms as a linear heart tube.
2) The heart tube loops to the right, forming the basic chambers - the truncus arteriosus, bulbous cordis, ventricle, atrium and sinus venosus.
3) Septa then develop to divide the chambers - the atrial septum forms from the septum primum, while the interventricular septum grows up from the floor of the heart tube.
Cardiovascular System Development
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology, including:
1. Heart development begins with the formation of the horseshoe-shaped pericardial cavity and single heart tube, which undergoes convolution to form the primitive 4-chambered heart.
2. Septation occurs through atrial septation, ventricular septation, and aorticopulmonary septation to separate the chambers.
3. Arteries develop from the aortic arches and dorsal aortae, while veins form from the vitelline veins, umbilical veins, and cardinal veins.
4. The fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation, with blood bypassing the lungs via the ductus arteriosus and
Embryonic normal development of heart
Reference is by
Veterinary embryology.
DVM 2nd semester students must download. If not understandable anything see figure in next slide.
Heart embryology
This document provides an overview of heart embryology. It describes how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form sections including the atria, ventricles, and bulbus cordis. The document outlines the formation of the interatrial septum from the septum primum and secundum, as well as the absorption of the sinus venosus into the right atrium. It also discusses the development of the interventricular septum from the bulbar ridges and proliferation of tissue from the atrioventricular cushions. Common congenital heart anomalies are mentioned including defects of the atrial and ventricular septa.
Embryology of the heart
The development of the heart begins with the formation of blood islands and a cardiogenic area in the mesoderm of the early embryo. The heart tube forms from the cardiogenic area and bends into a U-shape. The primitive chambers of the heart including the atrium, ventricle, and arterial end develop within the heart tube. Partitioning forms the septa that divide the heart into four chambers. Defects in septal development can result in congenital heart diseases.
Development of heart
1. The heart develops from mesoderm in the cardiogenic area as two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. This tube undergoes looping to form the four chambers.
2. The heart chambers develop from the bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus portions of the heart tube. Septa form to divide the atria and ventricles. Valves develop from endocardial cushions.
3. Congenital heart defects can occur due to abnormal septation, outflow tract defects, or abnormal looping and siting of the heart. Common defects include atrial and ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and
Valves of heart
The document discusses the valves of the heart. There are two types of valves - atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves.
The atrioventricular valves include the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricle, and the mitral/bicuspid valve between the left atrium and ventricle.
The semilunar valves include the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve between the left ventricle and aorta. Each valve has specific roles in regulating blood flow and preventing backflow through the heart chambers and vessels.
Congenital heartdiseasekazucardioembryology
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology in the following stages:
1) Early progenitors form bilateral heart tubes that fuse to form a single heart tube by week 3. Looping and ballooning form chambers and the outflow tract develops.
2) Septation begins in week 5, forming atrial and ventricular septa with openings that will close after birth.
3) The conductive system including the SA node, AV node and bundle branches develops to conduct electrical signals. Abnormalities can cause conditions like heart block.
The heart
The heart has four chambers and pumps blood throughout the body. It is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum. The two upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive blood which is then pumped into the two lower chambers, the right and left ventricles, and expelled from the heart. Valves between the chambers ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart and into the lungs or body.
Heart and lung development
This document summarizes the embryology of the human heart and lungs. It describes how the heart develops from two endocardial tubes that merge to form the primitive heart tube by the 22nd day. Septa then form to separate the atria and ventricles. The lungs develop from endoderm and mesoderm, with lung buds forming by week 5 and descending into the pleural cavities. Over several months, the lungs continue developing alveoli and surfactant production to prepare for respiration outside the womb.
embryology of heart
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Development of Arteries
The three main arteries that develop in early human embryos are:
1) The dorsal aortae, which are the first major blood vessels to form and connect the heart to the developing vascular system.
2) The aortic arch arteries, which develop from the aortic sac to supply the pharyngeal arches as the embryo grows.
3) The umbilical arteries, which develop from the dorsal aortae and connect to the placenta to allow nutrient exchange with the mother.
As the embryo develops, these major arteries and the accompanying vascular networks are refined through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis guided by growth factors to establish the adult circulatory system.
6 development of the heart akd
1. The document outlines the early development of the heart from an angioblastic cord to the partitioning of the atrial, ventricular, and outflow tract structures.
2. Key stages of development include formation of the heart tube, partitioning of the atrioventricular canal and ventricle, and division of the primitive atrium.
3. Common congenital heart anomalies are discussed including defects in septal formation, valve stenosis, and abnormalities in cardiac positioning.
Development of Cardiovascular System (Special Embryology)
The document describes the development of the heart from a single tube into four chambers and describes potential anomalies. It notes that the heart primordium begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. This tube develops bulges and constrictions that form the four chambers. The sinuses venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis are the initial chambers. Further development forms septa that divide the atria and ventricles. The aorta, pulmonary trunk and valves also develop from the bulbus cordis and swellings in the endocardial layer. Several potential anomalies are described including defects in septa, valves and abnormal positioning of the heart.
11 development of the heart
This document summarizes the development of the heart from the primitive heart tube through the partitioning and septation processes that form the four-chambered heart. It describes how:
1) The primitive heart tube forms from mesoderm and develops bulges and constrictions.
2) Partitioning of the atrioventricular canal, atria, and ventricles occurs through the formation of endocardial cushions and septa in the 4th-5th week.
3) The bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus partition to form the aorta and pulmonary trunk through proliferation of ridges in the 5th week.
Embryology of heart
The heart begins developing early in embryogenesis from multiple cell populations that form heart tubes. These tubes then fuse and undergo looping to form the primitive heart chambers. Partitioning of these chambers occurs through formation of endocardial cushions and septa, which divide the heart into four chambers. This includes division of the atria by the septum primum and secundum, and division of the ventricles by the interventricular septum. Concurrently, the heart valves, conduction system, and great arteries such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk develop through proliferation of cardiac tissue. By the end of the eighth week of development, the partitioning is largely complete resulting in the basic four-chambered structure of the adult heart
Coronary circulation and fetal circulation
This document discusses the coronary circulation, which supplies blood to the heart muscle, and the fetal circulation. It defines these circulations and provides details on the major coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries.
The right coronary artery is smaller and supplies the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and parts of the interventricular septum. The left coronary artery is larger and supplies the left atrium, most of the left ventricle, parts of the right ventricle, and portions of the interventricular septum. Blockages in these arteries can cause heart attacks. The document also discusses collateral circulation between the arteries that can open up if one gets blocked.
Development of the heart tube and fetal circulation
1. The document describes the development of the primitive heart tube from angiogenic cell clusters in the cardiogenic area.
2. The heart tube develops alternating dilatations and constrictions and bends upon itself to form a U-shaped loop.
3. The heart tube fuses dorsally and ventrally to form a single tube attached to the dorsal pericardial wall.
Development of heart and fetal circulation
The document summarizes the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It begins by discussing how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. It then describes the formation of the atria, ventricles, and septa. The document outlines the fetal circulation, where oxygenated blood travels from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein and deoxygenated blood returns via the umbilical arteries. After birth, the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close, and the lungs and systemic circulation take over from the placenta.
Cynotic heart disease plane radiography
This document discusses the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It then provides guidance on evaluating plain radiographs of congenital heart disease. Key findings include:
- Increased pulmonary vascularity can indicate increased venous or arterial flow, such as from left-to-right shunts in atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).
- Decreased pulmonary vascularity suggests outflow tract issues as in Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Conditions like hypoplastic left heart present with pulmonary edema due to the left ventricle's inability to handle venous return.
- Fetal circulation has three shunts (ductus venosus, foramen
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Heart development -I
The document summarizes the development of the cardiovascular system from early embryogenesis through formation of the mature heart structure. It describes how progenitor heart cells migrate to form heart fields which fuse to become bilateral heart tubes. Through cardiac looping, the heart tube folds upon itself and changes position within the embryo. The sinus venosus contributes to formation of the right atrium, while absorption of pulmonary veins forms the left atrium. Division of the atrioventricular canal and incorporation of various structures results in the differentiated four-chambered heart.
Heart anatomy written copy
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
Development of heart cvs anatomy
1) The heart develops from angioblastic tissue in the splanchnopleuric mesoderm and initially forms as a linear heart tube.
2) The heart tube loops to the right, forming the basic chambers - the truncus arteriosus, bulbous cordis, ventricle, atrium and sinus venosus.
3) Septa then develop to divide the chambers - the atrial septum forms from the septum primum, while the interventricular septum grows up from the floor of the heart tube.
Cardiovascular System Development
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology, including:
1. Heart development begins with the formation of the horseshoe-shaped pericardial cavity and single heart tube, which undergoes convolution to form the primitive 4-chambered heart.
2. Septation occurs through atrial septation, ventricular septation, and aorticopulmonary septation to separate the chambers.
3. Arteries develop from the aortic arches and dorsal aortae, while veins form from the vitelline veins, umbilical veins, and cardinal veins.
4. The fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation, with blood bypassing the lungs via the ductus arteriosus and
Embryonic normal development of heart
Reference is by
Veterinary embryology.
DVM 2nd semester students must download. If not understandable anything see figure in next slide.
Heart embryology
This document provides an overview of heart embryology. It describes how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form sections including the atria, ventricles, and bulbus cordis. The document outlines the formation of the interatrial septum from the septum primum and secundum, as well as the absorption of the sinus venosus into the right atrium. It also discusses the development of the interventricular septum from the bulbar ridges and proliferation of tissue from the atrioventricular cushions. Common congenital heart anomalies are mentioned including defects of the atrial and ventricular septa.
Embryology of the heart
The development of the heart begins with the formation of blood islands and a cardiogenic area in the mesoderm of the early embryo. The heart tube forms from the cardiogenic area and bends into a U-shape. The primitive chambers of the heart including the atrium, ventricle, and arterial end develop within the heart tube. Partitioning forms the septa that divide the heart into four chambers. Defects in septal development can result in congenital heart diseases.
Development of heart
1. The heart develops from mesoderm in the cardiogenic area as two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. This tube undergoes looping to form the four chambers.
2. The heart chambers develop from the bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus portions of the heart tube. Septa form to divide the atria and ventricles. Valves develop from endocardial cushions.
3. Congenital heart defects can occur due to abnormal septation, outflow tract defects, or abnormal looping and siting of the heart. Common defects include atrial and ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and
Valves of heart
The document discusses the valves of the heart. There are two types of valves - atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves.
The atrioventricular valves include the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricle, and the mitral/bicuspid valve between the left atrium and ventricle.
The semilunar valves include the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve between the left ventricle and aorta. Each valve has specific roles in regulating blood flow and preventing backflow through the heart chambers and vessels.
Congenital heartdiseasekazucardioembryology
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology in the following stages:
1) Early progenitors form bilateral heart tubes that fuse to form a single heart tube by week 3. Looping and ballooning form chambers and the outflow tract develops.
2) Septation begins in week 5, forming atrial and ventricular septa with openings that will close after birth.
3) The conductive system including the SA node, AV node and bundle branches develops to conduct electrical signals. Abnormalities can cause conditions like heart block.
The heart
The heart has four chambers and pumps blood throughout the body. It is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum. The two upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive blood which is then pumped into the two lower chambers, the right and left ventricles, and expelled from the heart. Valves between the chambers ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart and into the lungs or body.
Heart and lung development
This document summarizes the embryology of the human heart and lungs. It describes how the heart develops from two endocardial tubes that merge to form the primitive heart tube by the 22nd day. Septa then form to separate the atria and ventricles. The lungs develop from endoderm and mesoderm, with lung buds forming by week 5 and descending into the pleural cavities. Over several months, the lungs continue developing alveoli and surfactant production to prepare for respiration outside the womb.
embryology of heart
trrytyghugjhkjljjghfsrsftchvhjbbknkjioyuyyrtrfytgfgvfhbjkkjpoipiioyyufyfuhghjbjhkjpkp[kjjkohijgyft6edr5we4w4edtfyhijojkjnjhugyfyfyughghugjhjihnokjopkpkkopjniohjkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
Development of Arteries
The three main arteries that develop in early human embryos are:
1) The dorsal aortae, which are the first major blood vessels to form and connect the heart to the developing vascular system.
2) The aortic arch arteries, which develop from the aortic sac to supply the pharyngeal arches as the embryo grows.
3) The umbilical arteries, which develop from the dorsal aortae and connect to the placenta to allow nutrient exchange with the mother.
As the embryo develops, these major arteries and the accompanying vascular networks are refined through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis guided by growth factors to establish the adult circulatory system.
6 development of the heart akd
1. The document outlines the early development of the heart from an angioblastic cord to the partitioning of the atrial, ventricular, and outflow tract structures.
2. Key stages of development include formation of the heart tube, partitioning of the atrioventricular canal and ventricle, and division of the primitive atrium.
3. Common congenital heart anomalies are discussed including defects in septal formation, valve stenosis, and abnormalities in cardiac positioning.
Development of Cardiovascular System (Special Embryology)
The document describes the development of the heart from a single tube into four chambers and describes potential anomalies. It notes that the heart primordium begins as two endocardial tubes that fuse to form a single tube. This tube develops bulges and constrictions that form the four chambers. The sinuses venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis are the initial chambers. Further development forms septa that divide the atria and ventricles. The aorta, pulmonary trunk and valves also develop from the bulbus cordis and swellings in the endocardial layer. Several potential anomalies are described including defects in septa, valves and abnormal positioning of the heart.
11 development of the heart
This document summarizes the development of the heart from the primitive heart tube through the partitioning and septation processes that form the four-chambered heart. It describes how:
1) The primitive heart tube forms from mesoderm and develops bulges and constrictions.
2) Partitioning of the atrioventricular canal, atria, and ventricles occurs through the formation of endocardial cushions and septa in the 4th-5th week.
3) The bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus partition to form the aorta and pulmonary trunk through proliferation of ridges in the 5th week.
Embryology of heart
The heart begins developing early in embryogenesis from multiple cell populations that form heart tubes. These tubes then fuse and undergo looping to form the primitive heart chambers. Partitioning of these chambers occurs through formation of endocardial cushions and septa, which divide the heart into four chambers. This includes division of the atria by the septum primum and secundum, and division of the ventricles by the interventricular septum. Concurrently, the heart valves, conduction system, and great arteries such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk develop through proliferation of cardiac tissue. By the end of the eighth week of development, the partitioning is largely complete resulting in the basic four-chambered structure of the adult heart
Coronary circulation and fetal circulation
This document discusses the coronary circulation, which supplies blood to the heart muscle, and the fetal circulation. It defines these circulations and provides details on the major coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries.
The right coronary artery is smaller and supplies the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and parts of the interventricular septum. The left coronary artery is larger and supplies the left atrium, most of the left ventricle, parts of the right ventricle, and portions of the interventricular septum. Blockages in these arteries can cause heart attacks. The document also discusses collateral circulation between the arteries that can open up if one gets blocked.
Development of the heart tube and fetal circulation
1. The document describes the development of the primitive heart tube from angiogenic cell clusters in the cardiogenic area.
2. The heart tube develops alternating dilatations and constrictions and bends upon itself to form a U-shaped loop.
3. The heart tube fuses dorsally and ventrally to form a single tube attached to the dorsal pericardial wall.
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Development of heart and fetal circulation
The document summarizes the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It begins by discussing how the heart develops from two endothelial heart tubes that fuse to form a single tube. It then describes the formation of the atria, ventricles, and septa. The document outlines the fetal circulation, where oxygenated blood travels from the placenta to the fetus via the umbilical vein and deoxygenated blood returns via the umbilical arteries. After birth, the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close, and the lungs and systemic circulation take over from the placenta.
Cynotic heart disease plane radiography
This document discusses the development of the heart and fetal circulation. It then provides guidance on evaluating plain radiographs of congenital heart disease. Key findings include:
- Increased pulmonary vascularity can indicate increased venous or arterial flow, such as from left-to-right shunts in atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).
- Decreased pulmonary vascularity suggests outflow tract issues as in Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Conditions like hypoplastic left heart present with pulmonary edema due to the left ventricle's inability to handle venous return.
- Fetal circulation has three shunts (ductus venosus, foramen
USMLE CVS 006 007 Development of the heart anatomy .pdf
The development of the heart is a complex and highly regulated process that begins early in embryonic life.
Understanding the stages of heart development is crucial for recognizing
and addressing congenital heart defects that may occur during this intricate process.
development of heart and it’s clinical abnormal
The heart develops from progenitor heart cells that form the primary heart field in the embryonic disc. These cells form the atria and most of the ventricles. Secondary heart cells form the remaining parts of the ventricles and outflow tract. The heart tube forms from fusion of endothelial tubes and develops chambers and septa. Defects can occur if septa fail to form properly, allowing shunting of blood between chambers. The heart loops within the pericardial cavity as it develops.
Right atrium of heart
Right Atrium of human heart
This PPT help to understand the external and internal structures of right atrium.
sulcus terminalis on external surface of rt atrium,
crista terminalis on internal side of rt. atrium,
interior is divided into rough anterior part and smooth posterior part ( sinus venarum)
superior and inferior venae cavae drains deoxygenated blood into rt. atrim
there is Eustachian valve to guard the opening of IVC and Thebesian valve to guard the opening of coronary sinus
septal wall presents fossa ovalis with its border limbus fossa ovalis
Development of heart finale copy
The heart develops from cardiac progenitor cells that migrate to the cardiogenic field and form blood islands that fuse to create the endothelial heart tube. The heart tube undergoes cardiac looping and septation to form the four-chambered heart. During septation, the atria, ventricles, and great arteries are partitioned. The aortic arches give rise to major blood vessels of the head and neck. By the end of the 7th week, septation is largely complete and the heart has transformed into a functional four-chambered pump.
Comp anatomy of heart
This document provides an overview of heart development and comparative anatomy across vertebrates. It describes how the heart originates from mesodermal tissue and develops into a tubular structure. Across species, the heart evolves from a two-chambered structure in fish to a four-chambered heart with complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals. Key developments include the formation of four chambers, completion of the interatrial and interventricular septa, and separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation. Differences in heart structure across fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are also summarized.
The cardiovascular system
The document summarizes the development of the human cardiovascular system from early embryonic stages through adulthood. It describes how the primitive heart tube forms and begins to loop, resulting in the formation of chambers. Key events include atrial and ventricular septation, as well as the formation of valves. The conduction system and role of the heart in circulating blood is also overviewed. Throughout development, the human heart resembles that of different animal hearts as complexity increases.
17 Heart
The document provides an overview of the human circulatory system, including:
- The heart pumps blood through vessels in a double circulatory system, with the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- The heart has four chambers, with the right atrium and ventricle pumping to the lungs and the left pumping to the body. It is located in the mediastinum.
- Blood flows through one-way valves between the atria and ventricles, and into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
- The cardiac conduction system coordinates heart chamber contractions for efficient blood flow.
8. The Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes key aspects of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. It describes the layers of the heart walls, chambers of the heart and blood flow path. It also outlines fetal circulation, heart sounds, factors influencing heart rate and cardiac output, electrocardiography, and vascular anatomy including major arteries and veins. Key structures like the sinoatrial node and heart valves are defined. Cardiac cycle phases of systole and diastole are explained.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting materials like blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and water throughout the entire body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body and is pumped to the lungs where it receives oxygen before reentering the left atrium and being pumped by the left ventricle out to the body through arteries. There are three main types of circulation - pulmonary, coronary, and systemic.
Evolution of Heart
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
cvembryology-180827164837.pdf
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology, including:
1. Heart development begins with the formation of the horseshoe-shaped pericardial cavity and single heart tube, which undergoes convolution to form the primitive 4-chambered heart.
2. Septation occurs through atrial septation, ventricular septation, and aorticopulmonary septation to separate the chambers.
3. Arteries develop from aortic arches and dorsal aortae, while veins form from vitelline, umbilical, and cardinal veins.
4. The fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation, with blood bypassing the lungs through the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
structure and functions of heart PPT, SSC AP Srinivas Nallapu
The document describes the structure and function of the human heart. It notes that the heart is a hollow organ made of cardiac muscle located in the middle of the thoracic cavity. It is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pericardium and divided internally into four chambers - two upper chambers called auricles and two lower chambers called ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right auricle from the vena cavae and is pumped to the right ventricle. It then passes through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left auricle via the pulmonary veins and is pumped to the left ventricle. It then passes through the aorta to be distributed to
Vascular ring and sling
The document discusses various types of vascular rings and slings that can form due to abnormalities in aortic arch development, including double aortic arch where both right and left arches are present and form a ring around the trachea and esophagus, and right aortic arch with an aberrant retroesophageal ligamentum arteriosum. It provides details on the embryology, clinical presentations, investigations, and surgical techniques for repairing different types of vascular rings and slings.
3-pericardium & Heart.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy of the pericardium and heart. It describes the pericardium as a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart. It then discusses the layers of the pericardium - the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium with its parietal and visceral layers. It also describes the surfaces, chambers, valves and conducting system of the heart.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- human anatomy and physiology.pptx
Cardiovascular system
Layers of heart
ECG of heart
USMLE CVS 005 Blood vessels – Arteries and veins.pdf
The major blood vessels in the human body form an extensive network that facilitates the transportation of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to various tissues and organs.
Understanding the anatomy and function of major blood vessels is essential for comprehending the circulatory system and diagnosing and treating cardiovascular conditions.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it out to the body. Valves prevent backflow between chambers. The heart is surrounded by membranes and layers including the pericardium. It is located in the chest cavity and has distinct surfaces and structures that allow it to efficiently circulate blood throughout the body.
Cardiac embryology
The document summarizes the key steps in cardiac embryology:
1. The heart develops from mesoderm and appears in the third week as a linear heart tube that loops to the right.
2. Septa form to divide the heart into four chambers, with the atria separating in the fourth week and ventricles separating by the fifth week.
3. Valves develop from endocardial cushions that form in the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract.
4. The conducting system develops from pacemaker cells in the heart tube and sinus venosus.
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USMLE CVS 006 007 Development of the heart anatomy .pdf
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More from Dr. Mahesh Yadav
Approach to anemia
This document provides an overview of approaches to anemia. It discusses red blood cell development, normal hemoglobin values, types of anemia including their causes, presentations and management. Red blood cell development occurs over 3 stages - yolk sac, liver and bone marrow levels. Physiologic anemia and anemia of prematurity are discussed as well as anemia caused by blood loss, hemolysis and enzymatic deficiencies. Specific types covered include fetal-maternal hemorrhage, ABO hemolytic disease, G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, and disorders of hemoglobin such as thalassemia. The document concludes with a brief approach to evaluating and diagnosing different causes of anemia.
Feeding of low birth weight neonates
Low birth weight neonates have special feeding needs due to immature feeding skills and higher risk of illness. The protocol for feeding low birth weight infants depends on gestational age and stability. Very preterm infants less than 28 weeks may receive IV fluids initially while more mature preterm infants over 32 weeks can start with spoon or cup feeding. Breastmilk is most beneficial with fortification as needed. Supplements including calcium, phosphorus and vitamins are often required. Careful monitoring of weight gain and signs of intolerance is important to ensure adequate feeding. Management of inadequate weight gain may include improving breastfeeding technique, increasing feed volume or adding calories.
Pphn
Pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is defined as failure of the normal decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance after birth, resulting in right-to-left shunting of blood and hypoxemia. It can occur due to underdevelopment, maldevelopment, or maladaptation of the pulmonary vasculature. Clinically, infants present with respiratory distress and hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy alone. Diagnosis involves echocardiography demonstrating elevated pulmonary pressures and right-to-left shunting. Management consists of supportive care including ventilation and targeting appropriate oxygen saturations, with vasodilating agents like inhaled nitric oxide or ECMO for severe cases.
Dengue fever
- Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes. It is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical parts of the world.
- The disease ranges from a mild fever to potentially lethal dengue hemorrhagic fever. It is transmitted by the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, most commonly Aedes aegypti.
- There is no vaccine or antiviral medication available, so treatment is supportive and focused on relieving symptoms. Prevention relies on reducing mosquito habitats and biting exposure through vector control measures.
Gbs
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves. It is characterized by progressive weakness in the legs and arms, loss of reflexes, and ascending paralysis over 4 weeks or less. The disorder is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. Treatment involves supportive care and immunoglobulin therapy. Most patients recover, though some experience long-term weakness depending on the severity of symptoms.
Doc 20170102-wa0007
This document provides an overview of the general approach to pediatric toxicology. It discusses the key steps in management including resuscitation, risk assessment, supportive care, decontamination, enhanced elimination, and use of antidotes. Resuscitation is the top priority and involves establishing an airway and supporting circulation and disability. A thorough history and physical exam are important for risk assessment. Supportive care focuses on observation, hydration, nutrition, and treating specific symptoms. Decontamination methods like skin washing and gastric lavage are limited. Activated charcoal and whole bowel irrigation may be used in select cases. Enhanced elimination includes activated charcoal, alkalinization, and dialysis. Specific antidotes are used
5 1099296681842704390
This document summarizes a study on rotavirus and other causes of diarrhea in children in a southern Indian community. The study followed 452 newborn infants for 3 years, monitoring diarrhea incidence through twice weekly home visits. A total of 1856 diarrhea episodes were recorded. Rotavirus was found to be the most common cause, associated with 18% of episodes. Other common causes included Giardia (8%) and Aeromonas (4%). Diarrhea incidence was highest in infancy, at 1.6 episodes per child on average over 3 years. Poor hygiene was associated with more severe diarrhea. The study provides valuable community-level data on the etiology and burden of childhood diarrhea in southern India.
5 1099296681842704389
This document provides an overview of the approach to a child presenting with vomiting. It begins with definitions of related terms like nausea, retching, vomiting, regurgitation and rumination. It then discusses the major neurophysiological pathways that can induce nausea and vomiting. The document outlines the etiologies of vomiting including central and peripheral causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history and physical exam to determine the underlying cause and guides the evaluation and management. Common causes and presentations of vomiting are reviewed for different age groups from neonates to children and adolescents. Potential complications and treatment principles focused on the etiology are also summarized.
5 1099296681842704387
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive brain injury that causes motor dysfunction. Rehabilitation aims to improve mobility and function through various therapies while preventing deformities. It involves physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bracing, assistive devices and surgery. The goals are to improve skills like walking and sitting, and maximize a child's independence through a multidisciplinary approach involving the family. Rehabilitation is successful if it enables the child to be happy and integrated into the community while supporting the well-being of parents.
5 1093438501069783057
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is characterized by a rapid loss of renal function over a short period of time. It is classified as primary or secondary RPGN based on its underlying causes. The pathogenesis involves crescent formation in glomeruli due to proliferation of cells and inflammation. Clinically, it presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and declining kidney function. Diagnosis involves lab tests showing abnormalities in urine, blood counts, complement levels, and antibodies. Renal biopsy revealing crescentic lesions in glomeruli is diagnostic. Treatment depends on the specific type but often includes steroids, plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide to slow kidney damage. Prognosis depends
COMMON DRUG AND PLANT POISIONING
This document discusses common drug and plant poisonings. It provides an overview of frequently ingested drugs like acetaminophen, iron, and anti-convulsants. It describes the toxic effects, clinical features, investigations, and management for poisonings. It also discusses plant toxins including oleander, datura, and cleistanthus. The document is intended as an educational guide for medical students to learn about treating accidental or intentional overdoses.
RENAL REPALCEMENT THERAPY
Renal replacement therapy replaces the normal filtering function of the kidneys using modalities like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane for diffusion and ultrafiltration of solutes and fluid, while hemodialysis uses an external dialyzer to filter the blood via diffusion and convection. Both therapies aim to control uremia, electrolyte abnormalities, and fluid balance. Continuous renal replacement therapy provides prolonged renal replacement for critically ill patients through continuous venovenous hemofiltration or hemodialysis.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
This document discusses Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to absence of the dystrophin protein. The document outlines the clinical presentation and stages of DMD from early childhood to late stages requiring wheelchair use. It also discusses diagnostic testing, management including cardiac and nutritional support, genetic counseling and potential new treatments like exon skipping drugs.
APPROACH TO HAEMATURIA
This document discusses the approach to hematuria in children. It begins by defining hematuria and describing different types. It then outlines the most common etiologies of glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria. The document describes the relevant history, examination, investigations and management strategies for evaluating a child with hematuria. It provides case examples and algorithms to guide clinical decision making. The key points are evaluating for glomerular vs extraglomerular causes, identifying underlying etiologies through history, exam and testing, and managing the hematuria based on its cause.
APPROACH TO HAEMATURIA
This document discusses the approach to hematuria in children. It begins by defining hematuria and describing different types. It then outlines the most common etiologies of glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria. The document emphasizes taking a thorough history and physical exam. It recommends investigations including urine analysis, blood work, imaging and potentially renal biopsy. Based on the cause, management may include reassurance, antibiotics, supportive care, monitoring, correcting complications, addressing underlying issues like calculi, or surgical intervention for conditions like tumors or obstructions. The overall approach involves diagnosing the cause of hematuria through history, exam, testing and using targeted management strategies.
Dr mahesh approach to cough
The document discusses the approach to cough and its management. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. Cough can be initiated voluntarily or involuntarily and involves both afferent and efferent pathways. Cough receptors are located in various areas including the pharynx, sinuses, stomach and ears. The cause of cough can be extra-pulmonary. A careful history regarding onset, character, production, timing and associated symptoms is required to narrow the diagnosis. Acute, recurrent and chronic cough have different etiologies depending on the patient's age. Proper diagnosis involves assessing factors like sputum quality, color and amount.
Dr mahesh approach to cough
The document discusses the approach to cough and its management. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. Cough can be initiated voluntarily or involuntarily and involves both afferent and efferent pathways. Cough receptors are located in various areas including the pharynx, sinuses, stomach and ears. The cause of cough can be extra-pulmonary. A careful history regarding onset, character, production, timing and associated symptoms is required to narrow the diagnosis. Acute, recurrent and chronic cough have different etiologies depending on the patient's age. Proper diagnosis involves assessing factors like sputum quality, color and amount.
Iycf journal club
1. The guidelines provide recommendations for appropriate infant and young child feeding in India, including exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond, and introducing complementary foods after six months of age.
2. Key recommendations include early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for six months, and introducing nutritious complementary foods gradually after six months along with continued breastfeeding.
3. Special situations related to infant feeding in cases of maternal or infant illness, HIV, or other medical conditions are also addressed.
Hemolytic uremicsyndrome-121116000313-phpapp01
This child has signs and symptoms consistent with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Key points:
- Bloody diarrhea 7 days after consuming undercooked meat suggests infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), the most common cause of typical HUS.
- Lab findings show microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes on smear), thrombocytopenia, and renal insufficiency (elevated BUN/creatinine), confirming the diagnosis of HUS.
- Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment. Given the likely STEC etiology, antibiotics are not indicated but close monitoring and fluid/electrolyte management are needed given the renal involvement
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Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
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BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) Cosmetics
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
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CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
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Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
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Development of heart and fetal circulation
- 1. P R E S E N T E D B Y : D R . M A H E S H Y A D A V ( P . G . ) R E F E R E N E C E ( N E L S O N 2 1 T H S O U T H I N D I A A S I A E D I T I O N A N D I N D E R B I R S I N G H T E X T B O O K O F E M B R Y O L O G Y ) DEVELOPMENT OF HEART AND FETAL CIRCULATION
- 2. PRE TEST Name the first seen heart ? What is series of dilatation and significance ? What is foramen ovale ? What is spiral septum and its significance? Name acyanotic congenital heart diseases ? Name cyanotic heart diseses ? What is ductus arteriosus and what will happen if it not closed after birth ?
- 3. INTRODUCTION CHANGES IN SINU-ATRIAL ORIFICE FORMATION OF ATRIA FORMATION OF INTER ATRIAL SEPTUM DEVELOPMENT OF RIGHT ATRIUM AND LEFT ATRIUM DEVELOPMET OF VENTRICLES DEVELOPMENT OF INTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUM FETAL CIRCULATION CHANGES AFTER BIRTH IN CIRCULATION
- 4. INTRODUCTION It is splanchnopleuric mesodermal in origin , from the cardiogenic area . First seen in the from of two Endothelial heart tubes – Right and left . These endothelial tubes fuse together to form a single tube which shows series of dilation 1. Bulbus cordis 2. Ventricle 3. Atrium 4. Sinus venosus
- 8. FORMATION OF A.V. CUSHION
- 9. FORMATION OF INTER ATRIAL SEPTUM
- 10. DEVELOPMENT OF RIGHT ATRIUM The main part of the right atrium is developed from the half of the primitive atrium . The sinus venosus is absorbed into the right atrium by great enlargement of the sino atrial orrifice . The right half of the atrio ventricular canal is also absorbed into the right atrium .
- 12. DEVELOPMENT OF LEFT ATRIUM 1. Left half of the primitive atrial chamber . 2. Left half of the atrio- ventricular canal . 3. Absorbed proximal parts of the pulmonary veins .
- 16. CONGENITAL ANAMOLY OF THE HEART 1. ACYANOTIC CONEGENITAL HEART DISEASE(LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNT o PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS o ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT o VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT o COARTICATION OF AORTA
- 17. 2. CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE o TETRALOGY OF FALLOT o TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT ARTERIES o TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS o TRICUSPID ATRESIA
- 18. FETAL CIRCULATION DEFINITION: The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation which includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.
- 19. PATHWAY Placenta Umbilical Vein Umbilical Arteries Liver Ductus Venosus Inferior Venacava Right Atrium Foramen Ovale Right Lung Arch of Aoarta Ductus Arteriosus Left Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Portal Vein
- 20. Umbilical Cord 2umbilical arteries: return non-oxygenated blood, fecal waste, CO2 to placenta 1umbilical vein: brings oxygenated blood and nutrients to the fetus
- 21. PATHWAY Oxygenated blood from the placenta through umbilical vein fetus liver Receives deoxygenated blood from the portal vein through ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Right atrium of heart through foramen ovale Left atrium of the heart Left ventricle of the heart
- 22. During ventricular systole Left ventricular blood Right ventricular blood pumped with < o2 content Ascending aorta and distributed is discharged by their branches to the heart, Pulmonary arteries head,neck,brain,arms. Ductus arteriosus Descending aorta Hypogastric arteries Umbilical arteries Placenta
- 23. During fetal life 350ml per kg per min Cardiac Output Following birth 500ml per min Heart Rate 120-140per min
- 24. At birth Clamping the cord shuts down low-pressure system Increased atmospheric pressure(increased systemic vascular resistance) causes lungs to inflate with oxygen Lungs now become a low-pressure system
- 25. CHANGES IN THE FETAL CIRCULATION AFTER BIRTH Shunt Functional closure Anatomical closure Remnant Ductus arteriosus 10 – 96 hrs after birth 2 – 3 wks after birth Ligamentum arteriosum Formamen ovale Within several mins after birth One year after birth Fossa ovalis Ductus venosus Within several mins after birth 3 – 7 days after birth Ligamentum venosum
- 26. THANK U