Downward communication
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This document discusses three types of communication in business: downward, upward, and horizontal. Downward communication flows from higher to lower levels, such as instructions from a manager to employees. Upward communication flows in the opposite direction, with suggestions or feedback from employees to managers. Horizontal communication transmits messages within the same organizational level or department. Both upward and downward communication have advantages like sharing information, feedback, and maintaining relationships, while also facing potential limitations such as delays or lost information. Effective communication in all directions is important for business planning, organizing, and goal achievement.
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Downward communication
Downward communication refers to communication from higher levels of management to lower levels such as from managers to employees. It includes conveying decisions that have been made, directions on tasks, job instructions, information about organizational processes, and performance feedback. While it allows for quick implementation of decisions, downward communication can also lead to message distortion and negatively impact employee morale if not done properly. Managers must use multiple channels to communicate effectively and check understanding.
Directions of Communications
1. Downward communication flows from superiors to subordinates in the form of orders, memos, and policy documents to direct work and explain goals.
2. Upward communication allows feedback and suggestions to flow from lower to higher levels through reports, correspondence, and suggestion boxes.
3. Lateral communication occurs between peers in different departments through meetings, memos, and discussions to coordinate work and break down barriers.
Types of communication
This document discusses the different types of communication in organizations, including:
1) Formal and informal communication channels. Formal communication follows the chain of command while informal "grapevine" communication occurs between individuals.
2) The direction of communication flow, including downward from superiors to subordinates, upward from subordinates to superiors, horizontal between peers, and diagonal across functions.
3) The methods of communicating, either orally, in writing, or through gestures. Both formal and informal communication channels have their advantages and disadvantages for information sharing in organizations.
Organizational communication
The document discusses organizational communication within companies. It defines organizational communication as the patterns, networks, and systems of communication that exist within an organization. It also describes different types of communication such as formal communication from managers to employees, informal communication like employee conversations, and different directions of communication flow including downward, upward, lateral, and diagonal. The document outlines how workplace design can impact communication networks within a company.
Organizational communication
This document discusses different types of organizational communication. It describes formal communication as flowing through prescribed channels, including vertical communication up and down the hierarchy as well as horizontal communication between peers. It notes limitations of downward, upward, and horizontal formal communication. Informal communication is defined as occurring through nonofficial channels, including the grapevine, which is an informal method of spreading information.
POM_COMMUNICATION IN ORGANISATION
The document discusses different aspects of communication in organizations. It defines communication and describes how effective communication can benefit an organization. It then explains the communication process, including elements like the message, sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, feedback, and noise. It also discusses factors that influence organizational communication, such as formal communication channels, authority structure, job specialization, and information ownership.
Channels Of Communication
The document discusses various channels of communication within organizations. It defines communication and identifies the basic elements as the sender, message, and receiver. It then describes different types of internal communication channels including formal vertical communication up and down the hierarchy, horizontal communication between peers, and informal grapevine communication. External communication channels with customers, investors, and other external stakeholders are also covered. The key channels of communication discussed are vertical, horizontal, diagonal, formal, informal grapevine, internal, and external.
Communication Process
The document discusses communication and the communication process. It defines communication as the conveying of information between two or more people through verbal and non-verbal means. The communication process involves a source encoding a message, sending it through a channel, and a receiver decoding the message. There can be barriers at each stage of the process, such as semantic barriers due to improper word choice or organizational barriers from hierarchy. Effective communication is important for avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring shared understanding.
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Downward communication
Downward communication refers to communication from higher levels of management to lower levels such as from managers to employees. It includes conveying decisions that have been made, directions on tasks, job instructions, information about organizational processes, and performance feedback. While it allows for quick implementation of decisions, downward communication can also lead to message distortion and negatively impact employee morale if not done properly. Managers must use multiple channels to communicate effectively and check understanding.
Directions of Communications
1. Downward communication flows from superiors to subordinates in the form of orders, memos, and policy documents to direct work and explain goals.
2. Upward communication allows feedback and suggestions to flow from lower to higher levels through reports, correspondence, and suggestion boxes.
3. Lateral communication occurs between peers in different departments through meetings, memos, and discussions to coordinate work and break down barriers.
Types of communication
This document discusses the different types of communication in organizations, including:
1) Formal and informal communication channels. Formal communication follows the chain of command while informal "grapevine" communication occurs between individuals.
2) The direction of communication flow, including downward from superiors to subordinates, upward from subordinates to superiors, horizontal between peers, and diagonal across functions.
3) The methods of communicating, either orally, in writing, or through gestures. Both formal and informal communication channels have their advantages and disadvantages for information sharing in organizations.
Organizational communication
The document discusses organizational communication within companies. It defines organizational communication as the patterns, networks, and systems of communication that exist within an organization. It also describes different types of communication such as formal communication from managers to employees, informal communication like employee conversations, and different directions of communication flow including downward, upward, lateral, and diagonal. The document outlines how workplace design can impact communication networks within a company.
Organizational communication
This document discusses different types of organizational communication. It describes formal communication as flowing through prescribed channels, including vertical communication up and down the hierarchy as well as horizontal communication between peers. It notes limitations of downward, upward, and horizontal formal communication. Informal communication is defined as occurring through nonofficial channels, including the grapevine, which is an informal method of spreading information.
POM_COMMUNICATION IN ORGANISATION
The document discusses different aspects of communication in organizations. It defines communication and describes how effective communication can benefit an organization. It then explains the communication process, including elements like the message, sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, feedback, and noise. It also discusses factors that influence organizational communication, such as formal communication channels, authority structure, job specialization, and information ownership.
Channels Of Communication
The document discusses various channels of communication within organizations. It defines communication and identifies the basic elements as the sender, message, and receiver. It then describes different types of internal communication channels including formal vertical communication up and down the hierarchy, horizontal communication between peers, and informal grapevine communication. External communication channels with customers, investors, and other external stakeholders are also covered. The key channels of communication discussed are vertical, horizontal, diagonal, formal, informal grapevine, internal, and external.
Communication Process
The document discusses communication and the communication process. It defines communication as the conveying of information between two or more people through verbal and non-verbal means. The communication process involves a source encoding a message, sending it through a channel, and a receiver decoding the message. There can be barriers at each stage of the process, such as semantic barriers due to improper word choice or organizational barriers from hierarchy. Effective communication is important for avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring shared understanding.
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Formal communication in an organization
Formal communication in an organization involves the sharing of official information through approved channels. It can flow downward from managers to employees, upward from employees to managers, or horizontally between employees. Common forms of formal communication include written methods like emails, memos, letters, and notices, as well as verbal methods like presentations, meetings, and conferences. While email provides a fast and inexpensive way to communicate, it also poses risks like errors, misinterpretation, inconsistent messaging, and questions of authentication and liability that organizations must address.
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The document discusses organizational structure and communication channels within companies. It describes how organizational structure establishes hierarchies and assigns tasks, and how internal communication can be formal through meetings and memos, or informal through grapevine networks. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of formal communication, such as satisfying information needs but being time-consuming, and how informal communication helps fill gaps but can distort information.
Communication network of the organisation
The document discusses communication networks within organizations. It defines communication networks as how information flows through a system rather than freely. There are formal and informal internal communication networks, with formal including horizontal, vertical, and diagonal communication. Upward communication involves information flowing from lower to upper levels, while downward communication flows from top to bottom. Diagonal communication involves different structural levels communicating about shifts in objectives. Informal networks include the grapevine, social gatherings, and interactions with secretaries. External communication involves advertising, media interaction, public relations and presentations to represent the organization.
Internal and external communication
Effective communication is important for businesses to run smoothly and includes internal communication between employees and external communication with customers and other organizations. For communication to be effective it must follow the communication cycle of a sender sending a message to a receiver who then provides feedback to the sender. The benefits of effective communication include reducing mistakes, faster decision making, quicker responses to changes, improved coordination, and better customer relationships.
importance of Communication in business
The document discusses the importance of communication in business. It begins by defining communication and providing definitions from various authors. It then lists 15 reasons why communication is important for businesses, including that it enables smooth operations, maximum output with minimum input, prompt decision making, building good human relations, job satisfaction, external contacts, managerial functions like planning and control, career success, promotion of the enterprise, building goodwill and organizational image. Effective communication is described as the "nervous system" and "life blood" of organizations.
Communication in organization
Organizational communication flows through an organization's structure and impacts behavior, human relations, and performance. There are formal communication channels like vertical and horizontal communication as well as informal communication through the grapevine. Communication flows can be upward, downward, lateral, and multidirectional. The communication process involves a sender, transmission, and receiver, but there can be barriers at each stage that disrupt the process, including personal, physical, and semantic barriers. An organization's communication style is influenced by its leaders' personal styles like assertive, aggressive, or non-assertive.
Importance of business communication
Business communication is important for managerial efficiency, enhancing employee morale and relations, and effective leadership. It allows for the sharing of information within an organization to relay communication for commercial benefit. Effective communication helps reduce misunderstandings, develop mutual trust, make better decisions more promptly, aid staffing functions, and support all managerial functions like planning, organizing, and controlling.
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This document discusses upward and downward communication in organizations. Upward communication refers to the flow of information from lower to higher levels, allowing subordinates to provide feedback, suggestions, complaints, and requests to management. Downward communication is the opposite, with information flowing from senior to subordinate levels, and is used to provide instructions, orders, explain policies and plans, and coordinate work. Both types of communication have advantages, such as improving decision making, motivating employees, and maintaining effective labor relations.
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Business Communication Module 1 Notes.pdf
Communication involves the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver with the goal of reaching a common understanding. It is a process with several key elements: a sender, a message, encoding, a media or channel, decoding, a receiver, feedback, and potential noise. Effective communication is important for organizations as it enables coordination, smooth operations, decision-making, management efficiency, leadership, morale, cooperation, and more. The main purposes of communication include providing instructions, integrating activities, sharing information, evaluation, direction, teaching, influencing, image building, and employee orientation.
The Importance Of Communication
The document discusses the importance of communication. It defines communication as the conveying or exchanging of information through speaking, writing, or other mediums. Communication helps engage individuals to interact and build relationships, which is important for business environments. Effective communication leads to better performance and involvement at work. The document also outlines the different types of communication, including verbal, non-verbal, and written forms. It emphasizes that communication is important for managing knowledge, building confidence, developing personality, and facilitating planning and coordination in businesses. To communicate effectively, one should relate messages to objectives, emphasize key points, actively listen, and customize their style for each audience.
Business Communication
Business Communication, Challenges, Process, Importance, Benefits, Elements, Channels, Nature, Functions, Effective Communication, Non-verbal communication, Types, Cross Cultural Communication, Variables shaping culture, Strategies, Technology enabled business communication
Organizational communication
This document discusses organizational communication. It defines organizational communication as communication among people within an organization for the purpose of achieving common goals through cooperation. It notes that organizational communication is a system of pathways through which messages flow and patterns of interaction among people in an organization. There are different types of communication in an organization, including formal downward, upward, horizontal, and informal communication. Upward communication flows from lower to higher levels, downward from upper to lower, and horizontal across peer levels. Organizational communication also occurs in different contexts like public, small group, interview, and brief encounters.
Provide examples of types of upward and downward
Upward communication refers to information flowing from lower to upper levels of an organization, such as reports, social gatherings, and suggestion boxes. Downward communication is information flowing from upper to lower levels, like notices, memos, and announcements. Social media could improve both by allowing more direct contact and feedback between employees and managers through comments and questions on tweets, videos, and online forums. This encourages open exchange of ideas and involvement.
Upward communication
Upward communication refers to the flow of information from lower levels to upper levels in an organizational hierarchy. It allows employees to express their requirements, ideas, and feelings to management. For managers, upward communication provides important information for decision-making and alerts them to potential issues or needed changes in the organization. When used effectively, it can improve employee engagement, coordination, and relations between managers and subordinates.
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Formal communication in an organization involves the sharing of official information through approved channels. It can flow downward from managers to employees, upward from employees to managers, or horizontally between employees. Common forms of formal communication include written methods like emails, memos, letters, and notices, as well as verbal methods like presentations, meetings, and conferences. While email provides a fast and inexpensive way to communicate, it also poses risks like errors, misinterpretation, inconsistent messaging, and questions of authentication and liability that organizations must address.
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The document discusses communication networks within organizations. It defines communication networks as how information flows through a system rather than freely. There are formal and informal internal communication networks, with formal including horizontal, vertical, and diagonal communication. Upward communication involves information flowing from lower to upper levels, while downward communication flows from top to bottom. Diagonal communication involves different structural levels communicating about shifts in objectives. Informal networks include the grapevine, social gatherings, and interactions with secretaries. External communication involves advertising, media interaction, public relations and presentations to represent the organization.
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Effective communication is important for businesses to run smoothly and includes internal communication between employees and external communication with customers and other organizations. For communication to be effective it must follow the communication cycle of a sender sending a message to a receiver who then provides feedback to the sender. The benefits of effective communication include reducing mistakes, faster decision making, quicker responses to changes, improved coordination, and better customer relationships.
importance of Communication in business
The document discusses the importance of communication in business. It begins by defining communication and providing definitions from various authors. It then lists 15 reasons why communication is important for businesses, including that it enables smooth operations, maximum output with minimum input, prompt decision making, building good human relations, job satisfaction, external contacts, managerial functions like planning and control, career success, promotion of the enterprise, building goodwill and organizational image. Effective communication is described as the "nervous system" and "life blood" of organizations.
Communication in organization
Organizational communication flows through an organization's structure and impacts behavior, human relations, and performance. There are formal communication channels like vertical and horizontal communication as well as informal communication through the grapevine. Communication flows can be upward, downward, lateral, and multidirectional. The communication process involves a sender, transmission, and receiver, but there can be barriers at each stage that disrupt the process, including personal, physical, and semantic barriers. An organization's communication style is influenced by its leaders' personal styles like assertive, aggressive, or non-assertive.
Importance of business communication
Business communication is important for managerial efficiency, enhancing employee morale and relations, and effective leadership. It allows for the sharing of information within an organization to relay communication for commercial benefit. Effective communication helps reduce misunderstandings, develop mutual trust, make better decisions more promptly, aid staffing functions, and support all managerial functions like planning, organizing, and controlling.
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This document discusses upward and downward communication in organizations. Upward communication refers to the flow of information from lower to higher levels, allowing subordinates to provide feedback, suggestions, complaints, and requests to management. Downward communication is the opposite, with information flowing from senior to subordinate levels, and is used to provide instructions, orders, explain policies and plans, and coordinate work. Both types of communication have advantages, such as improving decision making, motivating employees, and maintaining effective labor relations.
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Objectives of Business communication - definition and 10 objectives
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In this i have explained the objectives, benchmark of communication along with introduction definition and conclusion
Communication in the Workplace
Communication is essential for businesses to function effectively. There are three main forms of communication in businesses: internal operational communication within a company, external operational communication with outside parties, and personal communication to build relationships. Both formal communication networks along operational lines and informal grapevine networks are important. The communication process involves sensing a need, defining the problem, finding solutions, taking action, composing and delivering messages, receiving and interpreting responses. Context, medium, and individual differences can impact communication effectiveness. Surveys show communication skills are highly valued for business success.
Organizational Communication
This is a student presentation researched and designed by Organizational Communication graduate Lynette Clower during her senior year. The portfolio discusses the portrayed image and identiy of a UCO campus department over a five month period.
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A dynamic area of expertise which encompasses the foundations of communication theories, policy and practice, and human understanding.
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This document discusses business communication in organizations. It defines business communication and explains the relationship between business and communication. Effective communication is essential for a business to function properly. The document outlines the components of communication including the sender, message, medium, receiver and feedback. It also describes different types of communication such as vertical, horizontal, written and oral. Finally, the barriers to communication are discussed, including organizational barriers and barriers encountered by communicators and recipients.
Business Communication Module 1 Notes.pdf
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The document discusses the importance of communication. It defines communication as the conveying or exchanging of information through speaking, writing, or other mediums. Communication helps engage individuals to interact and build relationships, which is important for business environments. Effective communication leads to better performance and involvement at work. The document also outlines the different types of communication, including verbal, non-verbal, and written forms. It emphasizes that communication is important for managing knowledge, building confidence, developing personality, and facilitating planning and coordination in businesses. To communicate effectively, one should relate messages to objectives, emphasize key points, actively listen, and customize their style for each audience.
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Upward communication
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16) provide examples of types of upward
The document provides examples of upward and downward communication in organizations. Upward communication includes employee surveys, suggestion boxes, and systems for employees to propose ideas or voice complaints from employees to management. Downward communication carries messages from managers to subordinates through emails, meetings, policy manuals, notices, and newsletters. Social media could aid communication through using Facebook groups for departments, Twitter to update employees, and Skype for international communication and file sharing.
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The document discusses the different types of communication flows that occur within an organization: downward, upward, lateral, diagonal, and external. It provides examples and purposes of each type of communication flow. Downward communication involves information sent from management to employees, such as instructions or performance reviews. Upward communication flows from lower to higher levels, such as employees providing feedback to supervisors. Lateral communication occurs between peers. The grapevine is an informal communication network within an organization.
Limitation on downward communication
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Upward & downward communication
Upward communication flows from lower to higher levels in an organization and has advantages like helping develop plans, providing suggestions and motivating employees. Downward communication flows from superiors to subordinates and has advantages like increasing efficiency through instructions and improving discipline. Both have disadvantages, with upward communication risking distortion of information and downward communication consuming time and emphasizing the boss's interests.
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This document discusses various aspects of communication including definitions, the communication process, types of communication, flows of communication, and technical communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver through symbols. The types of communication discussed include intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and mass communication. Organizational communication can be internal/external and operational/personal. Technical communication includes both oral forms like presentations and meetings as well as written forms like memos, reports, and manuals.
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This document discusses different types of communication networks within an organization:
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2. External communication links the organization to outside entities, like between heads of two organizations.
3. Vertical communication flows up and down the hierarchy, including downward communication from managers to subordinates and upward communication with feedback from subordinates to managers.
4. Horizontal communication occurs between peers of equal rank in an organization.
5. Diagonal communication combines vertical and horizontal flows across different levels and departments in an organization.
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This document discusses different types of communication, including formal vs informal, oral vs written, internal vs external, and verbal vs non-verbal communication. It provides examples of each type and notes that communication can be through spoken words, written words, pictures, body language, gestures, facial expressions and more. Formal communication is associated with organizational structures while informal occurs casually between acquaintances. Oral communication includes conversations while written is through documented messages. Internal communication is within an organization and external is with outside parties. Verbal uses words while non-verbal relies on body language and facial expressions to convey messages.
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External communication
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channel (network) of communication
This document discusses formal and informal channels of communication within organizations. It defines formal communication as controlled, top-down communication through official reports and records. Informal communication refers to unofficial grapevine networks that spread information between employees. While formal channels ensure effective information flow, they can be slow and expensive. Informal channels are faster but information may be inaccurate. The document also examines downward, upward, horizontal, and diagonal types of internal communication within an organizational structure.
7 c s of communication
Thank you for your message. I regret that I am unable to provide the specific details you requested, as I do not have access to confidential customer information. However, I appreciate you bringing this to my attention and will pass it along to the appropriate team to look into. Please let me know if there is any other way I can assist you.
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Types of communication
1. The document discusses types of communication within organizations, including formal downward and upward communication channels. Downward communication flows from superiors to subordinates along hierarchical lines. Upward communication allows feedback from subordinates to superiors.
2. Downward communication aims to give directives, explain policies, provide performance updates, and give job context. It is conducted through letters, circulars, meetings, and orally. Limitations include under-communication, delay, lost information, distortion, and built-in resistance from subordinates.
3. Effective downward communication requires managers to be informed, follow a communication plan, decentralize authority, and communicate to the correct person in the hierarchy. Upward communication provides feedback and an outlet for employee
Channels of communication
In an organizations channels of communication are strictly followed by all the employees to carry out day to day work.
Explain the flow of communication?
Explain the flow of communication?
i. Formal communication
ii. Informal communication
Directing ppt
The document discusses the managerial function of directing. It compares directing to a teacher guiding students in a classroom by leading them to their goals through discipline, inspiration, and guidance. Directing involves supervision, communication, motivation, and leadership to ensure employees perform their jobs well and organizational goals are achieved. Key elements of directing include communication, supervision, motivation, and leadership. Communication involves transmitting information from managers to employees. Supervision ensures employees perform work as instructed through guidance and problem solving. Motivation inspires employees to maximize their capabilities and achieve objectives.
Directing ppt
The document discusses the key elements of the managerial function of directing: communication, supervision, motivation, and leadership. It provides details on each element, including definitions, examples, and importance. Communication involves transmitting information from a sender to receiver and can be formal or informal. Supervision ensures work is performed according to instructions through guidance and problem-solving. Motivation inspires employees to contribute their best efforts through incentives. Leadership influences employees to accomplish goals willingly through persuasion and confidence-building.
Different types of communication for organizational communication .pdf
Communication is not only about speaking to and hearing from people, it’s about
understanding the complete message. Communication is the key to successful
project management. Not only project management but also whole organization. A
successful project manager must be a great communicator.
Communication
Communication is simply the act of transferring or sharing information, ideas,
feeling from one place, person or group to another.
Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the full of author's primary/ own creating/ intellectual property. )
Directing ppt presentation transcript
The document discusses the key elements and importance of the managerial function of directing, which involves guiding subordinates, maintaining discipline, inspiring employees, and leading them to achieve organizational goals. The main elements of directing are communication, supervision, motivation, and leadership. Effective directing helps ensure quality job performance, achievement of goals, and coordination of activities.
New microsoft office power point presentation
Communication is essential for business success. Effective communication involves transmitting ideas between at least two parties using words that are understood. Managerial communication depends on the relationship between managers and subordinates, with the manager acting as a transmitter who can strongly influence receivers. The objectives of managerial communication are to ensure the message is correctly received, understood, and results in an accepted reaction or change. A company's communication code, which emphasizes support for employees and openness, is important for increasing workplace efficiency. Different types of business communication target customers, employees, the public, and investors to promote products, build relationships, share the company's identity, and strengthen its financial credibility.
Communication network
This document discusses different types of communication networks within an organization:
1. Internal communication occurs within the organization, such as between a teacher and student.
2. External communication links the organization to outside entities, like between heads of two organizations.
3. Vertical communication flows up and down the hierarchy, including downward communication from managers to subordinates and upward communication with feedback from subordinates to managers.
4. Horizontal communication occurs between peers of equal rank in an organization.
5. Diagonal communication combines vertical and horizontal flows across different levels and departments when coordination is needed.
communication and communication process.pptx
Communication involves transmitting messages from a sender to a receiver. There are various types of communication, including verbal communication through words, and non-verbal communication through body language and gestures. Communication in an organization can flow vertically between different levels, horizontally among the same level, or diagonally between different departments and levels. Effective communication has advantages like facilitating coordination and conveying important information, while poor communication can lead to inefficiencies and confusion.
Business communication
Business communication is the exchange of information between parties involved in business, including employees, customers, suppliers, and more. It is crucial for the success of any business as it allows for sharing of information, feedback, and coordination across different levels and functions of a business. Effective business communication increases productivity, attracts more customers, enhances partnerships, facilitates innovation, and helps achieve organizational goals, thereby leading to greater business success and growth.
Business Communication.pdf
Here you will get - knowledge of Business communication skills. Flows of Business communication.
Types of Business communication.
Business communication chap i
This document discusses communication in business organizations. It defines communication as the transfer of information from one entity to another. The communication process involves a sender transmitting a message through a channel to a receiver. Key components of the process include the context, message, medium, encoder/sender, and decoder/receiver. Feedback allows the sender to assess how the message was interpreted. Effective communication is important for organizations as it promotes motivation, informs decision-making, shapes attitudes, and helps with controlling employee behavior. The document also outlines different types of communication flows within organizations.
The directing phase of the management process
The directing phase of the management process is the process in which the managers instruct, guide and oversee the performance of the workers to achieve predetermined goals. Directing is said to be the heart of management process.Planning,organizing, staffing have got no importance if direction function does not take place. Directing is influencing people's behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. Managers give this function a variety of names. Higgins calls it leading. Other labels are: influencing, coaching, motivating, interpersonal relations, and human relations
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Different types of communication for organizational communication .pdf
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This document provides a teacher's guide for teaching technical writing. It begins with an introduction that defines technical writing and provides a rationale for why it is important for students to learn. The introduction discusses how technical writing differs from other types of writing like essays and journalism. It explains that technical writing focuses on communicating information about business, products, and services in documents like memos, letters, reports and instructions. The guide then provides more details on the key components of technical writing, such as development, grammar, organization and style. It includes examples and comparisons to traditional essays to illustrate the differences.
Short reports
Short reports aim to inform and analyze a topic briefly. They follow the same five planning steps as all writing: identifying your purpose and audience, choosing ideas, collecting data, and organizing your message. Short reports require less detail in areas like introductions, transitions, visuals, and headings. The main sections are typically an introduction, body, and terminal section summarizing conclusions and recommendations. Outlines help organize the major sections and ensure parallel structure between headings.
Sentence structure
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Sentence structure
This document defines and provides examples of different types of sentences: simple, compound, and complex. It explains that simple sentences contain one subject and one predicate, while compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or." Complex sentences contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions like "because," "when," and "although." The document provides guidance on punctuation for different sentence types, including using commas with coordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs.
Sentence structure
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Itroductions
Muhammad Aamir Rakhshani introduces himself as belonging to Dera Ghazi Khan. He completed his matriculation from Government High School No. 1 in D.G. Khan and did his F.Sc. from the Government Post Graduate College in Dera Ghazi Khan.
Guidelines
General Colin Powell offers three keys to success: preparation, hard work, and learning from failure. A presentation should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. Visual aids should be used sparingly and follow design principles like using no more than 7 words per line and 7 lines per slide. Presenters should speak clearly, make eye contact, and use their voice and body language effectively to engage the audience. Preparation, practice, and addressing nerves are important for an effective presentation.
Grammar sentence-structure
This document discusses sentence structure and grammar. It defines key terms like clauses, subjects, verbs, complements, and sentence types such as simple, compound, and complex sentences. It also covers expanding sentences with adjectives and adverbs, common errors to avoid, and how to structure interrogative sentences.
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Downward communication
- 1. COURSE: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AMIR JAMIL DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION: Downward Communication, which is directed from higher to a lower level. Thus, it is a process of sending a message from a superior to a subordinate. For example: The managing director of a public limited company sending a message issuing instructions to an assistant manager, or a supervisor giving directions to the workers, all are chased in Downward Communication. The main objectives of Downward Communication are to supply the sub-ordinates with relevant information and necessary explanation. There are many forms available for Downward Communication. Some of these are letters, circulars, Bulletins, posters, memos, E-mail etc. Most of the communication flow within or organization is downward, became it has various advantages such as: To increase efficiency, to maintain good relation, to maintain discipline, no bypassing, to inform etc. It has some limitations also such as-under communication, delay, loss of information low efficiency etc. But these are not absolutely beyond control. These can be removed if management and the managed sincerely desire. Through downward Communication, management is able to carry out its basic Functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling. UPWARD COMMUNICATION: It can be defined as “Upward on flows from one level of an organization or a group to a higher level.”
- 2. This is just opposite of downward Communication. Whenever the sub-ordinates send any suggestion, complaint are any other type of message to the superiors of their own accord or at the will of the superiors, the process is called upward Communication. For example: A sales manager sends any message to a general manager through a letter, is an upward Communication. Some of the more commonly used forms of upward Communication are letters, memos, Reports, Counseling, etc. Upward Communication provides numerous advantages like: Decision making, giving feedback, Motivating, maintain good relation, knowing employee attitude etc. Subordinates may have many things to say which need to be transmitted to the superior’s Upper management also needs to know specifically about production performance, marketing, information, financial data and so forth. The main purpose is to know if the sub-ordinates have properly received the message or they have any problem. Another purpose is to collect mercenary data from the sub-ordinates. Which are associated with implementation of the plan made by the upper level Management. HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION: Generally by horizontal communication we mean the transmitting of massage within the some level. It’s a combination of two words and is “Horizontal” another is “communication”. If we analyze the words then: horizontal means the some level and communication means the transformation of messages within of least two parties. So, horizontal communication means transmitting of message within the some level workers. According to Arora: “Horizontal Communication is the process of transmitting of messages between those people who belong to some organizational level = or department.”
- 3. So we can get some features of it: 1. Sender reviver: Belongs to some level or department. 2. Status: Sender and receiver hold the some status. 3. Boundary: A specific department. 4. Speed: Moderate speed.