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Sentence structure
This document defines and provides examples of different types of sentences: simple, compound, and complex. It explains that simple sentences contain one subject and one predicate, while compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or." Complex sentences contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions like "because," "when," and "although." The document provides guidance on punctuation for different sentence types, including using commas with coordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs.
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Sentence structure
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- 5. Tom and Mary CompoundSubject play tennis.
- 6. Tom and Mary playtennis and swim. Compound Subject Compound Predicate
- 7. Tom and Maryplay tennis.
- 8. Tom and Maryplay tennis and swim.
- 9. Tom and Maryplay tennis and swim. No comma before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!
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- 13. Tom swims, andMary plays tennis. Clause 1 Independent Clause 2 Independent
- 14. Tom swims, andMary plays tennis. Comma before “and” in compound sentences!
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- 16. Bob is handsome;moreover, he is rich. Clause 1 Independent Clause 2 Independent
- 17. Bob is handsome;moreover, he is rich. Note: Semicolon before conjunctive adverb and comma after conjunctive adverb!
- 18. Conjunctive Adverbs “float” Conjunctiveadverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
- 19. Bob is handsome;moreover, he is rich.
- 20. Bob is handsome;he is, moreover, rich.
- 21. Bob is handsome;he is, moreover, rich. Note: Place commas before and after a conjunctive adverb in the middle!
- 22. Bob is handsome;he is rich, moreover.
- 23. Bob is handsome;he is rich, moreover. Note: Place a comma before a conjunctive adverb at the end!
- 24. Semicolons “If the relationbetween the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
- 25. Matt has benefitedfrom his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
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- 29. Bob is populareven though he is ugly. Clause 1 Clause 2 Independent Dependent
- 30. Even though Bobis ugly, he is popular. Clause 1 Dependent Clause 2 Independent
- 31. Bob is populareven though he is ugly. When the MAIN clause is first, it is usually NOT followed by a comma!
- 32. Even though Bobis ugly, he is popular. When the ADVERB clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
- 33. Mike is popular because he is goodlooking, but he is not very happy.
- 34. Mike is popularbecause he is good looking, but he is not very happy. Punctuate each clause according to its rules!
- 35. SIMPLE SENTENCE My friendsand I play tennis and go bowling every weekend. No commas before “and” in compound subjects and predicates!
- 36. COMPOUND SENTENCE: Coordinating Conjunction Menmay exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do. Comma before coordinating conjunction!
- 37. COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb Nativeand nonnative English speakers have different needs; however, some schools fail to distinguish between these groups. Semicolon before conjunctive adverb Comma after conjunctive adverb!
- 38. COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverb--inthe middle Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools, however, fail to distinguish between these groups. Semicolon after first independent clause-Commas before and after conjunctive adverb!
- 39. COMPOUND SENTENCE: Conjunctive Adverbat the end Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; some schools fail to distinguish between these groups, however. Semicolon after first independent clause-Comma before conjunctive adverb!
- 40. COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction Peoplehad continuous moderate exercise when they had to hunt for food. When main clause is first, it is not usually followed by a comma!
- 41. COMPLEX SENTENCE: Adverb Clauses--Subordinating Conjunction Whenpeople had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise. When the adverb clause is first, it is followed by a comma!
- 42. Writing Academic English,Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.