DNA Library
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A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments cloned into vectors that together represent the entire genome of an organism. There are two main types of libraries: genomic DNA libraries, which contain all the organism's DNA including coding and non-coding regions, and cDNA libraries, which contain only the expressed coding regions. To create a library, DNA is extracted from cells, cut into fragments, and inserted into vectors which are then introduced into host cells. This allows amplification and isolation of specific clones for analysis.
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nucleic acid hybridization
This document discusses various nucleic acid hybridization techniques. It begins with an introduction to DNA hybridization, including the principles of hybridization and basic procedures. It then describes several types of hybridization techniques: Southern hybridization detects DNA, Northern hybridization detects RNA, Western hybridization detects proteins, dot hybridization immobilizes fragmented DNA onto a membrane, and colony hybridization detects DNA in bacterial colonies. The document provides details on non-radioactive detection systems, the role of DNA probes, and comparing the techniques of Southern, Northern, and Western blotting.
Construction of genomic library in lambda
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THIS WAS MY PRESENTATION TOPIC IN CLASS. THOUGHT OF SHARING IT AND HOPE IT HELPS.
Genomic and c dna library by Kailash Sontakke
This document discusses genomic and cDNA libraries. A genomic library contains all DNA sequences from an organism's genome cloned into vectors, while a cDNA library contains mRNA sequences cloned into vectors. Key steps in constructing a genomic library are isolating genomic DNA, fragmenting it, inserting fragments into vectors, and introducing the vectors into bacteria to create a collection of cloned genomic fragments. A cDNA library is made from mRNA and will lack non-coding introns and regulatory elements found in genomic DNA. The document outlines the process of constructing cDNA libraries, which involves isolating mRNA, reverse transcribing it to cDNA, and inserting cDNA fragments into vectors before introducing them into bacteria. Both library types are useful research tools for isolating and studying genes.
Genomic library
Importance of Genomic Library, Steps in Genomic Library construction, Problems in Genomic Library Construction and Screening of Genomic Library
Gene library
A gene library is a large collection of DNA fragments cloned from an organism. It contains genomic DNA or cDNA sequences. Gene libraries are constructed using molecular tools like restriction enzymes and ligases to cut and paste DNA fragments into vectors such as plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector depends on the size of the genome being cloned. Libraries allow screening to identify genes of interest through techniques like hybridization or expression screening. cDNA libraries contain only expressed sequences without introns, making them preferable for cloning eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes.
Genomic library
The document discusses genomic libraries. A genomic library contains DNA fragments representing the entire genome of an organism. It is constructed by inserting fragments of partially digested genomic DNA into vectors like plasmids or bacteriophages, which are then introduced into bacteria or yeast. The bacteria replicate and produce clones containing fragments of the original genome, theoretically representing all its sequences. Genomic libraries allow researchers to explore genomic structure and function, map genomes to identify gene locations, and clone DNA segments.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered DNA molecules that can clone and replicate large DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs contain essential yeast elements like a centromere and telomeres that allow them to behave like natural yeast chromosomes. YACs can clone very large inserts of up to 10 megabases of foreign DNA, making them useful for generating whole genome libraries.
Fish fluorescence in situ hybridization
This document provides an overview of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. It discusses the history, basic principles, and procedures of FISH, including probe preparation and labeling, target denaturation and hybridization between probe and target, and fluorescence microscopy to detect signals. The document also outlines the major applications of FISH in research and clinical diagnosis, as well as its advantages in providing rapid analysis of cells and its limitations in only detecting predefined abnormalities with current probes.
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nucleic acid hybridization
This document discusses various nucleic acid hybridization techniques. It begins with an introduction to DNA hybridization, including the principles of hybridization and basic procedures. It then describes several types of hybridization techniques: Southern hybridization detects DNA, Northern hybridization detects RNA, Western hybridization detects proteins, dot hybridization immobilizes fragmented DNA onto a membrane, and colony hybridization detects DNA in bacterial colonies. The document provides details on non-radioactive detection systems, the role of DNA probes, and comparing the techniques of Southern, Northern, and Western blotting.
Construction of genomic library in lambda
Construction of genomic library in lambda phage.
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Genomic and c dna library by Kailash Sontakke
This document discusses genomic and cDNA libraries. A genomic library contains all DNA sequences from an organism's genome cloned into vectors, while a cDNA library contains mRNA sequences cloned into vectors. Key steps in constructing a genomic library are isolating genomic DNA, fragmenting it, inserting fragments into vectors, and introducing the vectors into bacteria to create a collection of cloned genomic fragments. A cDNA library is made from mRNA and will lack non-coding introns and regulatory elements found in genomic DNA. The document outlines the process of constructing cDNA libraries, which involves isolating mRNA, reverse transcribing it to cDNA, and inserting cDNA fragments into vectors before introducing them into bacteria. Both library types are useful research tools for isolating and studying genes.
Genomic library
Importance of Genomic Library, Steps in Genomic Library construction, Problems in Genomic Library Construction and Screening of Genomic Library
Gene library
A gene library is a large collection of DNA fragments cloned from an organism. It contains genomic DNA or cDNA sequences. Gene libraries are constructed using molecular tools like restriction enzymes and ligases to cut and paste DNA fragments into vectors such as plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector depends on the size of the genome being cloned. Libraries allow screening to identify genes of interest through techniques like hybridization or expression screening. cDNA libraries contain only expressed sequences without introns, making them preferable for cloning eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes.
Genomic library
The document discusses genomic libraries. A genomic library contains DNA fragments representing the entire genome of an organism. It is constructed by inserting fragments of partially digested genomic DNA into vectors like plasmids or bacteriophages, which are then introduced into bacteria or yeast. The bacteria replicate and produce clones containing fragments of the original genome, theoretically representing all its sequences. Genomic libraries allow researchers to explore genomic structure and function, map genomes to identify gene locations, and clone DNA segments.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered DNA molecules that can clone and replicate large DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs contain essential yeast elements like a centromere and telomeres that allow them to behave like natural yeast chromosomes. YACs can clone very large inserts of up to 10 megabases of foreign DNA, making them useful for generating whole genome libraries.
Fish fluorescence in situ hybridization
This document provides an overview of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. It discusses the history, basic principles, and procedures of FISH, including probe preparation and labeling, target denaturation and hybridization between probe and target, and fluorescence microscopy to detect signals. The document also outlines the major applications of FISH in research and clinical diagnosis, as well as its advantages in providing rapid analysis of cells and its limitations in only detecting predefined abnormalities with current probes.
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Ion Torrent (Proton/PGM) and SOLiD sequencing are two types of next-generation sequencing technologies. Ion Torrent uses semiconductor sequencing to detect hydrogen ions released during DNA synthesis, while SOLiD uses ligation of octamer probes and fluorescent dyes to determine sequences in color space. Both have advantages such as fast run times and high throughput but also limitations including errors in homopolymers for Ion Torrent and issues with palindromic sequences for SOLiD.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l20. genomic and c dna libraries
Genomic and cDNA libraries are collections of clones containing DNA fragments from an organism. A genomic DNA library contains all fragments of the genomic DNA, while a cDNA library contains only coding sequences synthesized from expressed mRNA. Genomic libraries are suitable for prokaryotes due to their small genomes but eukaryotic genomes require too many clones, so cDNA libraries are preferred for eukaryotic gene cloning. cDNA libraries represent the expressed genes and contain only coding regions without introns.
DNA microarray
DNA microarrays allow analysis of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They consist of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in an organized grid pattern, with each spot representing a single gene. Samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the chip. Complementary sequences pair via hydrogen bonds, while non-specific sequences are washed away. The signal intensity at each spot indicates the amount of target sequence present and thus gene expression levels. DNA microarrays have applications in clinical diagnosis, drug discovery, and other fields by profiling gene expression patterns.
Genomic and c dna library
Genomic and cDNA libraries are constructed to isolate genes of interest from organisms. Genomic libraries contain total chromosomal DNA while cDNA libraries contain mRNA from specific cell types. DNA is digested and ligated into vectors to clone fragments. Libraries are screened using probes and PCR to identify clones containing genes of interest. cDNA libraries are useful for studying eukaryotic gene expression as they contain mRNA from specific cells. Thousands of clones may need to be screened to have high probability of isolating a particular gene fragment.
Expression vectors
This document discusses key components of expression vectors that are important for efficiently expressing cloned genes. It explains that expression vectors contain regulatory sequences like promoters and terminators to control transcription, as well as elements like ribosome binding sites, fusion tags, and selection markers. Specifically, it provides details on tightly regulated promoters, commonly used viral and bacterial promoters, and considerations for promoters in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. The document also reviews other important vector elements and their functions.
blue white selection
Gene cloning involves isolating a particular gene or DNA fragment of interest from an organism's total DNA and producing many copies of just that fragment. There are several reasons for cloning DNA, such as determining a gene's nucleotide sequence, identifying control sequences, investigating protein/enzyme function, and engineering organisms for specific purposes like insulin production. Common tools used in cloning include restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors like plasmids and bacteriophages, and host cells. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes, ligated into a vector, and introduced into host cells to replicate the exogenous DNA fragment.
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning involves the following main steps:
1. Isolation of DNA using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments.
2. Insertion of the fragments into plasmid vectors using DNA ligase.
3. Transformation of host bacteria with the recombinant DNA plasmids.
4. Selection and amplification of bacteria containing the gene of interest using antibiotic resistance markers on the plasmid.
molecular marker RFLP, and application
INTRODUCTION
RFLP
Analysis technique
APPLICATION OF RFLP
FORENSIC
DISEASE PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
PEDIGREE
VARIETAL
Advantages of RFLP
Disadvantages of RFLP
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
cDNA synthesis
The document discusses various methods for synthesizing complementary DNA (cDNA) from messenger RNA (mRNA). It describes the basic three step process of first-strand cDNA synthesis using reverse transcriptase, removal of the RNA template, and second-strand cDNA synthesis using DNA polymerase. Early methods used hairpin priming of the second strand but were later improved using oligo-dT tailing and oligo-dG priming to avoid 5' end losses. Other methods discussed include oligo-capping to select for full-length mRNAs and RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) to amplify cDNA fragments from both ends of transcripts.
Artificial chromosomes
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's DNA using biotechnology. The DNA of interest is isolated from a source organism and inserted into a vector, which is then introduced into a host cell. Common vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, phagemids, and artificial chromosomes. Artificial chromosomes, such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes, can carry large DNA fragments of up to 300,000 base pairs, making them useful for cloning and transforming large genes. However, constructing and maintaining artificial chromosomes can be challenging due to their size and potential for rearrangements.
Oligonucleotide ligation assay
Colony hybridization is a technique to identify bacterial colonies containing a specific DNA sequence or gene of interest. It involves transferring DNA from bacterial colonies onto a membrane, then probing the membrane with a complementary DNA or RNA sequence. Only colonies with matching DNA sequences will hybridize with the probe. The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) is a technique used to detect mutations by hybridizing PCR primers and ligating adjacent probes only when the target sequence is present. It has advantages of being rapid, easy, and high-throughput but requires an automated sequencer.
Molecular probes
This document discusses molecular probes, including their definition, types, preparation, and labeling. It describes the three main types of probes - oligonucleotide probes, DNA probes, and RNA probes. It explains how to prepare probes from genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, and RNA. Methods of radioactive labeling including nick translation and oligonucleotide labeling are covered. Non-radioactive labeling using biotin and digoxigenin is also discussed. Finally, applications of molecular probes in identification of recombinant clones, fingerprinting, in situ hybridization, and medical research are summarized.
Forward and reverse genetics
1. Forward genetics begins with the identification of an organism with an interesting mutant phenotype and aims to discover the function of genes defective in that mutant. It involves mutagenesis, screening for phenotypes of interest, genetic analysis, and chromosome walking to identify the mutated gene.
2. Reverse genetics starts with a known gene and determines the gene's function by modulating its activity through techniques like virus-induced gene silencing, RNA interference, TILLING, and gene deletion and observing resulting phenotypes in the organism.
3. Both forward and reverse genetics are aided by high-throughput approaches like insertional mutagenesis, which allows for rapid screening of large mutant collections to efficiently link phenotypes to genes.
DNA Libraries
DNA libraries contain cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome or cDNA from mRNA. Genomic libraries represent entire genomes, while cDNA libraries represent expressed genes. Genomic libraries are constructed by isolating chromosomal DNA, fragmenting it, cloning the fragments into vectors, and screening clones. cDNA libraries are constructed by synthesizing cDNA from mRNA, cloning the cDNA into vectors, and screening clones. Both library types allow identification of specific DNA or cDNA sequences through hybridization or other screening methods.
Blotting southern,northern, western techniques
This document describes various blotting techniques used to detect specific nucleic acids or proteins in samples, including Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and Western blotting. It provides an overview of the basic principles and steps involved in each technique, such as separating biomolecules by size, transferring them to a membrane, hybridizing probes, washing unbound probes, and detecting bound probes. The techniques allow researchers to analyze gene expression, detect mutations, and study proteins.
Rapd and rflp
This document discusses two molecular marker techniques: RAPD and RFLP. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) is a PCR-based technique that uses short arbitrary primers to detect variations between individuals' genomes. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is a hybridization-based technique that involves restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, gel electrophoresis to separate fragments, Southern blotting, hybridization with probes, and autoradiography to detect variations in fragment lengths between individuals. Both techniques are useful for genetic mapping, trait mapping, phylogenetic analysis, and DNA fingerprinting.
DND sequencing
This document defines DNA sequencing and describes some common DNA sequencing methods. It explains that DNA sequencing determines the order of the four nucleotide bases that make up DNA. It then describes two basic DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing and Sanger chain termination sequencing. For Sanger sequencing, it provides details on how fluorescent dideoxynucleotides are used to randomly terminate DNA strands during replication, allowing the sequence to be read from the resulting fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology
Vectors are used to carry DNA fragments into host cells for replication. Plasmids are commonly used cloning vectors that are extrachromosomal and autonomously replicating in bacteria. Properties of good vectors include an origin of replication, antibiotic resistance marker, and unique restriction sites. Different vector types include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, BACs, YACs, and mini chromosomes, each with advantages for cloning varying size DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA, ligase to join fragments, and vectors to replicate, express, and select for cloned genes.
Dna sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It describes two early conventional methods: Sanger chain termination sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation. Sanger's method uses dideoxynucleotides as chain terminators and is more efficient with fewer toxic chemicals. The document also explains pyrosequencing, an early next-generation sequencing technique that detects pyrophosphate release upon nucleotide incorporation.
Labelling of dna
This document discusses nucleic acid probes and their use in hybridization experiments. It notes that probes are short sequences of nucleotides that bind to specific target sequences. The degree of homology between the probe and target determines how stable the hybridization is. Probes can range in size from 10 to over 10,000 nucleotide bases, with most common probes being 14 to 40 bases. Short probes hybridize quickly but have less specificity, while longer probes hybridize more stably. The document then describes different methods for labeling probes, including nick translation, primer extension, RNA polymerase transcription, end-labeling, and direct labeling. It also discusses factors that affect probe specificity and hybridization conditions.
Cloning
Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of biological material such as DNA, cells, or whole organisms. The main steps of DNA cloning are: 1) cutting the DNA fragment to be cloned and the vector DNA with the same restriction enzymes, 2) joining the fragment to the vector via ligation, 3) introducing the recombinant DNA into host cells via transformation, 4) selecting transformed cells using antibiotic resistance markers on the vector, and 5) screening clones to identify those containing the inserted DNA fragment. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that replicate within host bacteria or yeast cells.
Genomic library construction
A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments that have been cloned into vectors. DNA libraries allow researchers to isolate and study specific DNA fragments of interest. To create a genomic library, DNA is extracted from an organism, cut into fragments, inserted into vectors, and introduced into host bacteria to generate clones containing all the organism's DNA sequences. This library can then be screened to identify and study particular genes. DNA libraries provide an efficient way to store, isolate, and analyze DNA sequences.
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Ion Torrent (Proton/PGM) and SOLiD sequencing are two types of next-generation sequencing technologies. Ion Torrent uses semiconductor sequencing to detect hydrogen ions released during DNA synthesis, while SOLiD uses ligation of octamer probes and fluorescent dyes to determine sequences in color space. Both have advantages such as fast run times and high throughput but also limitations including errors in homopolymers for Ion Torrent and issues with palindromic sequences for SOLiD.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l20. genomic and c dna libraries
Genomic and cDNA libraries are collections of clones containing DNA fragments from an organism. A genomic DNA library contains all fragments of the genomic DNA, while a cDNA library contains only coding sequences synthesized from expressed mRNA. Genomic libraries are suitable for prokaryotes due to their small genomes but eukaryotic genomes require too many clones, so cDNA libraries are preferred for eukaryotic gene cloning. cDNA libraries represent the expressed genes and contain only coding regions without introns.
DNA microarray
DNA microarrays allow analysis of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They consist of DNA probes attached to a solid surface in an organized grid pattern, with each spot representing a single gene. Samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes and hybridized to the chip. Complementary sequences pair via hydrogen bonds, while non-specific sequences are washed away. The signal intensity at each spot indicates the amount of target sequence present and thus gene expression levels. DNA microarrays have applications in clinical diagnosis, drug discovery, and other fields by profiling gene expression patterns.
Genomic and c dna library
Genomic and cDNA libraries are constructed to isolate genes of interest from organisms. Genomic libraries contain total chromosomal DNA while cDNA libraries contain mRNA from specific cell types. DNA is digested and ligated into vectors to clone fragments. Libraries are screened using probes and PCR to identify clones containing genes of interest. cDNA libraries are useful for studying eukaryotic gene expression as they contain mRNA from specific cells. Thousands of clones may need to be screened to have high probability of isolating a particular gene fragment.
Expression vectors
This document discusses key components of expression vectors that are important for efficiently expressing cloned genes. It explains that expression vectors contain regulatory sequences like promoters and terminators to control transcription, as well as elements like ribosome binding sites, fusion tags, and selection markers. Specifically, it provides details on tightly regulated promoters, commonly used viral and bacterial promoters, and considerations for promoters in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. The document also reviews other important vector elements and their functions.
blue white selection
Gene cloning involves isolating a particular gene or DNA fragment of interest from an organism's total DNA and producing many copies of just that fragment. There are several reasons for cloning DNA, such as determining a gene's nucleotide sequence, identifying control sequences, investigating protein/enzyme function, and engineering organisms for specific purposes like insulin production. Common tools used in cloning include restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors like plasmids and bacteriophages, and host cells. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes, ligated into a vector, and introduced into host cells to replicate the exogenous DNA fragment.
Gene Cloning
Gene cloning involves the following main steps:
1. Isolation of DNA using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments.
2. Insertion of the fragments into plasmid vectors using DNA ligase.
3. Transformation of host bacteria with the recombinant DNA plasmids.
4. Selection and amplification of bacteria containing the gene of interest using antibiotic resistance markers on the plasmid.
molecular marker RFLP, and application
INTRODUCTION
RFLP
Analysis technique
APPLICATION OF RFLP
FORENSIC
DISEASE PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
PEDIGREE
VARIETAL
Advantages of RFLP
Disadvantages of RFLP
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
cDNA synthesis
The document discusses various methods for synthesizing complementary DNA (cDNA) from messenger RNA (mRNA). It describes the basic three step process of first-strand cDNA synthesis using reverse transcriptase, removal of the RNA template, and second-strand cDNA synthesis using DNA polymerase. Early methods used hairpin priming of the second strand but were later improved using oligo-dT tailing and oligo-dG priming to avoid 5' end losses. Other methods discussed include oligo-capping to select for full-length mRNAs and RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) to amplify cDNA fragments from both ends of transcripts.
Artificial chromosomes
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's DNA using biotechnology. The DNA of interest is isolated from a source organism and inserted into a vector, which is then introduced into a host cell. Common vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, phagemids, and artificial chromosomes. Artificial chromosomes, such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes, can carry large DNA fragments of up to 300,000 base pairs, making them useful for cloning and transforming large genes. However, constructing and maintaining artificial chromosomes can be challenging due to their size and potential for rearrangements.
Oligonucleotide ligation assay
Colony hybridization is a technique to identify bacterial colonies containing a specific DNA sequence or gene of interest. It involves transferring DNA from bacterial colonies onto a membrane, then probing the membrane with a complementary DNA or RNA sequence. Only colonies with matching DNA sequences will hybridize with the probe. The oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) is a technique used to detect mutations by hybridizing PCR primers and ligating adjacent probes only when the target sequence is present. It has advantages of being rapid, easy, and high-throughput but requires an automated sequencer.
Molecular probes
This document discusses molecular probes, including their definition, types, preparation, and labeling. It describes the three main types of probes - oligonucleotide probes, DNA probes, and RNA probes. It explains how to prepare probes from genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic oligonucleotides, and RNA. Methods of radioactive labeling including nick translation and oligonucleotide labeling are covered. Non-radioactive labeling using biotin and digoxigenin is also discussed. Finally, applications of molecular probes in identification of recombinant clones, fingerprinting, in situ hybridization, and medical research are summarized.
Forward and reverse genetics
1. Forward genetics begins with the identification of an organism with an interesting mutant phenotype and aims to discover the function of genes defective in that mutant. It involves mutagenesis, screening for phenotypes of interest, genetic analysis, and chromosome walking to identify the mutated gene.
2. Reverse genetics starts with a known gene and determines the gene's function by modulating its activity through techniques like virus-induced gene silencing, RNA interference, TILLING, and gene deletion and observing resulting phenotypes in the organism.
3. Both forward and reverse genetics are aided by high-throughput approaches like insertional mutagenesis, which allows for rapid screening of large mutant collections to efficiently link phenotypes to genes.
DNA Libraries
DNA libraries contain cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome or cDNA from mRNA. Genomic libraries represent entire genomes, while cDNA libraries represent expressed genes. Genomic libraries are constructed by isolating chromosomal DNA, fragmenting it, cloning the fragments into vectors, and screening clones. cDNA libraries are constructed by synthesizing cDNA from mRNA, cloning the cDNA into vectors, and screening clones. Both library types allow identification of specific DNA or cDNA sequences through hybridization or other screening methods.
Blotting southern,northern, western techniques
This document describes various blotting techniques used to detect specific nucleic acids or proteins in samples, including Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and Western blotting. It provides an overview of the basic principles and steps involved in each technique, such as separating biomolecules by size, transferring them to a membrane, hybridizing probes, washing unbound probes, and detecting bound probes. The techniques allow researchers to analyze gene expression, detect mutations, and study proteins.
Rapd and rflp
This document discusses two molecular marker techniques: RAPD and RFLP. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) is a PCR-based technique that uses short arbitrary primers to detect variations between individuals' genomes. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is a hybridization-based technique that involves restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, gel electrophoresis to separate fragments, Southern blotting, hybridization with probes, and autoradiography to detect variations in fragment lengths between individuals. Both techniques are useful for genetic mapping, trait mapping, phylogenetic analysis, and DNA fingerprinting.
DND sequencing
This document defines DNA sequencing and describes some common DNA sequencing methods. It explains that DNA sequencing determines the order of the four nucleotide bases that make up DNA. It then describes two basic DNA sequencing methods - Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing and Sanger chain termination sequencing. For Sanger sequencing, it provides details on how fluorescent dideoxynucleotides are used to randomly terminate DNA strands during replication, allowing the sequence to be read from the resulting fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology
Vectors are used to carry DNA fragments into host cells for replication. Plasmids are commonly used cloning vectors that are extrachromosomal and autonomously replicating in bacteria. Properties of good vectors include an origin of replication, antibiotic resistance marker, and unique restriction sites. Different vector types include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, BACs, YACs, and mini chromosomes, each with advantages for cloning varying size DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA, ligase to join fragments, and vectors to replicate, express, and select for cloned genes.
Dna sequencing
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods. It describes two early conventional methods: Sanger chain termination sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation. Sanger's method uses dideoxynucleotides as chain terminators and is more efficient with fewer toxic chemicals. The document also explains pyrosequencing, an early next-generation sequencing technique that detects pyrophosphate release upon nucleotide incorporation.
Labelling of dna
This document discusses nucleic acid probes and their use in hybridization experiments. It notes that probes are short sequences of nucleotides that bind to specific target sequences. The degree of homology between the probe and target determines how stable the hybridization is. Probes can range in size from 10 to over 10,000 nucleotide bases, with most common probes being 14 to 40 bases. Short probes hybridize quickly but have less specificity, while longer probes hybridize more stably. The document then describes different methods for labeling probes, including nick translation, primer extension, RNA polymerase transcription, end-labeling, and direct labeling. It also discusses factors that affect probe specificity and hybridization conditions.
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Lectut btn-202-ppt-l20. genomic and c dna libraries
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Similar to DNA Library
Cloning
Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of biological material such as DNA, cells, or whole organisms. The main steps of DNA cloning are: 1) cutting the DNA fragment to be cloned and the vector DNA with the same restriction enzymes, 2) joining the fragment to the vector via ligation, 3) introducing the recombinant DNA into host cells via transformation, 4) selecting transformed cells using antibiotic resistance markers on the vector, and 5) screening clones to identify those containing the inserted DNA fragment. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that replicate within host bacteria or yeast cells.
Genomic library construction
A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments that have been cloned into vectors. DNA libraries allow researchers to isolate and study specific DNA fragments of interest. To create a genomic library, DNA is extracted from an organism, cut into fragments, inserted into vectors, and introduced into host bacteria to generate clones containing all the organism's DNA sequences. This library can then be screened to identify and study particular genes. DNA libraries provide an efficient way to store, isolate, and analyze DNA sequences.
Construction of gene library
In humans, approximately 25,000 genes exit among the 3 billion base pairs of DNA in the genome.
To study anyone of these genes, a researcher first isolates it from all of the other genes in an organisms DNA.
One isolation method has a relatively long history and involves the construction of a DNA library
When a gene is identified and copied, it is said to have been “cloned”
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves producing multiple copies of a gene using genetic engineering techniques. The main steps are: isolating the donor DNA fragment, inserting it into a vector, transforming host cells, and selecting recombinant cells containing the desired DNA insert. Gene cloning strategies include creating genomic DNA libraries, which contain all DNA from an organism's genome, and cDNA libraries, which contain only coding regions created from mRNA. Genomic libraries contain both coding and non-coding regions from genomes, while cDNA libraries contain only coding exons synthesized from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
genomic library.pptx
The document discusses genomic libraries. A genomic library is a collection of DNA fragments that make up the full genome of an organism. To create a genomic library, DNA is extracted from cells and digested with restriction enzymes to cut it into fragments. These fragments are inserted into vectors, such as plasmids, and introduced into bacteria. The bacteria containing the recombinant DNA molecules represent the genomic library. Genomic libraries are important tools for whole genome sequencing and identifying novel genes.
Genomic DNA And Complementary DNA Libraries construction.
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This document discusses genomic libraries. It defines a genomic library as a collection of bacteria genetically engineered to hold the entire DNA of an organism. To create a genomic library, DNA is extracted from cells, cut into fragments, and inserted into vectors like plasmids. These recombinant vectors are then placed into bacteria. The resulting collection of bacteria clones theoretically contains all DNA sequences from the original genome. Genomic libraries allow researchers to explore and map genomes to learn about structure and function and clone specific DNA segments.
Construction of genomic and c dna library
The document summarizes the process of constructing genomic and cDNA libraries. A genomic library contains total genomic DNA from an organism, including exons and introns. Genomic DNA is extracted, fragmented, and inserted into vectors which are then introduced into host cells. Each cell contains a different DNA fragment. A cDNA library contains only expressed genes as cDNA, excluding introns. mRNA is extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNA, which is then inserted into vectors. Both library types are useful tools for sequencing and studying gene expression.
C dna
This document discusses cDNA and genomic libraries. It defines cDNA as complementary DNA synthesized from mRNA, and genomic libraries as collections of DNA fragments representing an organism's entire genome. It describes how cDNA libraries are constructed by synthesizing cDNA from purified mRNA, and genomic libraries by partially digesting genomic DNA and inserting fragments into cloning vectors. It also explains how these libraries are screened using probes to identify clones containing genes of interest or encoding specific proteins.
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Recombinant DNA technology allows for the isolation, cloning, and manipulation of genes. Two key advances enabled this field: genetic engineering using restriction enzymes to isolate and modify genes in vitro, and DNA sequencing to determine the order of nucleotides. Recombinant DNA is generated by joining DNA from different sources, and molecular cloning produces large quantities of a particular DNA fragment through construction of a recombinant vector, introduction into a host cell, selective propagation of cells containing the vector, and extraction of the cloned DNA.
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This document provides information about cloning and gene cloning techniques. It discusses three types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning involves copying genes or DNA segments. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole organisms, while therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells. The document then describes various methods for cloning genes into plants and animals, including using restriction enzymes, plasmids, and transformation. It discusses creating genomic and cDNA libraries to clone genes of interest. Methods for inserting genes into plants include protoplast fusion, leaf fragments, gene guns, and chloroplast engineering. Gene cloning applications in plants include producing disease-resistant and pest-resistant crops as well as enhancing nutrition. Gene cloning in animals uses retroviruses and pron
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Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA molecules from different sources that are not normally found together. It begins with restriction enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences and DNA cloning vectors. DNA fragments are joined to the vector which is then placed into a host cell to replicate many copies. The copies are clones that can be studied. Recombinant DNA is used to isolate, replicate, and analyze genes. Key tools are restriction enzymes, plasmids, and genomic and cDNA libraries which allow screening for genes of interest.
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Genomic and cDNA libraries are collections of DNA fragments used for gene discovery and analysis. cDNA libraries contain only expressed genes and are useful for eukaryotic analysis since they lack introns. Genomic libraries contain all DNA sequences from an organism's genome. Both types of libraries are constructed by fragmenting DNA, inserting fragments into cloning vectors, and transforming bacteria to generate clones containing DNA fragments. Libraries are screened using probes to identify clones containing genes of interest.
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Genomic library and shotgun sequencing. It includes the topics about genomic library,construction method, its uses and applications, shotgun sequencing, difference between random and whole genome sequencing, its advantages and disadvantages etc.
Class9 DNA technology in secondary school
Biotechnology is the use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or process.
Many forms of modern biotechnology rely on DNA technology.
DNA technology is the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA.
Common forms of DNA technology include DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, DNA cloning, and gel electrophoresis.
Biotechnology inventions can raise new practical concerns and ethical questions that must be addressed with informed input from all of society.
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Genomic library construction using lambda phage.pptx
C dna and genomic libraries copy
This document discusses cDNA and genomic libraries. It defines cDNA and genomic libraries and explains their key differences. A cDNA library contains only complementary DNA molecules synthesized from mRNA in a cell and represents the genes expressed in that cell. Genomic libraries for prokaryotes are easier to make and contain all genome sequences since prokaryotic mRNA is unstable. cDNA libraries are useful for eukaryotic gene analysis as they contain condensed protein-encoded genes without introns. The document also provides details on the construction, screening, and uses of cDNA and genomic libraries.
Recombinant DNA Technology
r-DNA technology allows the manipulation of DNA fragments through restriction endonucleases, cloning techniques, and specific probes. Restriction endonucleases cut DNA into fragments, cloning techniques amplify specific sequences, and probes identify sequences of interest. Real-time PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) are techniques used to analyze DNA fragments.
Recombinant dna technology
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
Gene Cloning.pptx
Gene Cloning has brought a revolutionary change in the fields of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Application of this technique has become an increasingly important tool in molecular research due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, rapidity, and reliability.
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Genomic DNA And Complementary DNA Libraries construction.
Genomic DNA And Complementary DNA Libraries construction.
Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology (1).pptx
Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology (1).pptx
Genomic library construction using lambda. phagepptx
Genomic library construction using lambda. phagepptx
More from Amany Elsayed
Urine analysis & Hematology Slides
This document provides information on analyzing urine and blood samples in a clinical laboratory setting. It discusses analyzing urine color, the presence of bacteria and parasites, cells, casts, and crystals under a microscope. It also covers performing complete blood counts using a hemocytometer, making blood smears, measuring hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, identifying blood type and reading test cards, and using various electrophoresis and agglutination tests to identify abnormal hemoglobins and diagnose diseases. The goal is to extract clinically relevant information from analyzing these specimen types.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
The Histones
Deoxynucleic acid ( DNA )
Importance of Nucleotides
Base pairing
Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
Transcription
Coding Strand and Template Strand
Steps of RNA synthesize
PhenylKetonuria & Alkaptomuria & Albinism & Cystinuria & Maple Syrup Urine ...
This document summarizes several inborn errors of amino acid metabolism:
Phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and results in mental retardation if untreated. Alkaptonuria is caused by a deficiency of homogentistic acid oxidase and causes black pigmentation of tissues, joint problems, and dark urine. Albinism results from a deficiency of tyrosinase causing lack of pigment in hair, eyes, and skin.
Protein Electrophoresis & Gas Liquid Chromatography & HPLC Applications
This document provides information on several chromatography techniques including serum protein electrophoresis, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It describes the basic procedures, clinical applications, and significance of each method. Serum protein electrophoresis is used to separate and quantify protein fractions in serum to diagnose conditions such as hypoalbuminemia and multiple myeloma. Gas chromatography separates volatile compounds and is applied in forensics to analyze bodily fluids. High performance liquid chromatography is widely used to separate non-volatile compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmaceuticals.
Biosynthetic reactions of amino acids and Gel Electrophoresis
Amino acids and their derivatives can act as neurotransmitters in the brain and body. They are synthesized from other amino acids using enzymes and cofactors. Key amino acid derivatives that act as neurotransmitters include glutamate, GABA, histamine, catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and glycine. These neurotransmitters have various roles like excitation, inhibition, mood regulation, and metabolic processes. Chromatography and electrophoresis techniques are commonly used to separate and analyze the complex mixtures of proteins and amino acids in cells and tissues. These techniques exploit differences in molecules' sizes, charges, and binding properties.
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)
The Fibrous Proteins
The Collagens
The Globular Proteins
Structure and Function of Myoglobin
Minor Hemoglobin’s
Biological value of proteins
Nitrogen Balance
Protein Deficiency
Chemistry of protein
The document discusses several key topics regarding proteins and biochemistry:
1) The major objectives of biochemistry are to understand all chemical processes in living cells at the molecular level, and how this knowledge is essential for medicine to understand health, disease, and effective treatments.
2) Diseases can be caused by various physical, chemical, biological, genetic, immunological, nutritional, and endocrine factors that all influence cellular biochemical mechanisms.
3) Proteins are the most abundant and versatile biomolecules, built from 20 standard amino acids, and serve important structural, regulatory, transport, and other roles essential for life.
Cancer treatment
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS )
The document summarizes programmed cell death or apoptosis. It describes apoptosis as a naturally occurring, genetically programmed process where a cell undergoes an organized breakdown. During apoptosis, cells shrink, break into membrane-bound fragments called apoptotic bodies, and are removed by phagocytes without causing inflammation. The document outlines the major pathways of apoptosis, including the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway, and discusses the roles of caspase proteases and Bcl-2 family proteins in apoptosis signaling and regulation.
ONCOGENES
Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes all play roles in cancer development. Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that encode proteins regulating cell growth and proliferation. Their mutation results in uncontrolled cell stimulation and growth. Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell growth and proliferation; their inactivation or deletion allows uncontrolled cell division. DNA repair genes ensure accurate DNA replication; mutations in these genes increase mutations in other genes like proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, promoting tumorigenesis.
Gene mutation & Chromosomal Mutations
A nonsense mutation is a point mutation that introduces a premature stop codon into the coding region of a gene. This results in only a partial protein being produced, as the stop codon signals the ribosome to terminate translation early. These truncated proteins are often nonfunctional or defective.
The lac operon regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It is negatively regulated by the lac repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and blocks transcription when lactose is absent. However, in the presence of lactose or another inducer molecule, the repressor dissociates from the DNA, allowing transcription and expression of the genes required to break down and utilize lactose.
Gene regulation in prokary
Cancer Biology
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. The three main properties of cancer cells are that they grow aggressively, can invade nearby tissues, and may spread (metastasize) to distant areas. Nearly all cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities within cells that affect genes regulating cell growth and death. Some genetic changes are inherited, but many are acquired from environmental exposures like tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Cancer development involves multiple genetic mutations that cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade the immune system.
Molecular Theory and techniques and polymerase chain reaction
Molecular techniques target nucleic acids instead of proteins and consist of nucleic acid binding to its complementary sequence. Nucleic acids store genetic information and direct protein synthesis, allowing insights into cellular changes before proteins are detectable. Areas investigated using nucleic acid hybridization include genetically-based diseases, infectious organisms, individual differences, and altered cell growth. Molecular testing in clinical laboratories uses DNA probes or nucleic acid amplification techniques like PCR to detect or characterize specific DNA or RNA targets.
Chemiluminescence immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Assay
Chemiluminescence immunoassay is a sensitive technique that uses light emission from chemical reactions to detect antigens or antibodies. It has very low background signals in biological samples, allowing detection of analytes at attomole or zeptomole levels. The most common chemiluminescent compounds used are luminol and acridinium esters. The assay involves capturing the target antigen on a plate using capture antibodies. A biotin-conjugated detection antibody then binds, followed by an avidin-HRP conjugate. Addition of a chemiluminescent substrate triggers a reaction where HRP emits light, and the amount of light is proportional to the antigen concentration.
Labeled antibody techniques , ELISA
Labeled antibody techniques use antibodies conjugated to labels like enzymes or dyes. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) use enzyme-labeled antibodies to generate a visible reaction with a substrate. A common type of EIA is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect specific proteins. There are several variations of ELISA that can qualitatively or quantitatively detect antigens or antibodies in samples.
Spectrophotometric Instruments (Detector) and Application of UV – VIS spectro...
The document discusses two types of detectors used in spectrophotometric instruments: photomultiplier tubes and photodiode arrays. Photomultiplier tubes use a cascade of electrons to amplify light signals, making them very sensitive, while photodiode arrays use integrated circuits containing many photodiodes to detect light across a spectrum. The document also discusses applications of UV-VIS spectroscopy like quantitative measurements of concentration and qualitative analysis of substance structure from absorption spectra. Immunoassays are described using antibodies to detect antigens, with discussion of monoclonal vs polyclonal antibodies, test sensitivity and specificity, and qualitative vs quantitative testing methods like agglutination.
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
This document describes several clinical laboratory techniques for measuring immune functions, including antibody-based assays that detect antigens or quantify them. It discusses methods like agglutination assays, precipitation assays, immunoassays using radioisotopes, enzymes or fluorescence to label antibodies or antigens. It also summarizes techniques like immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to detect epitopes on or within cells, assays to assess immune functions like phagocytosis and proliferation, and methods for evaluating hypersensitivity reactions.
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity, Nutrition for Surveillance and for the Response
Lymphatic System and ANTIBODIES (Abs) and complement system
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and immune cells through the body. It includes lymph nodes, which filter lymph and contain lymphocytes, and lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from tissues into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system and contains two types of lymphoid organs - primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus that develop immune cells, and secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes that filter pathogens and activate immune responses. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction by immune cells and complement proteins in the blood. They have a diverse structure that allows the immune system to recognize many different antigens.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
More from Amany Elsayed (20)
PhenylKetonuria & Alkaptomuria & Albinism & Cystinuria & Maple Syrup Urine ...
PhenylKetonuria & Alkaptomuria & Albinism & Cystinuria & Maple Syrup Urine ...
Protein Electrophoresis & Gas Liquid Chromatography & HPLC Applications
Protein Electrophoresis & Gas Liquid Chromatography & HPLC Applications
Biosynthetic reactions of amino acids and Gel Electrophoresis
Biosynthetic reactions of amino acids and Gel Electrophoresis
Molecular Theory and techniques and polymerase chain reaction
Molecular Theory and techniques and polymerase chain reaction
Chemiluminescence immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Assay
Chemiluminescence immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Assay
Spectrophotometric Instruments (Detector) and Application of UV – VIS spectro...
Spectrophotometric Instruments (Detector) and Application of UV – VIS spectro...
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
Lymphatic System and ANTIBODIES (Abs) and complement system
Lymphatic System and ANTIBODIES (Abs) and complement system
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
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DNA Library
- 1. 1 DNA Library ◘ Definition :- - Collection of recombinant vector containing cloned sequence that cover all genome of specific organism . - A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments that have been cloned into vectors so that researchers can identify and isolate the DNA fragments that interest them for further study. - There are basically two kinds of libraries: genomic DNA and cDNA libraries. معينه لجينات دا الجينوم واقطع معين كائن بتاع الجينوم بجيب انا بإختصار الكتروفوريزس الجل القطع بعد استخدم وممكن انزايم الريستراكشن باستخدمات عشان معين فيكتور باستخدام استنساخ عمليه اعملها دي الجينات اخد وبعدين منها واخد دي للمكتبه اروح معين جين ادرس احب لما عشان و عددها اضاعف انا اللي عليه وادرس االستنساخ عمليه في كدا قبل عدده ضاعفت انا اللي الجين . الوقتي عنهم هنتكلم طريقتين ليها دي والمكتبه ... عايزه ◘ Aim : obtain specific sequence of genome of the organism ◘ Procedure : plaques lift method ( library screening ) . ◘ Vector : λ – phage . ◘ Principle : Hybridization with labeled probe .
- 2. 2
- 3. 3 ◘ Steps using λ – phage as a Vector : - (colony hybridization method)( plaques lift method) 1- Infection to bacteria with λ – phage . 2- growing on agar plate . 3- lying nylon membrane on agar plate . 4- adherence between plaques and nylon membrane 5- replica of the plaques on nylon membrane . 6- Alkali treatment . 7- Hybridization with labeled probe . 8- washing un bound probe . 9- X-ray Film .
- 4. 4
- 5. 5 Genetic library ( Genomic library )
- 6. 6 ◘ A genomic library ( Genetic library ) • Genetic material used : DNA • DNA has Exon & Intron sequences . - Exon : coding sequence that express to function protein . - Intron : Non-coding sequence . • is a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism. • The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. • In order to construct a genomic library, the organism's DNA is extracted from cells and then digested with a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments of a specific size. • The fragments are then inserted into the vector using DNA ligase. • Next, the vector DNA can be taken up by a host organism - commonly a population of Escherichia coli or yeast - with each cell containing only one vector molecule. • Using a host cell to carry the vector allows for easy amplification and retrieval ) (استرجاعof specific clones from the library for analysis. • characterization of one gene is not easy to be in one clone • genetic library is the same in all the cells
- 8. 8 ◘ cDNA library • Genetic material used : RNA • DNA has Exon sequences only • A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells. • cDNA is produced from fully transcribed mRNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism ( Exon ) • In eukaryotic cells the mature mRNA is already spliced, hence the cDNA produced lacks introns and can be readily expressed in a bacterial cell. • cDNA is created from a mature mRNA from a eukaryotic cell with the use of reverse transcriptase. • characterization of one gene easy to be in one clone . • cDNA different from cell to an other .
- 9. 9 ◘Expression Library • A type of CDNA library . • Expression cloning is a technique in DNA cloning that uses expression vectors to generate a library of clones, with each clone expressing one protein. • This expression library is then screened for the property of interest and clones of interest recovered for further analysis. • An example would be using an expression library to isolate genes that could confer antibiotic resistance. • RNA expression to a protein , we use Antibiotic for screening this protein . The lecture is Done ☺ ♥ Q.A .